八下unit1Grammar.docx

Grammar Past and Present【教学目标】初步认识和了解现在完成时的构成和用法。【课前导学】 一、查字典，写出下列单词的意思,并且熟记他们。（） 1、already _ 2、yet _ 3、just _4、ever _ 5、never _ 6、before _7、since three years ago _ 8、for three years _ 二、写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词，同时也要熟记。 1、teach _ _ 2、bring _ _ 3、get _ _t4、know _ _ 5、grow_ _ 6、find_ _ 7、hold _ _ 8、show_ _ 9、keep_ _ 10、leave_ _ 11、lose_ _ 12、run_ _13、swim_ _ 14、drive_ _ 15、 begin_ _ 三、尝试着阅读下面的知识链接，看看是否可以理解。【课堂研讨】 现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”一、现在完成时的结构： 助动词 have / has + 动词的过去分词 ( Past Participle ) 其中 have / has 为助动词,因而它的否定和疑问句形式全部由 have / has 进行变化。 例如: a. He has already finished his homework. 他已经做完了家庭作业。 否定句：_ ( already 用于肯定句中, 改成否定和疑问句时用 yet ，一般放句末) 一般疑问句：_? b. His father has been to Beijing three times. 他父亲去过北京三次了。 否定句：_. 一般疑问句：_? 提问：_?二、现在完成时的完成用法 A、定义：现在完成时的完成用法指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如：He has turned off the light. 他已把灯关了。( 动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。) B、特点：现在完成时完成用法的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning month year.，today等)连用。 例如： Have you found your pen yet？ 你已找到你的钢笔了吗？请尝试着做以下的练习 用所给动词的适当形式填空。1. I_ already _ (see) the film. I _ (see) it last week. 2. - _ he _(finish) his work today ? -Not yet . 3. -_you _(be) to Hong Kong ? -Yes, I _ (be) there twice . 4. -_ you ever _(eat ) chocolate sundaes ? -No, never. 5. My father _ just _ (come) back from work. He is tired now. 6. Where Li Ming ? He _ (go) to the teachers office. 7. Shanghai _ (be) a small town hundreds of years ago. Now it _ (become) a large city. 8. So far (到目前为止) I _(make) quite a few friends here. 9. - I _ (see) the film “Chicken Run”. - Where and when _ you _ (see) it? - Last week. 10. Mary _ already _ (have) her supper. 11. I _ (not want) to see the film. I _ (see) it with my parents. We _ (see) it last Sunday. 12. -_ Uncle Wang _ (mend) the TV yet? -Yes, he_. -When _ he _ it? - Yesterday. 13. _ you _ (read) todays newspaper yet? 14 They _ already_(do) their homework. But they dont know what_ (do) next. 15. -_ you _ (see) the film last night? -No, I _ (see) it for several times.2. 现在完成时的未完成用法 A、定义：现在完成时的未完成用法指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。例如：He has lived here since 1978. 自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years. 我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。) B、特点：此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far到目前为止)等。 例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意：(1) 现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。 (2 ) 现在完成时常见两种句型： 主语have / has beenfor 短语/ since 短语 It is一段时间 since 从句例如： He has been in the League for three years. = It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。请尝试着做以下的练习 1. I _ (work) here since I _ (move) here in 1999.2. -How long _ the Smiths _(stay)here? - For two weeks.3. She _ (be) ill for three days.4. She_ (not read) this book before. 5. _ you ever _ (travel) on a train before? 6. - _ Wei Hua _ (come) yet? -Yes. She_ (come) already. She _ (come) just now. 7. -How long _you _(learn) English? -For more than two years. 8. They _ (live) in China since they _ (move) to China.9. I_ already _ (see) the film. I _ (see) it last week.10. _ you _(be) to Hong Kong ? Yes, I _ (be) there twice .11. My father _ just _ (come) back from work. He is tired now.12. I _ (work) here since I _ (move) here in 1999.13. How long _ the Wangs _(stay) here ? For two weeks.3、for 和 since 的区别。a. for 和表示一段时间的词组连用。eg. for six hours/nine days/ two weeks/thirty yearsb. since 和表示过去某一时刻的词或词组连用，这是介词。eg. since nine oclock this morning / last summer/ three weeks ago/Septembersince 还可以引导时间状语从句，表示“自从.以来”，这是连词。eg. 自从他出生以来，他就住在这儿。He has lived here since he was born. _ three months _ two weeks ago, _ 1998, _last Sunday二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对现在产生的影响。如： He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如：Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)3. 两种时态的区分(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是助动词have /has +过去分词。如：The film started at 7 oclock. He has been a teacher for many years.(2) 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since., for.等表示一段时间的状语连用。看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？ Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B) 说明 你看过这部电影吗？(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。 How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B)说明他是怎么做的这件事？(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。 He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)说明他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。 【课后拓展】一、动词填空。1. She _ (be) away from home for almost four years.2. The sun _ (rise ) in the east.3. You look tired. Stop _(work) and _（have） a rest,4. I _ ( not hear) from you for a long time.5. My brother _(be ) to English twice.6. Mr Green _(not come) back to China yet.7. Who _(teach ) you math last term?8. They _(go) to the shopping center already.9. Listen, Xiao Li _ (sing) in the next room.10. They _(play) football when I walked past.二、句型转换(每空一词)。1.I have been to Macau before.(改为否定句) I _ _ been to Macau before.2.He hasnt come to school because hes ill _ _ he come to school?3.He has learned English for 5 years.(就划线部分提问) _ _ _ _ learned English ?4.I bought a new bike just now.(用just改写) I _ just _ a new bike.5.We began to learn English three years ago.(改为同义句)We _ _English _three years6. He has lived here since 1999.(就划线部分提问) _ _ _ he_ here? 7. They have already finished the work.（否定） They _ _ the work _. 8. My father got there two days ago.（同义句） My father _ _ there for two days. 9. Mr. Li began to teach English in this school in 1999.（同义句） Mr. Li _ _ English in this school since 1999. 10. The factory opened ten years ago.（同义句） The factory _ _ _ for ten years. 1