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毕业设计(论文)中期报告（学生用表）姓名 学号专业机制学院机械工程学院论文(设计)题目基于UG的3527N50-012阀盖压铸模设计校内指导教师 校外指导教师开题报告(打)外文翻译(打)工作进度(打)是否上交( ) 是否批改( )是否上交( ) 是否批改( )超前( ) 正常( ) 滞后( )学生填写课题简介：对3527N50-012阀盖进行结构功能及成型工艺分析，依据压铸成型工艺及制造工艺规划压铸模结构方案，利用UG完成其压铸模结构设计，绘制压铸模装配图及零件图。按照任务书应完成的工作内容与进展情况（文献资料查阅、课题调研与实习、开题报告、课题调研与实习、开题报告、课题研究与设计、实施等） 任务:1完成压铸零件的三维建模、结构功能分析及压铸成型工艺设计；2完成压铸成型工艺计算并拟定压铸模的结构方案；3用UG完成压铸模设计；4二维工程设计不少于2.5张零号图纸；5毕业设计说明书（论文）字数不少于1.5万字。进展：已完成课题调研与实习、开题报告、英文翻译及零件建模等课题存在的问题及解决办法：问题：零件结构及尺寸确定 办法：向老师请教，查阅文献待完成的工作：自顶向下设计完善及论文计算指导教师意见 指导教师： 年 月 日注：此表装入学生毕业论文（设计）资料袋存档。毕 业 设 计 (论 文)参 考 文 献 译 文毕业设计(论文)参考文献译文学生姓名： 刘志勇系 别： 机 械 工 程 系专 业： 机械设计制造及其自动化班 级：学 号: 译文出处： Journal of mechanical design 11题 目 本文试图探索机械设计系统的功能结构匹配。从功能的角度来看,机械设计系统就像一个结构由一系列组件由功能性描述。提出了结构主义的概念意味着功能结构匹配是机械设计语法是语言;因此,功能描述给形状新的意义。通过功能结构合成、合成可以生成许多不同机械设计模式,这可能是一个突破传统的机械设计。1. 介绍机械设计并不容易。这通常需要一个高级工程师设计经验。最近,工具分析了应力、应变、温度分布等,机器元素已成为非常先进。但是,仍有一些强大的工具处理属于以非思辩的能力方面的机器设计。为什么会这样呢?答案似乎是,我们知之甚少的系统性结构属于以非思辩的机器设计。总之,我们需要一个更大的理解机械结构 设计系统之前，我们可以开发适当的工具。一种方法探索属于以非思辩的机器的结构设计可以通过类比结构语言学1。语言学学者已经发现和描述语言的底层结构。他们有用于这项工作有集体观念来被称为“结构主义”,他们将被应用在这里属于以非思辩机设计。2. 结构主义斯特罗克的书2,克洛德列维-斯特劳斯在1950年代创造了“结构主义”这个词在调查亲属在巴西的社会组织。他发现,一个二元关系治理的社会组织,并引起了更广泛的结论,这一现象可以分析对偶原理3。当语言学家随后用结构主义分析占主导地位的社会交际工具4,即人类的语言,他们发现这个理论是非常有用的,尤其是当每个音素或词作为象征。作为整个文化(通信)的现象成为研究的主题,二元对立的二元论导致重视系统是结构主义一个普遍原则(5、6)。在语言的研究中,例如,可以将一个英文句子或根据其语法解析,构建良好的公式的基础上,所以英语是一个结构4,通过一系列有序的话说,构成一种符号,我们可以认为,能够与别人交流7。这些符号的意义取决于他们如何解释和构造。在机械设计系统中,设计的目的是满足给定机器的功能需求。我们选择元素的方法组装一台类似于我们选择单词的方式构造一个句子,都很有可能建立一个系统的结构主义。3. 语言结构语言是一种重要的思维方式,没有它,认为会严重限制。语言是什么?语言是构成的一系列代码,但是这些代码是没有意义的,除非他们可以用符号和解码规则。这些规则被称为语法和符号通常是字母,单词,短语或句子。例如,一个简单的句子“狗追逐球”作为其语法“文章的名词的动词-文章-名词”,或者仅仅是“主语-动词-对象”。其结构可以表示为图1。建立的主题和对象之间的关系是动词。 如果我们交换一些单词的这句话句话说相同的词类,这句话仍然应该语法有效。例如,句子“一只狗追赶一只猫”,“猫追逐一只狗”。“球追逐一只狗”和“树追人”都是有效的,因为他们都是语法正确。然而,第二个最后一句话似乎有点荒谬,也许有人抛出一个球的狗。至于最后一句话,这可能发生在漫画或者童话故事,但并不是在现实世界中。这说明了需要检查一个句子的意思的一种手段,因为语法的结构本身是不够的,管理一个句子。为此开发。通过语义语法、语言结构是有效的,通过语义,语言是有意义的和合理的。4. 机械设计机构人认为与语言,并存在语言认为在机械设计方面?我们讨论机械设计使用的语言,并且它可以在文字和图片中描述。机械设计的词汇通常由标准机元素的描述,而用于非标准部件照片。它们相当于名词在英语句子。至于动词,它们指定机器的功能元素在机械设计结构中。例如,我们有一个轴的车轮旋转,或“鞍上的刀架幻灯片”。这些只是喜欢英文句子“狗追逐球,”这个动词短语“旋转”和“幻灯片”描述函数或机器元素对的关系。因此,这两个句子描述机械设计在语法上是有效的。然而,我们随机改变话题,对象或以上句子的动词,如“轮子旋转一个鞍”,或“刀架旋转一个鞍”,或“鞍上的车轮幻灯片”,那么这些句子是语法时仍然有效,但它们的含义不确定或荒谬的,因为一个马鞍不能提供旋转和一个轮子从来都不是表面上滑动而设计的。它卷在一个表面上的。机器元素通常是设计为一个特定的功能或功能8。因此,设计功能约束的使用机器元素。同样,一个动词语义限制我们的选择的主题和对象的名词。设计函数控制合理选择机械零件的设计结构。5. 功能描述以上节解释机设计中“功能”是什么意思。齿轮可以传输能量和运动到另一个机器元素相同模块的牙齿,不管它是另一个齿轮齿条或扇形齿轮。换句话说,一个机器元件,有一个齿轮的齿形形状可以发射功率或仅限移动到另一个机器元件有一个兼容的齿轮齿形形状。一个滑轮与v型槽只能传输能量和运动v型皮带,而不是其他形状。形状确定匹配的对。一些功能,如旋转和滑动,可能无法传输能量,而是他们限制运动。轴和轮构成一对旋转,因为轴圆柱外表面接触,一个轮子的圆柱形内表面接触。这被称为“轴和孔匹配”,它会导致旋转的功能。方杆可以来回滑动的方槽宽度略大。广场的酒吧和槽对建立滑动的功能。一个简单的合成,通常称为齿轮,可以通过将齿轮齿的周长磁盘和磁盘的中心圆孔。如果齿轮的牙齿种植在一个正方形平面的酒吧,它被称为一个架子上。上面的例子暗示机器元素按照一定的基本功能,合成,进而由匹配的形状。6. 讨论结构主义提供了一个框架来分析机械设计合成的问题。一个组件可以细分为机器部件和机器要素也可以由一个通过功能说明和功能形状匹配。不过,也有例外,最明显的是液压或气动流体传输能量的机器。即便如此,液体没有形状,可以符合任何容器。尽管他们可能可以代表功能描述,似乎不可能指定其功能的形状。 形状合成另一个问题是在处理功能的构成形状。在概念设计的水平,在测量尺寸很少11。例如,一个方形键和轴组件可以分解为一个键和一个轴,有一个正方形的酒吧和另一个圆条从功能结构的观点,如图18所示。在编写这两个形状而不考虑他们的尺寸,结果是一个多样化的选择范围。在最坏的情况下,功能结构合成可能无法追溯其步骤分解和重排后回到原来的设计通过功能描述和功能结构匹配。然而,不同的结果可能会导致新的设计。功能结构匹配的另一个问题是,有时候,并不是所有的功能性形状。例如,当一个设备组装使用密钥和轴,其内部功能结构对订婚了,这意味着它们的功能形状没有进一步组装的可能性。然而,在实践中,人们经常看到几个齿轮集中起来通过一个长轴和键。几个可以合并在一个轴键槽和长键槽可以提供许多关键匹配的可能性。在这样的情况下,功能结构匹配还必须考虑维度。7. 总结功能性形状可以在机械设计合成发挥有益的作用。通过功能结构匹配,可以组装机器元素执行某些功能描述,就像一个句子构成的单词和短语可以传递语义意义。正如外遇可以以不同的方式使用语言的口语,也可以通过不同的组合机器组装构建功能性形状。通过与结构主义、功能结构匹配提出了声音合成的功能机设计和创造力。图1一个英文句子结构。图2一些基本函数形状。图3输入和输出功能描述的一个齿轮。图4输入和输出功能的一个键。图5输入和输出功能的一个轴。图6形状功能的三元素组件。图 7形状和功能描述的三个元素组件。图8功能图示的元素A.图9功能形状匹配的两个齿轮。图10变速箱的两个车轮。图11执行间歇性运动的两个车轮。图12功能描述的一个间歇性运动。图13分解的功能描述的一个间歇性运动。图14功能形成综合的基本功能形状。图15功能形成综合的齿轮轮齿和V形沟槽。图16树型结构的一个旋转速度的变化机制。图17连接两个皮带轮上的皮带。图18可能的结果形成综合的功能。 This paper attempts to exploremachinedesignsystems by means of functional shape matching. From a functional point of view,machinedesignsystem is much like a structure comprising a series of components which are presented by functional descriptions. The notion of structuralism implies that functional shape matching is tomachinedesignwhat grammar is to language; thus, functional descriptions give synthesized shapes new meanings. Through functional shape synthesis, many diversemachine designpatterns can be generated, which may constitute a breakthrough in conventionalmachinedesign.1. IntroductionMachinedesignis not easy. It usually requires a senior engineer with muchdesignexperience. Recently, tools for analyzing the stress, strain, temperature distribution, etc., of amachineelement have become very advanced. However, there remain few powerful tools capable of dealing with the non-analytical aspects ofmachinedesign. Why is this so? The answer seems to be that we know very little about the systemic structures of non-analyticalmachinedesign. In short, we need a greater understanding of the structure of machinedesignsystems before we can develop appropriate tools.One approach for exploring the structures of non-an alyticalmachinedesigncan be found through an analogy with structural linguistics 1. Linguistics scholars have found and described an underlying structure in language. The notions they have used in this work have collectively come to be called structuralism and they will be applied here to non-analy ticalmachinedesign.2. StructuralismIn Sturrocks book 2, Claude Levi-Strauss coined the term structuralism in the 1950s while investigating the social organization of kinship in Brazil. He found that a dualistic relationship governed social organization, and drew the broader conclusion that a phenomenon can be analyzed by the principle of duality 3. When linguists subsequently used structuralism to analyze the dominant tool for social communication 4, i.e. human language, they found that this theory was very useful, especially when each phoneme or word is treated as a symbol. As the whole of culture (as a phenomenon of communication) became the subject of study, the binary opposition of dualism led to a semiological system which was structuralism-a principle of universal 5, 6.In language study, for example, an English sentence can be bracketed or parsed according to its grammar, on the basis of a well-constructed formula, and so the English language is a structure 4. Through an ordered series of words, which constitutes a kind of symbol, we can think and be able to communicate with others 7. The meaning of these symbols depend on how they are interpreted and constructed. Inmachinedesignsystems, the goal of thedesignis to satisfy the functional requirements of a givenmachine. The method by which we choose elements to assemble amachineis similar to the way in which we select words to construct a sentence-both are very likely to build a system by means of structuralism.3. Language StructureLanguage is a vital mode of thought; without it, thought would be severely limited. What is language? Language is constituted from a series of codes, but these codes are meaningless unless they can be represented by symbols and decoded according to rules. These rules are called grammar and the symbols are generally letters, words, phrases or sentences. For example, the simple sentence A dog chases a ball has as its grammar article-noun-verb-article-noun, or simply subject-verb-object. Its structure can be represented as in Fig. 1. The relationship between subject and object is established by the verb.If we exchange some words of this sentence for other words of the same parts of speech, the sentence should still be grammatically valid. For example, the sentences A dog chases a cat, The cat chases a dog. A ball chases a dog and A tree chases a man are all valid, because they are all grammatically correct. However, the second last sentence seems a bit nonsensical; maybe someone throws a ball at the dog. As for the last sentence, it may occur in cartoons or fairy tales, but not in the real world. This illustrates the need for a means of examining the meaning of a sentence, because the structure of grammar is not sufficient in and of itself to govern a sentence. Semantics has been developed for this purpose. Through grammar, language structure is valid; via semantics, language is meaningful and reasonable.4. Machine Design StructurePeople think with language. Does there exist a language to think in terms ofmachinedesign? We discussmachinedesignusing language, and it can be described in words and represented in pictures. The lexicon ofmachinedesignusually comprises descriptions of standardmachineelements, while pictures are used for non standard parts. They are equivalent to nouns in English language sentences. As for verbs, they designate the functions ofmachineelements in machinedesignstructures. For example, we have A wheel rotates about a shaft, or A tool post slides on a saddle. These are simply like the English sentence A dog chases a ball, The verb phrases rotates about and slides on describe the functions or the relationships ofmachineelement pairs. Therefore, these two sentences describingmachinedesignare grammatically valid.However, we randomly change the subject, the object or the verb of the above sentences, such as A wheel rotates about a saddle, or A tool post rotates about a saddle, or A wheel slides on a saddle, then these sentences are still valid grammatically but their meanings are indefinite or nonsensical, because a saddle cannot provide for rotation and a wheel is never designed to slide on a surface. It rolls on a surface.Amachineelement is usually designed for a specific function or functions 8. Thus,designfunction constrains the use ofmachineelements. Similarly, a verb semantically confines our choice of nouns for subjects and objects.Designfunction governs the reasonable selection ofmachineelements indesignstructure.5. Functional DescriptionThe above section explains what function means inmachinedesign. A gear can transmit power and motion to anothermachineelement which has teeth of the same module, regardless of whether it is another gear or rack or sector gear. In other words, amachineelement which has a gear-toothed shape can transmit power or motion only to anothermachineelement which has a compatible gear-toothed shape. A pulley with V-shaped grooves can only transmit power and motion to V-shaped belts, and not to other shapes. Shape determines matchable pairs.Some functions, such as rotation and sliding, may not be able to transmit power, but instead they constrain motion. A shaft and a wheel constitute a rotation pair, because a shaft has a cylindrical outer surface of contact and a wheel has a cylindrical inner surface of contact. This is called shaft and hole matching and it leads to the function of rotation. A square bar can slide back and forth in a square groove which has a slightly larger width. The square bar and groove pair establishes the function of sliding. A simple synthesis, generally called a gear, can be made by putting gear-teeth on the circumference of a disk and a round hole at the center of the disk. If gear teeth are planted on one of the flat surfaces of a square bar, it is called a rack.The above examples imply thatmachineelements are synthesized according to certain basic functions, which are in turn determined by matching shapes.6. DiscussionStructuralism provides a framework for analyzing the problem ofmachinedesignsynthesis. An assembly can be broken down intomachineelements, and machineelements also can be composed into an assembly via functional description and functional shape matching. However, there are exceptions, most notably hydraulic or pneumaticmachineswhich transmit power by fluids. Even so, fluids have no shape and can conform to any vessel. Although they probably can be represented with a functional description, it seems impossible to specify their functional shapes.Shape synthesis is another problem in dealing with the composition of functional shapes. At the level of conceptualdesign, dimensions are seldom in measure 11. For example, a square key and shaft assembly can be decomposed into a key and a shaft, one having a square bar and the other a round bar from a functional shape point of view, as shown in Fig. 18. When composing the two shapes without considering their dimensions, the result is a diverse range of options. At worst, functional shape synthesis may not be able to retrace its steps back to its originaldesignafter decomposition and recomposition via functional description and functional shape matching. However, diverse results may lead to newdesigns.Another problem with functional shape matching is that, occasionally, not all functional shapes are incorporated. For example, when a gear is assembled with a key and a shaft, their functional shape pairs are engaged internally, meaning that their functional shapes have no further possibilities for assembly. However, in practice, one often sees several gears centered together by a long shaft and a long key. Several keyseat on one shaft can be merged and a long keyseat may provide many possibilities for key matching. In cases such as these, functional shape matching must still take into account dimensions.7. ConclusionsFunctional shapes can play useful roles inmachinedesignsynthesis. Through functional shape matching,machineelements can be assembled to perform certain functional descriptions, much like a sentence which is constituted from words and phrases can transmit meaning semantically. Just as an affair can be spoken of in different ways using language, so too can amachineassembly be constructed through differing combinations of functional shapes. Through comparison with structuralism, functional shape matching presents sound capabilities for synthesis and creativity inmachinedesign.DIAGRAM: FIG. 1. An English sentence structure.DIAGRAMS: FIG. 2. Some basic function shapes.DIAGRAM: FIG. 3. Input and output functional description of a gear.DIAGRAM: FIG. 4. Input and output functions of a key.DIAGRAM: FIG. 5. Input and output functions of a shaft.DIAGRAM: FIG.