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南京理工大学泰州科技学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部： 机械工程系 专 业： 机械工程及自动化 姓 名： 金定广 学 号： 05010122 外文出处： 附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语：译文基本能表达原文思想，语句较流畅，条理较清晰，专业用语翻译基本准确，基本符合中文习惯，整体翻译质量一般。 签名： 年 月 日附件1：外文资料翻译译文高 性 能 加 工25 September 20081.高性能加工表演和高速加工的概念 These two terms are not exactly synonymous and in the last decade have been taken and affected by different nuances.这两个词是不完全的代名词，并在过去十年里，已经采取和受其 影响的细微差别。 它们The exact meaning of the same is set out below, and which at times complies simply with the usual inflation of terms derived from their commercial use.的确切含义相同，并在下文列出，并有时遵守简单的一般通货膨胀率的条款源自其商业用途。 1.1 High performance machining, a traditional or classical concept1.1高性能加工，传统的或古典的概念 As published in books prior to 1980, high performance machining traditionally referred to that simultaneously applying great feeds and cutting depths, while maintaining cutting speeds considered conventional.作为图书出版的1980年之前，“高性能加工”传统提到，同时适用于高速进给和切削深度，同时坚持切削速度审议常规。 在Under these operating conditions, large chips arise as shown in Fig.在在这些操作条件下，产生大量的切屑如图所示。 1 (right). 1 （右） 。 This process should be carried out on machine tools with very powerful rigid headstocks.这一加工能够实现的前提条件是机床拥有刚性非常高的主轴箱 。 it is called High Removal Rate Machining, which is a more specific descriptive term than that understood by the vaguer high performance.这是所谓的高去除率加工，相对概念模糊的高性能加工，这是一个更具体的描述性术语。高速进给和高速切削产生比平常更厚的切屑厚度 Higher chip thicknesses than usual are generated by applying large feeds and great cutting depths.高速高。 Cutting forces grow almost in direct proportion to the chipping section.切削力增长几乎和切屑的截面面积成正比。 Thus with this hypothesis we approach two kinds of problems: possible catastrophic tool failure ( breakage ) due to high cutting forces or edge breakages at multiple points ( chipping ).因此，说完这一假说，我们的做法有两种问题：可能是灾难性的工具衰竭（断裂 ）由于高切削力，或者是刀口破损（切屑 ） 。 Therefore, this kind of machining is only applicable to soft materials as in the case of lightweight alloys, low resistance steels or steels prior to hardening through tempering.因此，这样的加工只适用于软质材料，如轻质合金，低阻抗钢或钢淬火之前通过回火。 A typical case is the turning of large crankshafts and casting rollers on large powerful heavy-duty lathes.一个典型的例子是，在谈到大型曲轴，大型轧辊铸造重型车床。 In this case large tool inserts are used as shown in Fig.在这种情况下，使用的大型工具如图所示。 1 (left). 1 （左） 。 图1左）大型车刀刀片。 Right) Large chip in turning.右）大厚度切屑。 1.2 High performance machining, current sense1.2高性能加工，电流感应 在现在的环境背景下Today in our context, the HPM (High Performance Machining) term is much more general referring to all kinds of cutting technology, substantially improving two aspects of the process:在现在的，高性能加工（HPM）一词更普遍涉及到的是各种切削技术，充分改善两个方面的过程：- Productivity measured as materail removal rate, ie the amount of material eliminated in a time uni-生产率衡量材料的去除率，即单位时间内材料的去除量。同时还要保证在刀具没有过度磨损和破裂前完成加工。 - Quality with regard to greater dimensional precision and less surface roughnes-质量方面更高的尺寸精度和更低的表面粗糙度。 Figure 2 shows a precision map for a test part machined at high speed, which served to detect a non-admissible error in machining.In the last 10 years there has been a minor revolution regarding improvement in processes and an increase in knowledge thereof.图2显示一个精确的图为测试部分高速加工，为了检测加工中不容许的错误。在过去10年里出现了轻微的关于加工方面知识不足的改革。The reasons may be several:其原因可能有几个： - Materials constituting manufactured components have higher mechanical features, leading almost always to lower machinability.-材料制造的部件构成具有较高的力学特性，首要的几乎总是要降低加切削性能。 A good example is the growing use of titanium, nickel and cobalt alloys (heat resistant), Csi infiltrated composites, etc.一个很好的例子越来越多地使用钛，镍和钴合金（耐热） ，铯的渗透复合材料等 - Cutting tools have greatly improved in the last 10 years, with the appearance of new hard metal grades (sintered carbide), extrahard materials have been perfected (PCBN, and PCD).-切割工具在过去的十年里有了很大改善，出现了新的硬质金属等级（烧结的炭化物）的刀具 ， 超硬材料已完善（立方氮化硼和聚晶金刚石） 。 Tools tend to become ever more specialised in one application, abandoning their purpose of being applicable to many material groups.工具往往会变得更加适用于一个工序，放弃其目的是适用于许多材料群体。- Tool performance improvement has contributed decisively to new coating developments, ever harder and more resistant to high temperatures.-工具的性能改善，做出了决定性的贡献的是新的涂料的发展，使刀具更硬更加抗高温。 TiAIN coating applied by PVD technology ( Physical Vapour Deposition ) has been extremely important.TiAIN涂层采用物理气相沉积技术（PVD）已极为重要的。- Detailed knowledge of processes and their modelisation has been proven to contribute to earning money, ie value is obtained from knowledge albei-详细了解加工进程和模型已经被证明有助于赚钱，即价值是从知识中获得的，尽管它仍然是有限的。An example is preduction of milling stability conditions ( chatter study); after 30 years and numerous articles on chatter prediction, today there are companies and consultancies earning money with it.一个例子是研究铣削稳定性条件（ 震动研究），30年后和许多文章对震动预报，今天有许多公司和顾问靠这个赚钱的。 - In Europe,Asia, USA and of course Spain, the machine tool and manufacture by machining sector are very important, thus research resources have been assigned by compan-在欧洲，亚洲，美国，当然还有西班牙，机床的加工和制造部门是非常重要的，因此，研究资源被指派的公司和行政部门。Furthermore, improvement in machinery and its process concerns both machine tool builders and suppliers likewise users thereof.此外，关注改善机制及其过程的机床制造商和供应商和用户也同样有。Western industry tends to produce components with greater added value more and more; the term high performance refers to everything which contributes to increasing this value, either because it reduces production times and costs increases manufactured quality.西方工业生产的组成部分的附加价值越来越多; 高性能一词是指一切有助于增加这个附加值，因为它可以降低生产成本和时间增加生产质量。Thus, today High Performance Machining is understood as everything which incorporates notable improvement with respect to traditional machining, increasing process added value both in productivity and quality.因此，今天高性能加工理解为一切其中包括显着改善对传统的机械加工，增加附加值的过程都在生产率和质量。 The machining term includes chipping process with defined cutting tool (milling, turning, drilling, sawing) with non-defined edge or abrasives (grinding), and even non-conventional processes (electrodischarge, ultrasounics, etc).加工术语包括过程定义刀具（铣削，车削，钻孔，锯）与非界定边缘或磨料磨具（砂轮） ，甚至非传统工艺（ 电解 ， 电镀等） 。 Fig. 图。 2 Chromatic precision map of machined shapes, performed by a coordinate measuring machine. 2色彩高精度加工形状图，由一个坐标测量机。 CAD surface compared with the measured. 计算机辅助设计与表面的测量。 1.3 High speed machining1.3高速加工 This machining type is contrary to the aforementioned traditional concept.这种加工型违反上述传统观念。 Chip section is maintained, ie feed per tooth and immersion conditions (radial and axial depths of cut) and to a great extent are even reduced, however, cutting speed is higher than usual.芯片科保持，即每个轮齿的进给条件（径向和轴向切削深度） ，并在很大的程度有减少的趋势，但切割的速度比平常高。 How much is it increased?增加的速度有多快？ There is no real academic response, however, it is understood to be higher than traditional (x10,x20,.) cutting speed.没有真正的学术上的回答，但是，它被理解为要高于传统的（ x10 ， x20 ,.)切削速度。 From the academic viewpoint one could say v c is increased to the point where the thermophysics of the chipping process varies considerably in relation to that of the conventional process.从学术角度看，可以说高速加工的切削速度是增加到使高速加工产生的热和传统加工产生的热相当。This definition implies one or several of these aspects:这个定义意味着一个或多方面的问题：- The shearing process deformation speed occurring in the primary shearing area, exceeds 10 5 s -1 -剪切过程中发生变形的主要剪切面积，超过10 5 s -1.。 - Almost all the heat is evacuated with the chip, the process being close to adiabatic conditions regarding the material.-几乎所有的热量都是从切屑排除的，这一进程使工件几乎不受热影响。 Almost no heat is transmited to the tool, which is optimum in preventing its degradation.几乎没有热量传递到刀具，这是最佳的途径，可以防止刀具退化。 根据With this definition we would find almost none of todays machining processes are high speed, when almost all machine offerers claim that what their milling machines allow is.这一定义，我们会发现今天的加工过程几乎没有一个是高速，几乎所有的机器供应商声称自己的铣床是属于高速加工的。 Why the paradox?为什么会出现这个矛盾？ Its explanation can be found in the following section.其解释中可以找到下面的一节。 We can advance that only in easily machinable lightweight alloys of magnesium or aluminium, the chipping process differs from that of conventional speeds.我们可以断定只有在加工镁或铝轻质合金的过程中才有不同于常规的速度。 However, for this fact to be evident, cutting speeds must be much higher than those applied in todays industrial HSM processes, which must exceed a cutting speed of 2500 m/min.然而，这一事实是显而易见的，高速加工的切割速度必须高于当今工业加工的切割速度，它必须超过2500米/分钟。 In the case of steels, castings, difficult-to-machine alloys, titanium, etc., even with todays cutting speeds being considerably higher than conventional, there is no great variation in intrinsic mechanisms (viscoplastic, thermal, etc.) associated with chipping.High Speed Machining will be abbreviated here to HSM.如钢材，铸件，难加工合金，钛合金等，再加上今天的切割速度正在大大高于传统的，也没有很大差别的内在机制（粘，热等）相关高速加工与切屑.。It should be remembered HSM is recognised worldwide even as a verb (its participle is HSMed )应该记住高速加工甚至是全世界公认的一个动词（HSMed ） 1.4 High performance cu1.4高性能切削 Machine tool manfacturers coined the term HPC ( High Perfomance Cutting ) for lightweight alloy cutting combining high chip section and spindle speeds around 20,000 rpm, which usually gives a cutting speed of 1000-2000 m/min.机床制造商创造了长期高性能切削（HPC）轻质合金高芯片切割结合科和主轴转速在20000转，这通常使切削速度在1000至2000年米/分钟。 These alloys are relatively soft and easily machinable thus the process is perfectly viable.这些合金的相对较软，并因此容易切削的过程是完全可行的。 22 。 HIGH SPEED MACHINING CONCEPT FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS不同材料高速加工的概念 The first question is what does one understand by high speed machining.第一个问题是什么是如何理解高速加工。卡尔所罗门In innumerable articles reference is made to historical theories regarding temperature reduction with high speed cutting as described by Carl Salomon, who patented the process in the 1920s ( German patent #523594).在无数的文章提到了历史理论关于高速切削温度的减少，并在1920年代获得专利（ 德国专利号为 523594 ） 。 It is also common to find ballistic references consisting of firing projectiles against materials to simulate material deformation at high cutting speeds like those of Kronenberg in the 1960s.这也是类似科罗伦贝格在上世纪60年代提到的常见弹道导弹发射组成参考弹丸对材料来模拟材料在高切削速度下的变形。 There are also complex discussions related to chipping under different thermophysical conditions depending on the cutting speed magnitude.也有关于不同的切削速度下切屑热的变化。 Each definition has its own nuances and motivation, valid within a certain application range.每个定义有都自己的细微差别和动机，在一定程度上都有其有效的应用范围。 In almost all high speed reports, the same generalities are repeated (copying or inspiration among authors is evident), many of which use the Solomon curves.在几乎所有高速的报告中，重复是显而易见的（复制或灵感在作者中是最常见的） ，其中许多使用所罗门曲线。 You have to remember Solomon put forward his idea almost 15 years prior to modern cutting models, thus it was a highly intuitive invention.你必须记住所罗门对现代切削模式提出的想法几乎是在15年之前，因此，它是一个非常直观的发明。 He performed milling experiments at speeds over 15,000 m/min.他完成铣削试验，时速超过15000米/分钟。 To sum up this patent put forward: “tool temperature and wear increase with cutting speed until reaching a maximum value called critical speed, from they decrease with speed.总结这项专利提出： “工具的温度和磨损随切削速度增加而增加，直至达到临界速度后，工具的温度和磨损随切削速度增加而减少。 Critical speed depends on material, as shown in Fig.临界速度取决于材料，所图33所示。 Thus results will be optimum when machining above this value”.因此，结论是最佳的加工条件是切削速度超过这个临界速度 Today we know temperature and wear always increase, although they tend to stabilise when cutting speed is high enough.今天，我们知道温度和磨损一直增加，尽管机床稳定时切削速度是够高的。 The McGee (1979) curve is considered more appropriate for aluminium, although it is just one more obtained by different researchers.所以麦吉（ 1979年）曲线被认为更适合于铝的加工特性，尽管它只是从不同的研究领域得出的结论 Fig.3 Solomon Curves. 图3所罗门曲线。 Regarding other materials, it is difficult to verify whether machining steels withstands speeds of 1700 m/min well, because prior to reaching these values, the tools break, As we see in the figure, the HSS rapid steel only withstands up to 650C, and the hard metal tool approximately 850C.至于其他的材料，很难核实是否加工钢经受速度1700米/分，因为之前在这个切削速度下的刀具都已经断裂，正如我们所看到的数字，高速钢刀具只能经受的温度是650 C，硬金属刀具约850 C。 Forgetting the generalities which are always repeated and whose repetition sometimes only manages to this kind of high speed term magic halo, cutting values understood today as high speed are reflected in Fig.抛开高速一词的神奇光环，当今的条件很难实现高速切削。F6.4 High speed range in cutting different materiaF6.4不同的材料高速切削的范围 We will explain in further detail for each material group.我们将进一步详细解释每个材料组。 2.1 Machining aluminium alloys2.1加工铝合金 Undoubtedly this kind of machining is close to the physical high speed concept, since cutting speeds can reach a value of 2000 m/min, or higher when using milling plates whose diameters exceed 50 mm.毫无疑问，这种加工接近物理高速概念，因为切割速度可以达到2000米/分，或更高当铣板的直径超过50毫米。 At this speed chip generation is different from conventional, mainly because almost all the heat generated by the deformation energy inherent in the chipping process is evacuated with the same, which is highly positive for both tool and part.在这个高速的概念是不同于传统的，这主要是因为几乎所有产生的能量都是通过刀具和其它部分散开的 We could say lightweight alloys is the most traditional field of high speed machining, known since the 1970s and applied to the fuselage component machining sector.我们可以说轻质合金加工是最传统领域的高速加工，是20世纪70年代以来，适用于机身部分加工的一部分。 In fact the first systematic HSM studies were in the aeronautical field.In the case of aluminium alloys, there are two different cases as per alloy type:事实上，第一次系统研究是在航空铝合金部件的高速加工所出现的问题，每种合金的高速加工都有两种不同的结果： - Aeronautical alloys, particularly the 2000 or 7000 series, called malleable or wrougth.-航空合金，特别是2000或7000系列，所谓的可塑性或可锻性 。加工方便 Easily machinable, used in component construction obtained by eliminating a large amount of chips from an initial prismatic block.加工方便，原始胚料经过加工后适用于建筑领域。 A small component example is shown in Fi5 (left图5 （左）就是一个简单的例子 。 - Cast alloys (series 3xx), used mainly in car engines (blocks and pistons), are highly abrasive because they contain silic -铸造合金（ 3xx系列） ，主要用于汽车发动机（螺帽和活塞） ，具有高耐磨性，因为合金中含有硅。从开始被使用到废弃没有太大的磨损从开始。如图如图5 (right). 5 （右） 。 Fig. 图 6.5 Left) Airframe component6.5左）机身部分。 Aluminium.) Aluminium engine block. 铝。 图 6.5 Left) Airframe compone6.5右 ）铝合金发动机缸体。 2.2 Machining magnesium alloys2.2加工镁合金 镁These alloys are even softer than the aluminium ones and so easier to machine.镁合金强度比铝合金低，因此更容易加工。 The most widely known is AZ91, which is cast and given its lightweight is used in manufacturing parts previously made from aluminium.最广为人知的是AZ91 ，由于质量轻而被用在机械加工领域。 加工镁合金The main problem posed is the inflammability of the chips and problems of possible explosion of stored chips, therefore it is a question of safety.的主要问题是加工过程中镁合金切屑会发生燃烧或爆炸，因此它也是一个安全问题。 Cutting speed may be higher than for aluminium.切割速度应该高于铝。 2.3 Machining treated or tempered steel in mould sector2.6 Machining of titanium alloys2.3加工钛合金 With coated hard metal tools machining at cutting speed around 200 m/min is currently common, against the 40 m/min applied 8 years ago.用涂层硬质合金工刀具加工的切削速度约200米/分，是目前常见的切削速度，而40米/分的切削速度适用于8年前。 Thus, it is not truly a high speed machining but a much quicker machining.因此，它不是一个真正意义上的高速加工，应该称为更快加工。 使用的工具的Diameters of tools used are between 4 and 20 mm, therefore the milling machines do not require spindles over 6000 rpm.直径是4至20毫米，因此铣床转速不需要超过6000转每分钟。加工Titanium alloys present several problems:钛合金当前的几个问题： - They have very low thermal conductivity, and therefore heat concentrates in the cutting area-他们有非常低的热传导性，因此，热量集中在切削区。 - High temperatures in the contact area between tool/chip and the high chemical reactivity of the titanium alloys with most tool materials, are the main causes for the rapid crater wear.-由于刀具和切屑接触面的高温，钛合金会和绝大多数的刀具材料发生化学反应，主要是快速切削来的磨损和刀具的点蚀所引起的The low elasticity module of these alloys causes flexions in the part, particularly on thin walled parts.-加工过程中的这种变化使钛合金的弹性变低，特别是薄壁零件。 This causes large inaccuracies on the finish and enables machining instability (possibility of chatt er).这将导致加工的不准确性，使加工不稳定（产生震动的可能） -Fig.11 Aeronautic engine components (photo courtesy of Volvo Aero). 图航空发动机部件（照片由沃尔沃航空公司提供） 。附件2：外文原文（复印件）High Performance Machining Prof Luis Norberto Lopez de Lacalle Lopez de LacalleCategory:Engineering Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering1.HIGH PERFORMING AND HIGH SPEED MACHINING CONCEPTS These two terms are not exactly synonymous and in the last decade have been taken and affected by different nuances. The exact meaning of the same is set out below, and which at times complies simply with the usual inflation of terms derived from their commercial use. 1.1 High performance machining, a traditional or classical concept As published in books prior to 1980, high performance machining traditionally referred to that simultaneously applying great feeds and cutting depths, while maintaining cutting speeds considered conventional. Under these operating conditions, large chips arise as shown in Fig. 1 (right). This process should be carried out on machine tools with very powerful rigid headstocks. it is called High Removal Rate Machining, which is a more specific descriptive term than that understood by the vaguer high performance. Higher chip thicknesses than usual are generated by applying large feeds and great cutting depths. Cutting forces grow almost in direct proportion to the chipping section. Thus with this hypothesis we approach two kinds of problems: possible catastrophic tool failure ( breakage) due to high cutting forces or edge breakages at multiple points ( chipping). Therefore, this kind of machining is only applicable to soft materials as in the case of lightweight alloys, low resistance steels or steels prior to hardening through tempering. A typical case is the turning of large crankshafts and casting rollers on large powerful heavy-duty lathes. In this case large tool inserts are used as shown in Fig. 1 (left).Fig.1 Left) Large turning tool inserts for large chip sections.Right) Large chip in turning.1.2 High performance machining, current sense Today in our context, the HPM (High Performance Machining) term is much more general referring to all kinds of cutting technology, substantially improving two aspects of the process: - Productivity measured as materail removal rate, i.e. the amount of material eliminated in a time unit. One should also ensure machining is done under conditions which do not lead to excessive tool wear and tear. - Quality with regard to greater dimensional precision and less surface roughness. Figure 2 shows a precision map for a test part machined at high speed, which served to detect a non-admissible error in machining.In the last 10 years there has been a minor revolution regarding improvement in processes and an increase in knowledge thereof. The reasons may be several: - Materials constituting manufactured components have higher mechanical features, leading almost always to lower machinability. A good example is the growing use of titanium, nickel and cobalt alloys (heat resistant), Csi infiltrated composites, etc. - Cutting tools have greatly improved in the last 10 years, with the appearance of new hard metal grades (sintered carbide), extrahard materials have been perfected (PCBN, and PCD). Tools tend to become ever more specialised in one application, abandoning their purpose of being applicable to many material groups. - Tool performance improvement has contributed decisively to new coating developments, ever harder and more resistant to high temperatures. TiAIN coating applied by PVD technology ( Physical Vapour Deposition) has been extremely important. - Detailed knowledge of processes and their modelisation has been proven to contribute to earning money, i.e. value is obtained from knowledge albeit it still limited. An example is preduction of milling stability conditions ( chatter study); after 30 years and numerous articles on chatter prediction, today there are companies and consultancies earning money with it. - In Europe,Asia, USA and of course Spain, the machine tool and manufacture by machining sector are very important, thus research resources have been assigned by companies and administrations. Furthermore, improvement in machinery and its process concerns both machine tool builders and suppliers likewise users thereof. Western industry tends to produce components with greater added value more and more; the term high performance refers to everything which contributes to increasing this value, either because it reduces production times and costs increases manufactured quality. Thus, today High Performance Machining is understood as everything which incorporates notable improvement with respect to traditional machining, increasing process added value both in productivity and quality. The machining term includes chipping process with defined cutting tool (milling, turning, drilling, sawing) with non-defined edge or abrasives (grinding), and even non-conventional processes (electrodischarge, ultrasounics, etc). Fig. 2 Chromatic precision map of machined shapes, performed by a coordinate measuring machine. CAD surface compared with the measured.1.3 High speed machiningThis machining type is contrary to the aforementioned traditional concept. Chip section is maintained, i.e. feed per tooth and immersion conditions (radial and axial depths of cut) and to a great extent are even reduced, however, cutting speed is higher than usual. How much is it increased? There is no real academic response, however, it is understood to be higher than traditional (x10,x20,.) cutting speed. From the academic viewpoint one could say v c is increased to the point where the thermophysics of the chipping process varies considerably in relation to that of the conventional process. This definition implies one or several of these aspects: - The shearing process deformation speed occurring in the primary shearing area, exceeds 10 5 s -1. - Almost all the heat is evacuated with the chip, the process being close to adiabatic conditions regarding the material. Almost no heat is transmited to the tool, which is optimum in preventing its degradation. With this definition we would find almost none of todays machining processes are high speed, when almost all machine offerers claim that what their milling machines allow is. Why the paradox? Its explanation can be found in the following section. We can advance that only in easily machinable lightweight alloys of magnesium or aluminium, the chipping process differs from that of conventional speeds. However, for this fact to be evident, cutting speeds must be much higher than those applied in todays industrial HSM processes, which must exceed a cutting speed of 2500 m/min. In the case of steels, castings, difficult-to-machine alloys, titanium, etc., even with todays cutting speeds being considerably higher than conventional, there is no great variation in intrinsic mechanisms (viscoplastic, thermal, etc.) associated with chipping.High Speed Machining will be abbreviated here to HSM. It should be remembered HSM is recognised worldwide even as a verb (its participle is HSMed) 1.4 High performance cutting Machine tool manfacturers coined the term HPC ( High Perfomance Cutting) for lightweight alloy cutting combining high chip section and spindle speeds around 20,000 rpm, which usually gives a cutting speed of 1000-2000 m/min. These alloys are relatively soft and easily machinable thus the process is perfectly viable. 2. HIGH SPEED MACHINING CONCEPT FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS The first question is what does one understand by high speed machining. In innumerable articles reference is made to historical theories regarding temperature reduction with high speed cutting as described by Carl Salomon, who patented the process in the 1920s ( German patent #523594). It is also common to find ballistic references consisting of firing projectiles against materials to simulate material deformation at high cutting speeds like those of Kronenberg in the 1960s. There are also complex discussions related to chipping under different thermophysical conditions depending on the cutting speed magnitude. Each definition has its own nuances and motivation, valid within a certain application range. In almost all high speed reports, the same generalities are repeated (copying or inspiration among authors is evident), many of which use the Solomon curves. You have to remember Solomon put forward his idea almost 15 years prior to modern cutting models, thus it was a highly intuitive invention. He performed milling experiments at speeds over 15,000 m/min. To sum up this patent put forward: “tool temperature and wear increase with cutting speed until reaching a maximum value called critical speed, from they decrease with speed. Critical speed depends on material, as shown in Fig. 3. Thus results will be optimum when machining above this value”. Today we know temperature and wear always increase, although they tend to stabilise when cutting speed is high enough. The McGee (1979) curve is considered more appropriate for aluminium, although it is just one more obtained by different researchers. Fig.3 Solomon Curves. Regarding other materials, it is difficult to verify whether machining steels withstands speeds of 1700 m/min well, because prior to reaching these values, the tools break, As we see in the figure, the HSS rapid steel only withstands up to 650C, and the hard metal tool approximately 850C. Forgetting the generalities which are always repeated and whose repetition sometimes only manages to this kind of high speed term magic halo, cutting values understood today as high speed 。 F6.4 High speed range in cutting different materials.We will explain in further detail for each material group. 2.1 Machining aluminium alloys