英语语法小知识.doc

英语语法小知识More than a)接名词，意为“不仅，不止”，有and的意思。He was more than a scientist, but was a poet.他不仅是为科学家，还是个诗人。c)接形容词，意为“非常，十分”。He was more than pleased with her performance.他对她的表演非常满意。d)接含can的从句，意为“如此.不能；.得不”。The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.那地方美得无法形容。e)接动词，意为“不仅是.而且还.”。They decide to do more than talk about the rise of the cheating.在学习英语的过程中，我们常遇到only与其它词或结构搭配来表达不同的意思，现将这些用法示例一、only引导的词组或句子放在句首作状语时，通常要用倒装结构。如 Only in this way can you solve the problem.只有通过这种方式你才能解决问题。Only if you study hard can you pass the exam.只有努力学习才能通过考试。Only then did I realize my mistake.只有那时我才意识到错了。二、not only.(but also)出现在句首时，如果架连接的是两个句子，常用倒装。如Not only did we lose all our money,but we also came close to losing our lives.我们不仅丢了钱，还差点把命丢了。Not only did he speak correctly,but he also spoke easily.他不仅说得准确，而且说得很轻松。三、only放在不定式前面，常表示不愉快或出乎人们的意料的结果。如I went all the way to his home only to find hime out at a meeting.我径直到他家里去，不料发现他出去开会了。I hurried to the post office only to find it closed.我匆忙赶到邮局，不料已经关门了。She went home only to find her house burglarized.她回到家里，发现房子被盗了。四、“too.to.”结构中，表示否定意思，但在“only too.to.”结构中，only too = very，表示肯定意思。如The patient is too weak to walk.那个病人太虚弱了，走不动。We are only too willing to do it for you.我们非常愿意为你做那事。I am only too delighted to accept your king invitation.我非常高兴地接受你的邀请。五、在“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”的结构中，定语从句一般被看作修饰复数名词，谓语要用复数形式。但在“the only one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”的结构中，定语从句却被看作修饰“the only one”，谓语动词要用单数形式。如This is one of the best novels that have been published in the past two years.这是近两年出版的最好的小说之一。He was the only one of the boys who was given a prize.他是这些孩子中唯一受到奖励的。She is the only one of the girls who has been to the US.她是那些女孩中唯一去过美国的。六、If only 为虚拟语气的一种，表示愿望或一个未实现的条件，多用于感叹句，其主句常常省略。如If only she would marry me!她要是能和我结婚该多好！If only he had known about it!他那时要是知道这件事该多好！If only you could have been here earlier that day!要是你那天再早点到这就好了。If only there were forty-eighty hours in a day.要是一天有48个小时就好了。1) 一般否定句I dont know this. No news is good news.There is no person /not a person/not any person in the house.2)特指否定He went to his office, not to see him.I am sorry for not coming on time.I dont think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right.3)部分否定I dont know all of them.I cant see everybody/everything.All the answers are not right.（并非所有答案都对。）All is not gold that glitters. （闪光的不一定都是金子。）Both of them are not right.（并非两人都对。）4)全体否定None of my friends smoke.I can see nothing/nobody.Nothing can be so simple as this.Neither of them is right.5) 延续否定You didnt see him, neither/nor did I.You dont know, I dont know either.He doesnt know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of French.6) 半否定句We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.I know little English.I saw few people.7) 双重否定You cant make something out of nothing.Whats done cannot be undone.There is no sweet without sweat.No gain without pains.I cant help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it.No man is so old but (that) he can learn.8)排除否定Everyone is ready except you.He did nothing but play.But for your help, I couldnt do it.9)加强否定I wont do it at all.I cant see it any more.He is no longer a boy主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序：一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order）；二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order）。而倒装语序中又有全部倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion）两种情况。首先，在全部倒装的句子中，要把整个谓语放在主语的前面去而构成倒装语序。例如：There are large numbers of students in the lecture hall.（在There be的句式中，There只是个引导词而不是主语，真正的主语是后面作表语的名词或者名词短语。因此，There be的句式都是全部倒装的句子。）演讲厅里有大量的学生。When he ran to the door, there stood a mid-aged man with a lantern in his hand .（此句是为了描述情节的需要，把倒装当着修辞的手段而写成了全部倒装句。句子的主语是a mid-aged man，谓语是stood 。）当他向房门跑去时，那儿正立着一位手里拿着一盏灯笼的中年男人。 另外，在部分倒装的句子中，只把谓语的一部分（如情态动词、助动词、或是系动词be）放到主语的前面去，构成倒装语序。例如：Are you going to take part in the football match against Accounting Department on Friday afternoon? （句子的谓语是are going to take part，are是句子的谓语的一部分；句子的主语是you 。所以，此句是部分倒装的句子。疑问句都是部分倒装句。）你打算去参加星期五与会计系进行的足球赛吗？Hardly could he finish his test paper when the school bell rang .（由于语法要求的原因，本句写成了部分倒装的句子。它的自然语序应该是：When the bell rang, he could hardly finish his test paper.）他还未做完试卷，下课铃就响了。了解了倒装语序的构成情况后，我们再来看看倒装语序在各种不同类句子中的使用情况：A. 在疑问句中各种疑问句一般地说都是倒装语序。例如：Will they come to see us this weekend ? 这个周末他们将来看我们吗？Are you talking about the film you saw last Monday ?你们是在谈论你们上周一看的那部电影吗？Can you speak another foreign language except English?除开英语，你还能说另一种外语吗？Where did you buy the dictionary, in the book store nearby or in Xinhua bookstore?你在哪儿买的这本词典，是在附近的书店还是在新华书店？She is not a student, isnt she ? 她不是个学生，对吗？B. 在感叹句中某些感叹句也用倒装语序。例如：Isnt it a beautiful garden ! 多么美丽的花园啊！What a beautiful garden it is ! 多么美丽的花园啊！（在这种句式中，主语在谓语之前，属于自然语序。对于主语和谓语而言，语序没有倒装。）Have you ever seen such a naughty kid like him !你见过那个孩子像他这么调皮！C. 在陈述句中陈述句在一般情况下用自然语序；但由于英语语法的某些原因，陈述句也要使用倒装语序。这些原因大致可以归纳1) 为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用so + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语或neither / nor + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语的倒装句式。其中第一个句式表示与前面所述的肯定情况相同， 第二个句式表示与前面所述的否定情况相同。例如：His brother is a college student; so is mine.他弟弟是大学生，我弟弟也是。His brother is not a college student; nor is min .他弟弟不是大学生，我弟弟也不是。He used to have his further study abroad; so did I.他曾去国外深造过，我也去过。He didnt use to have his further study abroad; neither did I.他没去国外深造过，我也没有。One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; so can his wife.我的一个朋友会说三门外国语，他的妻子也会。One of my friends cannot speak three foreign languages; neither can his wife .我的一个朋友不会说三门外国语，他的妻子也不会。They are now preparing for their final examinations; so are we .他们正在为期末考试作准备，我们也一样。They are not now preparing for their final examinations; nor are we .他们没在为期末考试作准备，我们也没有。2）具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时（除否定词修饰主语外），句子一般要写成部分倒装句。这类词或短语常见的有：not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no