英语语法否定转移.doc

否定转移否定的转移是指英语否定句在句中某一部分（常在谓语部分），但在语义上却是否定另一部分的现象。翻译这类句子时不要单纯依赖语法分析，而应从语义上分析，根据上下文理解句意。例：He doesnt teach because teaching is easy for him. 他之所以教书，并不是因为他觉得教书轻松。一、否定形式在表示“看法”的谓语动词上，语义上却是否定后面的宾语从句。此类动词有：think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, anticipate, fancy, consider, find (感到), guess,be supposed to, calculate, figure, reckon。- I dont believe Ive met you before. (I believe I havent met youbefore.) 我认为我没有见过你。- I dont think you will be late. 我认为你不会迟到。 - I dont suppose he cares, does he? 我看他不在乎，对吧？- He doesnt expect we need worry. 他认为我们不必着急。- I dont recon she is old enough to go to school. 我认为她还没到上学的年纪。注：上述判断性动词出现以下情况时，其否定不发生转移：（1）用作插入语时： - Li Lei, I think, wont be angry with you. 我想李蕾不会生你的气。 - Tom, I suppose, wont be against it. 我猜想汤姆不会反对。（2）这些动词跟其他另一个动词一起做并列谓语时： - I believe and hope he wont do that. 我相信并且也希望他将不会那样做。（3）用于疑问句时： - Do you think it is not going to rain? 你认为天不会下雨吗？（4）主句中添加情态动词cant, mustnt, wouldnt时：- You mustnt think hes stupid. 你不应该认为他愚蠢。- I wouldnt have imagined that you would be here. 我不曾想到你会在这儿。 - I cant imagine how he could survive that car accident.我想象不出在那次车祸中他是怎样活命的。（5）think , expect 作料想讲时：- I didnt expect Id meet you here. 我没料到会在这里碰上你。- We didnt think he is such a selfish man. 我们没料到他是这样一个自私的人。（6）suppose , think 用于祈使句式或被副词修饰时：- Dont suppose you have passed the exam, this is onlya part of the exam. 别以为你通过了考试，这仅仅是考试的一部分。- I simply dont think you will give me a hand whenIm in difficulty. 我根本不指望你在我困难的时候能帮助我。 - I really dont think its necessary for us to go there now. 我的确不认为我们有必要去那儿。 - I feel strongly that he shouldnt do such a thing. 我强烈地认为他不应该做那样的事。（7）上述动词所接的宾语从句中如有all , every ,many , both 等表全体意义的词或副词时：- I dont believe both of them are innocent. 我不相信他们两个都是清白的。- I never expect all the students will do the exercisesafter classes.我从不抱希望于所有学生都会在课外做作业。- We dont consider everybody in our class is interestedin this topic.我们并不认为班里的每个人都对这个话题感兴趣。（8）由于cannot help, ought not， need not， not at all等短语的关系而把I think 隔离：- I should have thought sometimes you couldnt help thinking of the past. 我应该想到你会禁不住想起过去。- I think you ought not to walk at night alone, Mrs. Moore.- I think you need not be impolite to her，as well as to her son.- I think the angel are not at all in heaven. Mr.Esmond said.二、否定形式在表示“感觉”的谓语动词上，语义上却否定表语部分。 此类动词有：appear, seem, feel, sound, taste, smell, as if，feel / look / sound as if, feel / look like。- The old streets dont appear deserted. ( notdeserted . ) 老街看样子还没被废弃。- Im not feeling very well today. My head aches. ( not very well ) 我今天感到不怎么舒服，头痛。- The food doesnt taste fresh. ( not fresh . ) 食物偿起来不鲜。- It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。- It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。三、seem, prove, happen 与不定式构成复合谓语，形式上否定谓语，语义上否定不定式。- The president didnt happen to attend that meeting. (happen not to attend ) 董事长碰巧没参加那次会议。- Your answer doesnt seem to be right. (seem not tobe ) 你的答案看起来似乎不正确。- Jack doenst seem to like you（Jack seems not to like you）杰克看来不喜欢你。- The news didnt seem to be true. 这个消息好象并不是真的。四、pretend , remember 的宾语为非谓语动词时，形式上否定谓语，语义上否定宾语。- My Italian friend didnt pretend to see her tutor in thedining room. (pretend not to see )我的意大利朋友在餐厅里假装没看见她导师。- I couldnt remember having carried my wallet out. (否定having ) 我记得不曾带钱包出门。五、形式上否定谓语，语义上否定宾语补足语。- I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use of it. 我知道他身上从不带钱，因为他从不需要钱。- We do not consider melting or boiling to be chemicalchange. (not to be ) 我们认为熔化和沸腾不是化学反应。- Seeing a ball flying, we dont expect the ball tofly forever. (not to fly ) 看到球飞时，我们认为它不会永远飞下去。 - I dont think math difficult. 我认为数学不难。 - I dont find the story interesting. 我认为这个故事没有趣。 - I dont expect so. 我认为不会。六、在“It is / was likely / probably + 从句”中，形式上否定谓语，语义上否定从句。- It isnt likely that it will rain tomorrow. 看起来明天不会下雨。 - It isnt probable that he will come here today. 他今天也许不会来这里了。七、形式上否定谓语，语义上否定状语或状语从句。- He doesnt go to school by bus but on foot. 他不是步行去上学, 而是坐公共汽车。- Dont judge a man by his appearance. 不要以貌取人。 - Dont read in the sun. 不要在阳光下看书。- Dont talk with your mouth full of food. 不要口里含着食物说话。- The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。- Lets not talk about it here. 我们别在这里谈吧。- Thisgreatvictoryhasnotbeenwoneasily. 这个伟大的胜利赢来得并不容易。 - I didnt know his name until yesterday. （not . until） 我直到昨天才知道他的名字。 - He didnt take the boy from the tracks to safety to win his own famebut to benefit the boys parents他把男孩从铁轨上抱到安全地带，不是为了获得个人的名誉，而是为了孩子的父母。注：含有not because (of) 的句子，情况较复杂，需根据逻辑、语境和常识进行判断是否需要作否定转移，如需转移的话，往往是由否定谓语转为否定状语。例如：- I dont teach because teaching is easy for me. 我教书并不是因为我觉得教书轻松。- The engine didnt stop because the fuel was used up. 发动机并不是因为油用完而停车的。- He didnt go to class because he was sick. 他没去上课，因为他生病了。(这句话不需作否定转移)- The manager didnt give a speech because he feltpainful in his throat. 经理没发表讲话，因为他喉咙痛。- She didnt call you because she loved you. 这个句子可能出现两种理解：A. 她给你打电话并非因为她爱你。（发生了否定转移）B. 她没给你打电话是因为她爱你。（未发生否定转移） 到底哪种理解正确，我们无法从逻辑意义上进行辨别，这时我们只有借助语境即上下文来分析了。八、表示信念、看法、愿望的名词充当主语从句的表语时，形式上否定谓语，语义上否定主语从句。这类词有：hope, thought, view, opinion , wish, expectation, belief, plan 等。- It is not our expectation that you will suffer a lot fromthat. (will not suffer )我们希望你不要为那事受太多苦。- It is not my opinion that you spend much time oncomputer games. (do not spend )我的看法是你不要花太多时间玩电脑游戏。- It is not their plan that their homework is done onSunday. 他们计划星期天不做家庭作业。九、含有全体意义的代词和副词作主语或宾语时，形式上否定谓语，语义上否定主语或宾语，表示部分否定。这类词有：all, both, every, everybody, everything,everywhere, always, altogether, entirely，wholly。- All the people didnt know the truth. (Not all the people knew the truth.) 并非所有的人都知道事情的真相。 - All that glitters is not gold. 发光的不总是金子。- Both the children are not clever. (Not both the children ) 两个孩子并不都聪明。- Everybody, it is true, wo