高考英语语法精品学案专题五 介词.doc

介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一。使用频率相当高，用法多而杂，一个介词可能有多种不同的用法；一个相近的意思又可以用不同的介词表达。所以在一轮的备考中必须逐一掌握每个高频介词的用法；弄清楚易混介词的用法异同；能够根据具体语境灵活运用介词。常用介词、易错介词的辨析以及介词固定搭配的考查将是2012年介词考查的主要方向。一、介词的分类与语法功能介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类或短语等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at，in，for等；合成介词，如within，inside，onto，throughout等；短语介词，如according to，out of，by means of，in spite of，instead of等； 双重介词，如from behind /above /under，until after等； 分词介词，如considering，including，judging (from/by) 等。二、介词的意义1表示时间的介词(1)in表示“在某一时间段”或“在某一时候”，如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面，或用来泛指一天的某一段时间。in也可以指“在之后”，表示从说话起的若干时间内。如：in July/summer/2000/ancient timesThe bus will be here in ten minutes. (2)on表示“在特定的某一天”，也可用于带有修饰语的一天的某个时间段之前。如：on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st(3)at表示“在某一时间点”，或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、时节等。如：at six oclock, at Easter(4)over, through (out)两者均指“经过的全部时间”。如：Stay over the Christmas. (5)for与since：for表示动作或状态延续的全部时间长度，为“长达”之意；since用于指从过去特定的某个时刻到说话时为止的一段时间；含有since时间短语的句子要用完成时，但含有for时间短语的句子不一定要用完成时。如：I have been there for six years. We have not seen each other since 1993. (6)during指“在时期/时间内”，必须接表示一段时间的词或词组作宾语。如：She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little. 2表示地点的介词(1)above, below，over, under，on, on top of, beneath, underneath: above和below分别表示“高于”和“低于”的意思，不一定指垂直方向上的上下；over和under分别表示垂直方向上的上下或高低；on/on top of和beneath/underneath表示“和表面相接触”意义上的上下。以上三组介词互为反义词。如：The temple stands on top of the hill. The pen is beneath the book. There is a lamp on the desk. (2)at, on, in：at指小地点或集会场合；on表示线或面上的位置；in表示在立体、区域或环境内，特别是那些较大，能够容纳相应事物的环境。如：He works at Peking University. Your radio is on the desk. Hes sitting in the sun. (3)between与among：between用来说明“在两者之间”或“三个以上人或事物中的每两者之间的相互关系”；among用来说明“在三者以上之间”的相互关系；among可以用来表示没有确定数目的物体之间的相互关系。如：There is a small river between the two villages. The book is the best among these modern novels. The relations between various countries are very important. 3表示原因的介词。(1)for常常表示褒贬、奖惩的原因或心理原因。如：They will reward you for your help.(2)from和out of常常表示动机或原因；through表示消极或间接的原因。如：He feels weak from lack of sleep. He broke down through overwork. 4表示目的的介词for和to都可以引导目的地。for表示拟定的接收人或目的，for跟在含有出发或开始意义的动词后，如：leave, set out, start, depart, sail等；to表示实际的接收人或目的，to跟在含有方向性的动词后，如：go, come, run, walk, move, fly, drive, ride等。如：We have left for Hong Kong. He flew to America via Hong Kong. 5表示“关于”的介词一般about用于比较随便的谈话或非正式的文体；on用于正式的讲话、著作或报告中；of用于动词talk, read, know, hear等的后面。如：What are you talking about?in terms of natural resources6表示原料的介词of和out of表示制成品的材料仍保持原材料的性质；from表示制成品已失去了原材料的性质。如：His house was built of brick. He made these toys out of old cigarboxes. Steel is made from iron. 7表示价格的介词at和for都可表示价格，at仅表示价格；for还表示“交换”。如：Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here. I bought it for five pounds. 三、常见的介词搭配1“介词 名词”型(1)in 名词in advance在前头，事先，预先in case如果，万一in charge 主管，掌管，看管in common 共有，共同，公有in demand 有需要的in doubt 感到疑惑的，难以确定的in effect 实际上，生效in fact 事实上in order 按序，井然有序，情况良好； 恰当in progress 进行中in return 作为回报in turn 依次，替换地；相应地，转而in vain 徒劳(2)on 名词on guard在值勤on leave 在休假on holiday 在度假on strike 罢工on sale 出售on loan 借贷 onthe名词on the move 在移动，搬迁；离开 on the march 在行军on the flow 在涨潮on the increase 正在增加on the go 正在活动，正在奔走 on the air 正在广播on the fly 正在飞行(3)beyond 名词beyond ones power 是某人力所不及的beyond praise 夸不胜夸beyond ones reach 够不着 beyond description 难以形容beyond words 无法用语言形容 beyond doubt 无疑beyond ones understanding 无法理解(4)under 名词under development在发展中under observation 在观察中under test 在测试中under construction 在建设中under examination 在检查(调查)中 under consideration 在考虑中under repair 在修理中(5)at 名词at length详细地，长时间at sea 茫然at will 任意地at work 在上班at lunch 在吃午饭 at rest 在休息at table 在吃饭at school 上学at church 做礼拜 at peace 处于和平状态(6)out of 名词out of breath上气不接下气out of balance 失去平衡out of date 过时out of patience 不耐烦out of control 失去控制out of business 破产out of style 过时，不时髦out of the ordinary 不寻常的out of touch 失去联系2复杂介词型(1)表示原因(通常在句中作状语), 意为“由于，因为”。because of：表示实际原因(表达一种较强的因果关系)；on account of：常用来引述逻辑、理性和事实因素。(2)表示“除之外”。with the exception of except, except for“除之外”；apart from (美式英语中的aside from)是个复合介词，既可表示“除之外”，相当于except (for), 又可以表示“除之外，(还，也)”，相当于besides；in addition to“除之外(还，也)”，相当于besides。(3)表示“有关，关于”。concerning=regarding“关于，就而论，在方面”；with respect to“关于，就而言”；as for和as to用于句首时表示“至于”。(4)表示“在之前”。ahead of=in advance of，可表示“(在空间或时间上比某人或某事物)更前，更早”， 还可表示“领先，优于”；in front of 多指空间的前后关系，“在前方”。(5)表示“支持，赞成”。in support of 维护，支持，支援；in favor of 可指某人“支持，赞成”，也可指事物“有利于”。(6)表示“鉴于，由于；根据，按照”。in the light of 按照，考虑到in terms of 就而言，谈到according to 根据；按照in view of 鉴于，因为(7)表示“尽管”。in spite of 尽管，不管3“形容词介词”型at前的adj.：angry, good, bad, surprised, excited, puzzled等。of前的adj.：afraid, sure, certain, full, tired, fond, proud, worthy等。with前的adj.: angry, strict, busy, careful, popular, patient等。in前的adj.：strict, weak, interested, successful, rich等。to前的adj.：polite, kind, cruel, rude, close, available等。for前的adj.：sorry, famous, fit, unfit, eager, anxious，(be) hungry/thirsty等。from前的adj.：far, different, free, safe等。about前的adj.：worried, anxious, careful，curious等。4“名词介词”型the key/answer/visit/apology/introduction/wayto；wish/desire/prize/respectfor；pity/mercy/congratulation/effect/advice/impression/influenceon1【误】 Sometimes our opinions differ because what we choose to observe and how we deal with what weve observed. 【正】 Sometimes our opinions differ because of what we choose to observe and how we deal with what weve observed. 【解析】 because是连词，其后接句子；而because of是短语介词，其后接名词、代词、动名词或名词性从句等。2【误】 How long have you been an actor?In 1995, when I graduated from college. 【正】 How long have you been an actor?Since 1995, when I graduated from college. 【解析】 结合问句的语境，只有since能回答问句所提出的问题。3【误】 In those days, we had no phones, so we had to keep in touch with writing often. 【正】 In those days, we had no phones, so we had to keep in touch by writing often. 【解析】by在这里表示方式，by writing 意为“通过写信”。1The fashion show was _ being a failure. It was a success. Afar from Balong withCnext to Din case【解析】 Afar from远非。along with与一道(又), 连同一起， 随同一起； next to次于，紧挨着；in case如果，万一。2It saves time in the dining room to have things you use a lot _ easy reach. Anear Bupon Cwithin Daround【解析】 C考查固定用法：within easy reach在容易够到的地方；在的附近。句意为：在餐厅里把常用到的东西放到容易够到的地方会节省很多时间。32009福建卷 How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space! Its a challenge, I guess, man against nature. Aof Bfor Cby Dabout【解析】 A考查介词辨析。答句中的I guess是插入语，因此所填介词与challenge连用，构成a challenge of结构。42009全国卷 Everybody was touched _ words after they heard her moving story. Abeyond Bwithout Cof Din【解析】 A句意为：听到她感人的故事后，人人都感动得难于言表。beyond超出；越过。52009重庆卷 Try on this red skirt; you will look great _ it. Aon Bby Cin Dfor【解析】 C考查介词的用法。sth. be on sb.衣服穿在某人身上；sb. be (look) in sth.某人穿着什么衣服。由此可知答案为C。6 2009陕西卷 He invited me to a dance after the show _ Christmas Eve.Aat Bon Cin Dby【答案】 B7Modern equipment and no smoking are two of the things I like _ working here.Awith Bover Cat Dabout【解析】 D句意为：关于在这里工作，我喜欢的两件事情是现代化设备和禁止吸烟。about“有关，关于”，符合题意。8If you really have to leave during the meeting, youd better leave _ the back door. Afor Bby Cacross Dout【解析】 B句意为：如果你确实要在会议期间离开，那么你最好从后门离开。“从后门”用by the back door。for表示原因；across意为“穿过，横穿”；out意为“在外面”，三者均不符合句意。9Alice entered silently and sank _ a chair. Aon Boff Cinto Dto【解析】 C句意为：爱丽斯默默地进来，坐在了椅子上。sink into a chair颓然坐在椅子上。10When did you last hear _ Jay?He phoned me this morning，and we agreed _ a time and place to meet. Aof；to Babout；withCfrom；with Dfrom；on【解析】 Dhear about/of听到有关，听说；hear from收到的来信，得知某人的消息；agree on sth.在方面取得一致意见；agree to do sth.同意做某事；agree to sth.同意(计划、安排、方案等)；agree with sb.同意某人(的意见)。112010四川卷 Tired，Jim was fast asleep with his back _ a big tree. Ain Bbelow Cbeside Dagainst【解析】 D考查介词词义辨析。背靠着树睡着了，against表示“倚，靠”。122010江西卷 Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients _ name，not case number. Aof Bas Cby Dwith【解析】 C考查介词惯用法。by name按名字叫。句意为：现在一些医院提到病人叫名字而不是病例号。13If you do not use your English _ the classroom you will forget that English you know. Awithin Bbeyond Cin Dover【解析】 Bwithin等于in都表示“在里面”； over指“在上面”；beyond表示位置，意为“在之外”。根据句意“走出教室你如果不用英语的话，”可知答案为B。142010北京卷 Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden？They are _ everyones enjoyment. Ain Bat Cfor Dto【解析】 C本题考查介词。根据句子意思“这些花是让每个人欣赏的”，可知用for表示目的。15. _ all kinds of difficulties, the workers have made rapid progress in the construction of the World Expo 2010 in Shanghai.AWith BFor CUnder DBeyond【解析】 A本题考查介词。句意为：尽管有很多困难，工人们在上海的世博会建筑中取得了很大的进展。with尽管，虽然。 1. 【2011天津十二所重点学校联考】_economic, political and cultural differences, it is difficult for China and America to fully understand each otherAIn spite of BRegardless of COn account of DIn terms of【答案】C2（北京海淀区2011届高三二模）The woman pulled her hat low down _ her eyes in order not to be recognized by the angry crowdsAunder Bbelow Con Dover【答案】D3.【2011四川泸州市二诊】After the robbery, the shop fixed an alarm systemfurther losses.A. forB. againstC. fromD. to【答案】B4. 【2011唐山市二模】Im going to London and my sisters going _ Ain a hurry Bin fact Cas well Das a result【答案】C5.（2011河北正定中学第一次月考）17The professor devoted all his life _the treatment of AIDSA to research Bin researching Cto researchingDat researching【答案】C6.（2011河北正定中学第一次月考）15They experimented _the new medicine _animalsAon; to B by ; on Cwith ; on D with; to【答案】C7.（2011唐山市摸底）20You had better not discuss the problem at the meetingYou may discuss it tea Ain Bat Cfor Dover【答案】D8.（2011重庆师大附中第一次月考）35.To save the drowning child, the boy plunged into the icy water without hesitation, _ his own safety.A. despite ofB. regardless ofC. unaware ofD. because of【答案】B 9.（2011浙江温州十校联考）19We may be going skiing at Christmas, but its still all up _Well probably make the decision the day after tomorrow.Ain the wildBin the distanceCin the airDin the long run【答案】C考查短语的含义。此处up in the air意为：悬而未决。10.（2011浙江温州八校返校联考）27Some classmates are against my plan while the majority are _ itAin view of Bin favor of Cin honor of Din memory of【答案】B11.（2011浙江学军中学第一次月考）30. Many of the scientists and engineers are judged how great their achievements are. A.in spite of B.in charge of C.in favor D.in terms of 【答案】D 12.（2011广西玉林、南宁二中9月联考）29- Shall we visit Jim tonight? - OK. To make sure that hes in, wed better call him up .Ain exchangeBin returnCin briefDin advance【答案】D13.（2011广西玉林、南宁二中9月联考）30- Ill take it if you reduce the price by 30%. - But its my power to sell it cheaper.AbeyondBwithoutCoffDagainst【答案】A14.（2011云南昆明一中第一次月考）6The fridge produced by Haier is high quality and is not expensive either.Ain Bfor Cto Dof【答案】D15.（2011云南昆明一中第一次月考）9Once made out, the law must be carried out _ any difficulty.Aregardless ofBinstead ofCbecause of Din need of【答案】A16.（2011浙江杭州西湖中学检测）33. The coach, because of the drivers carelessness, was _ and crashed over the cliff on such a cold December morning.Ain support Bout of controlCin chargeDat the mercy【答案】B 17.（2011湖南长沙一中第一次月考）32She is being pleased about it; she is very angryAfree from Bfree of Cout of Dfar from【答案】D18.（2011四川成都市摸底）34These toys are not suitable for children four years old, who are too young.AoutsideBbeyondCunderDwithin【答案】C 19.（2011湖南雅礼中学第一次月考）35_ the extremely hot weather, we continued having classes AThanks toBIn addition toCIn defence ofDRegardless of【答案】D考查考查短语的用法。句意：不管天气多热，我们仍继续上课。20.（2011湖南雅礼中学第一次月考）21What do you mean _ saying that Im lucky?AatBonCbyDof【答案】C21We are not prepared to compromise _ the price of the computer.Awith Bbetween Con Din【答案】C22.（2011四川成都外国语学校9月考）25Ba