高中英语语法知识点大全.doc

南昌戴氏教育精品堂学校 要考试 找戴氏高中英语知识点大全 教师姓名：刘晓方 时间：2012/9/27一、定语从句与强调句陷阱题详解1. The factory was built in a secret place, around _ high mountains. A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were【陷阱】容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）：(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _ some fruit shops. A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are(2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _ the city police station. A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are(3) Next month well move to a new building, next to _ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food. A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around _ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?” A. that B. which C. where D. what【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选 C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词，意为“在附近”；其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital，句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤？3. David is such a good boy _ all the teachers like. A. that B. who C. as D. whom【陷阱】此题容易误选A，许多同学一看到题干中的such，再联系到选项中的 that，便认为这是考查such that 句式。况且，这样理解意思也还通顺。【分析】最佳答案为C，不是A，因为在such that (如此以至)结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such that ，句末的动词 like 缺宾语。选C的理由如下：as 用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 boy，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语，句意为“所有老师都喜欢的一位好男孩”。有的同学可能还会问，假若选A，能否将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？不能，因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that。比较下面一题，答案为A，因为 like 后有自己的宾语 him：David is such a good boy _ all the teachers like him. A. that B. who C. as D. whom请再做以下试题（答案选D）：It was not such a good dinner _ she had promised us. A. like B. that C. which D. as4. The buses, most of _ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A. that B. it C. them D. which【陷阱】容易误选 C，用 them 代指 the buses。【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the buses。类似地，以下各题也选D：(1) His house, for _ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000. A. that B. it C. them D. which(2) Ashdown forest, through _ well be driving, isnt a forest any longer. A. that B. it C. them D. which(3) This I did at nine oclock, after _ I sat reading the paper. A. that B. it C. them D. which类似地，以下各题选 whom，不选 them：(4) George, with _ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person. A. that B. him C. them D. whom(5) Her sons, both of _ work abroad, will come back home this summer. A. that B. who C. them D. whom(6) I met the fruit-pickers, several of _ were still university students. A. that B. who C. them D. whom5. He had a lot of friends, only a few of _ invited to his wedding. A. whom B. them C. which D. who【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为这是非限制性定语从句。【分析】最佳答案是B，这不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 invited 并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个过去分词。当然，假若在 invited 前加上助动词 were，则是一个非限制性定语从句，答案便应选A。比较：(1) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _ carried out in their work. A. which B. them C. what D. that答案选B，none of them carried out in their work 是独立主格结构，其中的 carried out 为过去分词。(2) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _ were carried out in their work. A. which B. them C. what D. that答案选A，none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定语从句，注意与上例比较句中多了一个助动词were。(3) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _ were carried out in their work. A. which B. them C. what D. that答案选B，由于两句之间增加了一个并列连词but，使得该句成了一个并列句。6. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that【陷阱】容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。【分析】最佳答案是A。与上面一题相似，their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。比较以下相似题：二、常见名词考点透析一、单、复数名词的正确使用例 They have all sorts of course. (2006陕西高考改错 )析 英语中，名词有单数、复数或不可数的形式。本题中的course是可数名词，意指“课程”，故应用复数形式courses。二、仅以复数形式出现的名词例 Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day! (2000安徽春考改错)析 Many happy returns of the day! 是一句固定的生日祝语，相当于汉语的“祝你年年有今日，岁岁有今朝!”returns 在此处便是约定俗成的用法。除这一结构外，像shake hands with (= shake sbs hand), make friends with和change seats / trains / buses等常用的结构，及thanks, cheers, congratulations, things(情况), affairs, feelings, as follows(如下), in tears, in ruins, in pieces, in chains(被囚禁), in high spirits, in ones teens / twenties, in the 1990s (或in the 1990s), into halves, good manners, give ones regards / best wishes to, make contributions to, make preparations for等，也都是常用或只用复数的名词式。三、纯粹不可数名词的使用例 Im glad you have made such a great progress that. (2006江西高考改错)析 在英语中，有些名词, 如advice(建议), news, information, fun, weather, progress, homework, housework等，无论在什么情况下都是不可数的，所以这些词没有复数形式，也不可把其与不定冠词连用。可见，such a great progress 使用有误(须改为such great progress)。再例： She was doing her homeworks one Sunday morning when she smelt something burning. (2004高考福建卷改错)由于homework为不可数名词，所以，作业再多，也无复数。四、转义名词的考查热点例 When you finish reading the book, you will have _ better understanding of _ lifeA. a; the B. the; a C. 不填; the D. a; 不填析 本题旨在考查考生对understanding和life这两个名词可数性的界定：understanding已为转义用法，life在此泛指“人生”，是不可数名词，故而便可正确选用冠词。转义名词主要分为两类：把抽象意义转化为具体意义，因而赋予其可数功能;把具体意义的名词抽象化，从而赋予其不可数性。转义名词一直是高考测试的热点。其考查主要出现在单项和短文改错题中。其常考热点如下：(1)抽象转具体： pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“.的人 / 物”。如： The meeting is a success.(2)抽象转具体： worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等，指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时，有其单、复数形式。如：There have been strong winds over the last two months.(3)抽象转具体： a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如： He has a good practical knowledge of computer science(4)具体转抽象： school, college, hospital, court, prison, bed, table, church等，都是可数名词，可以有具体的意义，如a school, three schools。再例如：When you come here for your holiday next time, dont go to _ hotel; I can find you _ bed in my flat. 三、从高考题看情态动词的用法最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别，因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变，在高考试题中，命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词，除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外，还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析，以便同学们复习掌握。 一、用“情态动词have done”结构表示对过去动作的推测，高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用 “对立统一”来概括。 1当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明，且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时，我们可用“统一”关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有： must have done： 表示对过去动作的肯定推测，常译作“一定做了”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为cantcouldnt have done 疑问式为CanCould.have done？。 could might have done：表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测，常译作“可能做了”。如：1) Sorry Im late I have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again A might B should C can D will 该题前句说明了结果，后句接着说出了产生这种结果的可能性，对前句进行补充说明。分析选项可知本题应选A。 2) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he your lecture Acouldnt have attended Bneednt have attended Cmustnt have attended Dshouldnt have attended 该题前句叙说一个客观事实，后句对前句进行补充说明，分析选项可知C是错误的; 而B、D两项不符合题意。故本题选A。又如： Jack yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me Amustnt have arrived Bshouldnt have arrived Ccant have arrived Dneed not have arrived （C） 2当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时，常借助“but, however, instead”等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符，这时我们就可以用“对立”关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有： should have done ought to have done：表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。 should not have done ought not to have done：表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。 need have done：表示过去本来有必要去做某事，但事实上没有做。 need not have done：表示过去本来没有必要做某事，但事实上却做了。如： 3) I was really anxious about you You home without a word Amustnt leave Bshouldnt have left Ccouldnt have left Dneednt leave 分析该题前后句之间的关系和语气可知，事实上是 “本不应该离家出走却走了”，故本题选B。 B。又如： 四、be to do, be going to do, be about to do辨析1. be to do: 1) 表示事先商定、安排或准备要做的事情。如：The students are to meet at the school gate tomorrow. 明天学生们将在学校大门口集会。 2) 表示可能性，必要、责任、义务、禁止等。如：Her necklace was not to(couldnt)be found. 她的项链找不到了。2. be going to do: 1) 表示将要发生的事情或打算最近要进行的动作。如：It is going to rain soon. 快要下雨了。 2) 在含有条件状语从句的主从复合句中，主句一般不用be going to，而常用will（第一人称用shall）。如： The football match will be put off if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，足球赛将被推迟举行。3. be about to do: 1) 表示即将发生的动作，在时间上指最近的将来。如： We are about to start. 我们就要出发了。 The new school year is about to begin. 新学年开学在即。 2) 在含有be about to do的句子中，不能再加时间状语。如： Wrong: The medical team is about to start immediately. Right: The medical team is about to start. 医疗队就要出发了。附：be to do 用法的详细讲解： 一般说来，“be to do” 这个结构有两种语法意义，其一是连系动词be+动词不定式做表语，其二是be to是一个独立词汇单位,具有情态含义,可以把它叫做情态习语(modal idiom)。 一、be +动词不定式, 不定式做表语,表示主语和表语在概念上是等同的。如： The problem is to find a solution. His plan is to clean the room. My wish is to be a doctor. 二、be to +动词不定式中的be to用作情态习语, 这时的be to do表示: “计划”、“安排”、“义务”、“应该”、“可能”、“命运”等。(have to, ought to)。如: He is to have a holiday. (表示将来) The committee is to meet today. (表示计划、安排) You are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you. 1. 表示 “将”、“计划”、“安排”。(意思接近于be going to) 如： Their daughter is to get married soon. Who is to question him？ It was the last film at the cinema，which was to close next day. After dinner they were to go to a movie.was/ were to do 表示过去曾经计划要做的事，或者过去应当做的事，而且从现在的角度来看已经实现了。如： I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time. I was to play Juliet. The expedition was to start in a weeks time. 五、With引导的独立主格结构分析with独立主格结构是英语中一种重要的句法现象，在句子结构方面具有相对独立的特点。多年来也一直是命题的热点、重点，因此应该引起我们的高度重视。众所周知，with引导的独立主格结构非常活跃，虽然它在句子中只作状语，但是可以表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等各种复杂的情况。现将with引导的独立主格结构总结如下。一、句法结构 1 with 名词（代词）介词短语 He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。The old man stood there, with his back against the wall那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。2 with 名词（代词）形容词He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery这人抬起头来，眼里充满了好奇。He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold他站在那儿瑟瑟发抖，脸都冻红了。3with 名词（代词）副词With production up by 60, the company has had another excellent year产量上升了60, 公司又是一个好年景。 The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on这位愚蠢的皇帝一丝不挂地行进在游行队伍中。 The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前。 He put on his socks with the wrong side out他把袜子穿反了。4with 名词（代词）名词 She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。 He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl他去世的时候，女儿还是个中学生。5with 名词（代词）现在分词 She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。 With you helping me whenever Im in trouble, I feel very obliged to you无论我什么时候遇到困难你总是帮助我，真是太感激你了。6with 名词（代词）过去分词 “I think we can leave with our heads held high,” Eriksson said “We came out of the toughest group, beat Argentina, beat Denmark in a convincing way”“我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾里克松说。“我们来自死亡之组，以一种令人信服的方式击败了阿根廷，击败了丹麦。” The goalkeeper left Japan with his flaws laid bare这位守门员离开了日本，而他的缺点却暴露无遗。7with 名词（代词）不定式 With 10 minutes to go, youd better hurry 还有十分钟，你最好快一点。六、英语泛指与特指的转换与活用泛指和特指是每年高考必考的一组概念，在英语中广泛使用。“泛指”是指普遍、不确定的人或事物，而“特指”则是指具体、特定的人或事物。在实践中，这两个概念是可以灵活运用且相互转换的。下面分几个方面谈谈： 一、“泛指”与“特指”的多种表达 说起“泛指”，我们马上想起不定冠词(a/an)，其实不带冠词的不可数名词和复数名词都可以表“泛指”， 有些表“不定”概念的限定词（another, some, a few, most, enough, hundreds of, plenty of等 ）也可以充当这个作用。例如： I want to buy a book/some books. Books are of great use. Air is all around us. I will stay there for a few days/another few days. “特指”经常由定冠词（the）或表“特定”概念的限定词（物主代词，指示代词，名词所有格等）来充当。假如将“中国的第二大河流”说成 “Chinas the second longest river” 是不妥当的， 因为Chinas 和the 在“特指”的概念上是重复的。“那个门破了的教室”既可以译成 “the classroom whose door is broken”也可以说成 “the classroom the door of which is broken”，因为 “door” 前应该有个表“特指”的限定词。同样，“with ones help/ take ones place” 可能在另一场合会变成“with the help of/ take the place of”。在表达“倍数”时，我们常常看到这样一个公式：“倍数 + the + 名词(size/height/ length) + of ”。如果把它改为“倍数 + 表特指的名词/代词”就可以更好理解的下面的句子了： The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one. (that=the size) I offer ten times the money that Antonia has borrowed. =I offer ten times what Antonia has borrowed. (what=the money that 定语从句) You cant imagine that rats eat 40 to 50 times their weight.（their weight=the weight of rats） 二、“泛指”与“特指”的转化 “泛指”与“特指”在不同的语境中并非一成不变，它们是可以转换的。 （一）“泛指”转化为“特指” 1 I spent many happy hours with them. This picture reminds me of the many happy hours I spent with them. 2 I bought a few books in the bookstore. The few books I bought in the bookstore are written in English .3 I dont feel like drinking water. I dont feel like drinking the water from this well. 4 Cotton played an important part in Industrial Revolution. The most important thing about cotton in history is the important part that it played in Industrial Revolution. 5 I have done a little to help you. I hope the little that Ive been able to do has been of some use to you. 以上的句中的划线部分都是由于有一个定语限定而转化为“特指”。 另外，在一些限定词的后面只能接泛指的名词，如：a lot of, plenty of, dozens of, hundreds of等。然而，有些却可以增加一个 “of”，便只能后接特指的成分： 后接表“泛指”的名词 后接表“特指”的名词/代词 some (students) some of （the students） a good many （people） a good many of （the 七、反意疑问句特殊形式总结英语中，反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。其中附加疑问句是对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问，起证实作用，一般用于证实说话者所说的事实或观点。现将特殊形式的反意疑问句归纳如下：一、There be 句型陈述句比较特殊, 其附加疑问句的结构为there be的倒装，而不带句子主语。例如： There is something wrong with the computer, isnt there? 这台电脑有点毛病，是不是？ There arent any fish in the river, are there? 这条河里没有鱼, 是吗? 二、当陈述部分的主语是everyone, everybody, someone, nobody, no one, none, anyone, somebody等合成不定代词时, 在非正式文体中，附加疑问句中的主语通常用he或they。例如： Someone opened the door, didnt he/they? 有人开了门，是不是？ Nobody went to the cinema, did they? 没人去看电影，是吗？三、当陈述部分的主语是everything, nothing, something, anything等合成词，附加疑问句中的主语用it。例如： Nothing serious happened, did it? 什么事情也没有发生，对吗？ Everything is ready, isnt it? 一切准备就绪了，不是吗？四、当陈述部分的谓语动词是am的肯定形式时，附加疑问句的谓语动词用arent，而不用am not;当陈述部分的谓语动词为am not时，附加疑问句的谓语仍用am。例如： I am five years younger than you, arent I? 我比你小五岁，不是吗？ I am not late, am I? 我没有迟到，对吗？五、当陈述部分带有few, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, nowhere, nothing, no one, nobody等表示否定或半否定意义的词时，附加疑问句的动词用肯定形式。例如：The old man can hardly read, can he? 这位老人不识字，对吗？Little food has been left, has it? 吃的东西几乎没剩下，是吗？He has few good friends, has he? 他几乎没有要好的朋友，是不是？六、当陈述句部分带有否定前缀的词时，此陈述句当作肯定句， 其后的附加部分用否定形式。例如：The students were impolite, werent they? 那些学生没有礼貌，不是吗？Its illegal to drive a car without a license, isnt it? 没有驾照开车是违章的，不是吗？注含有否定含义的词在陈述部分作动词的宾语时，其反意疑问句用肯定结构，也可以用否定结构。例如： You got nothing from him, did you? 你从他那儿什么也没得到，是吗？七、如果陈述句是主从复合句而主句的谓语是动词I(we) + think, believe, suppose, imagine, reckon, fancy等词时，附加部分应与从句中的谓语在时态上保持一致。例如： I suppose you are not serious, are you? 我想你不是当真吧，是吗?（不可用dont I?） We think they have finished their homework, havent they? 我们认为他们已经完成了家庭作业，不是吗？ I believe that you will enjoy the party, wont you? 我相信你会喜欢这次聚会的，不是吗？八、当陈述部分是祈使句时，附加部分可以不与前面的祈使句的动词保持一致，而是根据不同的用意选用shall, will, can 等。例如： Dont make noise, will you? 不要吵闹，行吗？Lets help each other, will you/wont you? 让我们互相帮助，好吗？ Let me do it for you, will you/wont you? 让我来帮你做这件事，行吗？ Let us have a look at your new dictionary, will you/wont you? 让我们看一看你的新词典，好吗？注Lets（包括说话者本人）开头的祈使句，附加部分常用shall we?或shant we? 表示征求意见。 Let us/me/him不包括听话人在内开头的祈使句，附加部分则要用will you?或wont you?九、含had better的陈述句，附加部分用助动词had; 含would 的陈述句，附加部分动词用would。例如： Youd better go home now, hadnt you? 你最好现在回家，好不好？ Youd like to see the film, wouldnt you? 你很想看电影，是吗？注陈述部分有have to 时，其反意疑问句要用助动词的否定形式。例如：You have to water the vegetables every day, dont you?你每天都要浇菜，对吧？十、8.陈述部分的主语是不定代词one时，反意疑问句的主语可以用one，也可用you(美式英语用he)。例如：One should be ready to help others, shouldnt one? 每个人都应该乐于助人，是吧？ 当陈述部分主语是从句、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式时，反意疑问句的主语应该用it。例如： What you need is more important, isnt it？你需要的东西更重要，是吧？十、附加疑问句有时可用Eh? Right? Am I right? Dont you think? Isnt that so?等。例如： She didnt pass the entrance examination, eh? 她没有通过入学考试，呃？ They forgot to attend the lecture, am I right? 他们忘记去上那次课了，对不对？十一、用must表推测的反意疑问句的有关用法 1) 对现在情况的推测，问句部分用主动词（do,be)一般现在时的适当形式。若是现在进行时，问句部分用现在进行时的适当形式表示。若是there be结构，问句用isnt/arent there。如： a. He must be there,isnt he? b. He must have a big family,doesnt he? c. He must be waiting outside,isnt he? d. There must be some students in the room,arent there? 2) 对已发生的过去情况的推测，若陈述句谓语部分有“must have done”，而且有表示过去的时间状语，问句部分用didnt；若没有表示过去的时间状语，问句部分用havent或hasnt。如： a. They must have gone there last night,didnt they? b. They must have arrived by now,havent they?（根据by now来判断） c. They must have been to the Great Wall,havent they?3) 若是被动，应按被动结构来处理。如： a. The room must have been cleaned yesterday,wasnt it? b. The room must have been cleaned,hasnt it? 4) 若句中有表示过去完成时的时间状语，问句部分应用hadnt. 如: They must have learnt 5000 English words by the end of last term,hadnt they? (本题中must表推测，如果将它去掉，还原为真实句就是They had learnt 5000 English words