飞行员之RNAV概念.doc

RNAVArea Navigation (RNAV) provides the potential for increasing airspace capacity both en-route and in the terminal area in two ways: 区域导航（RNAV）在以下两个方面为在航路以及终端区提高空域能力提供了可能： By implementing routes which do not have to overfly point source navaids such as VORs. 可以按照希望的航迹飞行而不必飞越助航设施（包括VOR） By reducing the lateral separation between aircraft tracks. 可以减少飞机航迹间的水平间隔This means that the route structures can be modified quickly and easily to meet the changing requirements of the user community. The routes can be shorter, simpler and, where necessary, can be designed to minimise the environmental impact. In the future, higher levels of navigation accuracy and integrity are anticipated and this should lead to the introduction of closely spaced parallel routes. RNAV can be used in all phases of flight and, when implemented correctly, can result in: 这样意外着根据用户的需要可以快速、简单的修改航路结构。航路可以更短、更简单，在需要的时候可以将外界的影响最小化。在将来会出现更高精度和密度的导航能力，这将导致更加紧密排列的平行航路。如果正确使用RNAV技术可以应用在飞行的各个阶段： Improved situational awareness for the pilot. 可以改进飞行员的位置感觉 Reduced workloads for both controller and pilot. 可以降低管制员和飞行员的工作量； Reduced environmental impact from improved route/procedure designs. 通过修正的航路设计可以减少环境对飞行的影响 Reduced fuel consumption from shorter, more direct routes. 更短、更直接的航路可以减少油耗In order for RNAV to replace conventional navigation techniques, it is essential that: RNAV要取代传统的导航技术，需要： The navigation infrastructure (i.e. the ground-*based and space-based navigation positioning systems) provides adequate coverage for the proposed route/procedure. 导航设施（比如地基、星基导航定位系统）可以向设计的航路/程序提供足够的覆盖； The navigation co-ordinate data meets ICAO accuracy and integrity requirements. This means that all the co-ordinates, published in the AIP and used in the aircraft navigation databases, must be referenced to WGS 84 and the user must have the necessary assurance that this data has not been corrupted or inadvertently modified. 导航坐标数据满足ICAO精密度要求。所有AIP以及飞机机载导航数据库中的坐标为WGS-84坐标，使用者要保证这些数据不会中断或被错误修改 The RNAV routes and procedures have been designed and published in accordance with ICAO criteria to be compatible with the airborne RNAV systems. RNAV航路和程序按照ICAO标准设计并与机载RNAV系统一致 The airborne systems are certified for use on the RNAV routes and procedures. 机载系统被批准在RNAV航路和程序上使用 The flight crew have the necessary approval to operate on the RNAV routes and procedures 飞行机组得到运行RNAV航路和程序的批准B-RNAVBasic Area Navigation (B-RNAV) is the forerunner of the RNAV programme. It was introduced to enable capacity gains to be achieved through modifications to the en-route structure. It requires aircraft conformance to a track-keeping accuracy of ?5NM for at least 95% of flight time to ensure that the capacity gains are achieved whilst meeting the required safety targets. 基础区域导航（B-RNAV）是区域导航的前身。它要求飞机在沿航路飞行时具备足够的能力修正航迹。在至少95%的飞行时间内，它要求飞机具备保持航迹精度在25NM以内以满足所需的安全目标。B-RNAV can be achieved using inputs from VOR/DME, DME/DME or GPS. (INS may be used for up to 2 hours after the last radio or on-ground update. Loran C may be used in European airspace where suitable coverage exists and the aircraft system has been certified to FAA AC 20-121A no JAA advisory material exists for LORAN C). The JAA has published a Temporary Guidance Leaflet (TGL) No 2, AMJ 20X2, entitled Guidance Material On Airworthiness Approval And Operational Criteria For The Use Of Navigation Systems In European Airspace Designated For Basic RNAV Operations. B-RNAV可以使用VOR/DME、DME/DME或者GPS（在地面更新两小时内可以使用惯导，罗兰C）JAA对于B-RNAV的使用有专门的指导B-RNAV requirements became mandatory in ECAC airspace on 23 April 1998 on the entire ATS route network above FL 95. (In certain States the minimum Flight Level was initially set higher) B-RNAV is also being used on selected routes into and out of terminal airspace in some States. 从1998年4月23日起，B-RNAV在欧洲航线系统FL95以上是强制要求的，在某些国家进出终端区时也要求B-RNAV。P-RNAV is the aircraft and operator approval requirement that is introduced for RNAV procedures in ECAC Terminal Airspace. Terminal Airspace procedures that require P-RNAV approval are designed following common principles which ensure that procedure design and execution are fully compatible. Additional to the minimum performance and functional requirements appropriate for Terminal Airspace RNAV operations, P-RNAV approval includes navigation data integrity requirements and flight crew procedures. In other words, P-RNAV allows Terminal Airspace operations that are consistent in the various ECAC States, based on procedures design principles and aircraft capabilities that meet the requirement P-RNAV是欧洲管制区终端空域实施区域导航对飞机运营商的要求许可。要求获得P-RNAV许可的终端空域程序需要满足共同的规则以确保程序的设计与执行是协调一致的。对于终端区区域导航运行，最低性能要求是必须的，此外，P-RNAV许可包括导航数据的完整性要求以及飞行机组程序。换句话说，P-RNAV程序设计原理和飞行性能满足要求的情况下可以允许在欧洲国家终端空域执行。In other words, P-RNAV allows Terminal Airspace RNAV operations that are consistent in the various ECAC States, based on a common set of design and operation principles, ensuring consistent levels of flight safety. This in contrast to the current situation, where the variations in RNAV approval requirements, the variations procedure design and procedure publication/charting, and the variations in navigation data integrity, have been recognised to be not without safety implications. 基于标准的设计与运行规则，P-RNAV允许在欧洲终端空域实施区域导航程序。与现有情况相比，P-RNAV程序在运行许可、程序设计、导航精度等方面存在变化。P(recision)-RNAV defines European RNAV operations which satisfy a required track-keeping accuracy of 1 NM for at least 95% of the flight time. P(recision)-RNAV定义：在至少95%的飞行时间内满足+1海里的航迹保持精度This level of navigation accuracy can be achieved using DME/DME, GPS or VOR/DME. It can also be maintained for short periods using IRS (the length of time that a particular IRS can be used to maintain P-RNAV accuracy without external update is determined at the time of certification). 该导航精度通过使用DME/DME、GPS或者VOR/DME获得，也可以通过使用惯性基准系统（IRS）在短时间内保持（不接受外界数据更新而保持P-RNAV精度的时间需要得到验证）RNP-RNAVRequired Navigation Performance (RNP) is a statement of the navigation performance accuracy necessary for operation within a defined airspace. 所需的导航性能（RNP）为在指定空域运行时的导航性能精度要求。The RNP type defines the total navigation system error (TSE) that is allowed in lateral, longitudinal, and, in some cases, vertical dimensions within a particular airspace. The TSE takes account of navigation system errors, RNAV computation errors, display errors and flight technical errors. The TSE must not exceed the specified RNP value for 95% of the flight time on any part of any single flight. RNP类型定义了在特定空域横向、纵向（某些情况下包括垂直方向）允许的导航系统误差值（TSE）。TSE考虑了导航系统误差、RNAV计算误差、显示误差以及飞行技术误差，它在任何航段95%飞行时间内不得超出指定的RNP值。The concept of RNP-RNAV is introduced in the Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Required Navigation Performance for Area Navigation (RNP-RNAV), RTCA DO 236A / EUROCAE ED 75. RNP-RNAV combines the accuracy standards laid out in the ICAO Manual (Doc 9613) with specific containment integrity and containment continuity requirements, as well as functional and performance standards for the RNAV system to realise a system that can meet future ATM requirements. The functional criteria for RNP-RNAV address the need for the flight paths of participating aircraft to be both predictable and repeatable to the declared levels of accuracy. 在最低航空系统性能标准（MASPS）中定义了所需导航性能的区域导航，综合了强制完整性和连续性要求的精度标准以及功能和性能标准给出了符合未来ATM要求的系统标准。飞行航段中符合RNP-RNAV标准的飞机具备可预知的和可重复的公布精度等级。When the application of RNP concepts to approach procedures, and to precision approaches in particular, was being considered by AWOP, it was decided that vertical navigational accuracy had to be addressed as well as horizontal accuracy. As a result, a range of RNP types were defined from RNP 1 to RNP 0.003/z, where z reflects the requirement for vertical guidance. The GNSSP subsequently proposed a set of values which could be supported by Space Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) and Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS). These values are still under review. （AWOP全天侯飞行专家小组）RNP概念应用于进近程序，尤其是精密进近程序时，垂直的导航精度同样需要考虑。RNP类型精度从RNP1至RNP 0.003/z，这里z即代表了垂直方向上的要求。GNSSP随后公布了一系列得到星基增强系统和地基增强系统支持的数值，这些数值仍待考察。The RNP types that are currently in use or are being considered for use are detailed in Table 1 below: 目前使用的RNP类型见下表RNP TypeRequired Accuracy(95% Containment)Description0.003/z 0.003 NM z ftPlanned for CAT III Precision Approach and Landing including touchdown, landing roll and take-off roll requirements. (ILS, MLS and GBAS)满足III类精密进近和着陆包括接地、落地滑跑和起飞滑跑要求0.01/15 0.01 NM 15 ftProposed for CAT II Precision Approach to 100 ft DH (ILS, MLS and GBAS) 满足II 类精密进近至100英尺决断高0.02/40 0.02 NM 40 ftProposed for CAT I Precision Approach to 200 ft DH (ILS, MLS, GBAS and SBAS) 满足I 类精密进近至200英尺决断高0.03/50 0.03 NM 50 ftProposed for RNAV/VNAV Approaches using SBAS.满足使用SBAS的RNAV/VNAV进近0.3/125 0.3 NM 125 ftProposed for RNAV/VNAV Approaches using Barometric inputs or SBAS.满足使用气压输入或SBAS的RNAV/VNAV进近0.3 0.3 NM Supports Initial/Intermediate Approach, 2D RNAV Approach, and Departure. Expected to be the most common application.支持初始/中间进近，2维RNAV进近和离场；0.5 0.5 NMSupports Initial/Intermediate Approach and Departure. Only expected to be used where RNP 0.3 cannot be achieved (poor navaid infrastructure) and RNP 1 is unacceptable (obstacle rich environment)支持初始/中间进近和离场，在RNP0.3无法达到（导航设施不够）而RNP1无法满足要求（障碍物）时应用1 1.0 NM Supports Arrival, Ini