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WashingtonIrving TheSketchBook 1 AmericanRomanticism Itstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar startedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving sTheSketchBookendedwithWhitman sLeavesofGrass 2 BackgroundsofAmericanRomanticism A RomanticMovementinEnglandandEuropeprovedtobeadecisiveinfluence B ManyEnglishandEuropeanmastersofpoetryandprosemadestimulatingimpactonAmericanRomanticism 1 WalterScott Waverlynovels TheLadyoftheLake2 Byron Orientalromances3 Gothictradition thecultofsolitudeandofgloom 3 Romanticism associatedwithimaginationandboundlessness ascontrastedwithclassicism whichiscommonlyassociatedwithreasonandrestriction Themostprofoundandcomprehensiveideaofromanticismisthevisionofagreaterpersonalfreedomfortheindividual 4 Romanticism A amovementinliterature philosophy musicandartwhichdevelopedinEuropeinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies B ItemphasizedindividualvaluesandaspirationsabovethoseofsocietyasareactiontotheIndustrialRevolution C ItlookedtotheMiddleAgesandtodirectcontactwithnatureforinspiration D Itgaveimpetustothenationalliberationmovementin19th centuryEurope 5 AmericanRomanticism 1 Time thepublicationofWashingtonIrving sTheSketchBook 1819 andendedwithWhitman sLeavesofGrass 1855 2 Itwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism Forromantics thefeelings intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense 3 Thewritersemphasizedindividualism placingtheindividualagainstthegroup Theyaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself andcherishedstronginterestinthepast thewild theremote themysteriousandthestrange 6 AmericanRomanticism 4 thewritersstressedtheelementof Amerianness intheirworks 5 BeingaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature itisalsocalledtheAmericanRenaissance 6 AmericanRomanticismis inacertainway derivative 7 AmericanRomanticism A Romanticismcelebratesthetriumphoffeelingandintuitionoverreason Itissuspiciousoftherationalistexplanationsoftheuniverseandhumannaturebytheenlightenmentwriters B Sincetheyplacedahighervalueonthefreeexpressionofemotionandonthepowerofimagination theyshowedgreaterinterestsinthepsychicstates 8 AmericanRomanticism C RomanticismlookedbacktotheMiddleAgeswithanostalgicfascination Gothicstyles oriental stylesandotherexoticstyleswerefavoredbyromanticists D Romanticismexaltedtheindividualoversociety thusshowingastrongdislikingforthebondageofconventionandcustoms 9 AmericanRomanticism E Natureisbelievedtobethesourceofgoodnessandantithesisofsocietyassocietytendstobecorrupt F Culturalnationalism ortheproudbeliefonone sownculturalgeniusandheritage isalsoastrikingcharacteristicofromanticism 10 AmericanRenaissance alsocalledNewEnglandRenaissance aperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature fromthe1830sroughlyuntiltheendoftheAmericanCivilWar Itcameofageasanexpressionofanationalspirit nationalism OneofthemostimportantinfluencesintheperiodwasthatoftheTranscendentalism mainlyfromRalphWaldoEmerson HenryDavidThoreau 11 MajorwritersofAmericanRomanticism Poets HenryWordsworthLongFellow EdgarEllenPoe WaltWhitman EmilyDickinsonFiction WashingtonIrving comicfablesJamesFenimoreCooper frontieradventuresNathanielHawthorne psychologicalromancesEdgarAllenPoe Gothictales 12 WashingtonIrving 1783 1859 anAmericanauthor essayist biographerandhistorianoftheearly19thcentury Heisbestknownforhisshortstories TheLegendofSleepyHollow and RipVanWinkle bothofwhichappearinhisbookTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon Gent 13 WashingtonIrving 1783 1859 thefirstAmericanwriterstoearnaninternationalreputationFatheroftheAmericanliteratureHisTheSketchBookmarkedthebeginningofAmericanromanticism 14 WashingtonIrving sLife Irving sbirthplace NewYorkCityFamilybackground aratherwealthymerchantfamily Education adesultorystudent readingwidelyinEnglishliteratureathome studyinglawbutshowingmoreinterestinliterature 15 WashingtonIrving sLife In1783 IrvingwasbornintoawealthyNewYorkmerchantfamily Fromaveryearlyage hebegantoreadwidelyandwritejuvenilepoems essaysandplays Later 1806 hestudiedlawandledforatimetheleisurelylifeofagentlemanlawyer In1809 hisfirstbookAHistoryofNewYork writtenunderthenameofDiedrichKnickerbocker wasagreatsuccessandwonhimwidepopularity 16 WashingtonIrving sLife In1815 hewenttoEnglandtotakecareofhisfamilybusinessthere andwhenitfailed hadtowritetosupporthimself In1826 asanAmericandiplomaticattach hewassenttoSpain wherehegatheredmaterialforhiswriting From1829to1832 hewassecretaryoftheU SLegationinLondon Thenwhenhewasfifty hereturnedtoAmericaandbought Sunnyside hisfamoushome Therehespenttherestofhislife livingalifeofleisureandcomfort Hediedin1859 Hewasnotmarried 17 IrvingacquiredhisfamoushomeinTarrytown NewYork knownasSunnyside in1835 Hespenthisrestlife exceptforaperiodoffouryears 1842 1846 18 Irving sgrave 19 II LiteraryAchievements 1809 AHistoryofNewYork 纽约外史 1820 TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon Gent 见闻札记 Twofolktales RipVanWinkle and TheLegendofSleepyHollow 睡谷传奇 1822 BracebridgeHall 布雷斯勃列奇庄园 1824 TalesofaTraveller 游客谈 1835 ATourofthePrairies 大草原游记 20 Comment ThefirstAmericanauthortowininternationalrecognitionThefirstprosestylistofAmericanromanticismInhisSketchBookappearedthefirstmodernAmericanshortstories HisessaysaremodelsofperfectEnglish 21 Comment Irvingcreatedhumorbythewayhesaidthings 1 Hedelightedinmakingironicremarkswhichsayjusttheoppositeofwhathemeant 2 Heuseddignifiedwordstoproduceahalf mockingeffect 3 Hewasalsofondofexaggeratingtheseriousnessofsituations 22 Comment Henotonlyprovidedayoungnationwithhumorous fictionalaccountsofthecolonialpastbutalsohelpedcreateanAmericanmythologywhichismadeupofstoriesabouttheAmericanpastsowidelyreadastobefamiliartonearlyeveryAmerican 23 RipVanWinkle AdaptedfromaGermanfolktaleItviewsastrikingcontrastbetweentheindependentUnitedStatesandtheformerBritishcolonyfromtheeyeofanativeinhabitantafterhis20 yearsleep 24 RipVanWinkle ThestoryofRipVanWinkleissetintheyearsbeforeandaftertheAmericanRevolutionaryWar Inapleasantvillage atthefootofNewYork s Kaatskill Mountains livesthekindlyRipVanWinkle acolonialBritish AmericanvillagerofDutchdescent 25 RipVanWinkle Ripisanamiablethoughsomewhathermiticmanwhoenjoyssolitaryactivitiesinthewilderness butisalsolovedbyallintown especiallythechildrentowhomhetellsstoriesandgivestoys However atendencytoavoidallgainfullabor forwhichhisnaggingwife DameVanWinkle chastiseshim allowshishomeandfarmtofallintodisarrayduetohislazyneglect 26 RipVanWinkle Oneautumnday Ripisescapinghiswife snagging wanderingupthemountainswithhisdog Wolf Hearinghisnamebeingshouted RipdiscoversthatthespeakerisamandressedinantiquatedDutchclothing carryingakegupthemountain whorequiresRip shelp Withoutexchangingwords thetwohikeuptoanamphitheatre likehollowinwhichRipdiscoversthesourceofpreviously heardthunderousnoises thereisagroupofotherornately dressed silent beardedmenwhoareplayingnine pins 27 RipVanWinkle AlthoughthereisnoconversationandRipdoesnotaskthemenwhotheyareorhowtheyknowhisname hediscreetlybeginstodrinksomeoftheirliquor andsoonfallsasleep Heawakesinunusualcircumstances Itseemstobemorning hisgunisrottedandrusty hisbeardhasgrownafootlong andWolfisnowheretobefound Ripreturnstohisvillagewherehefindsthatherecognizesnoone Askingaround hediscoversthathiswifehasdiedandthathisclosefriendshavediedinawarorgonesomewhereelse 28 RipVanWinkle HeimmediatelygetsintotroublewhenheproclaimshimselfaloyalsubjectofKingGeorgeIII notknowingthattheAmericanRevolutionhastakenplace GeorgeIII sportraitonthetowninnhasbeenreplacedbythatofGeorgeWashington RipisalsodisturbedtofindanothermanisbeingcalledRipVanWinkle thoughthisisinfacthisson whohasnowgrownup 29 RipVanWinkle Themenhemetinthemountains Riplearns arerumoredtobetheghostsofHendrick Henry Hudson screw Ripistoldthathehasapparentlybeenawayfromthevillagefortwentyyears AnoldlocalrecognizesRipandRip snow adultdaughtertakeshimin Ripresumeshishabitualidleness andhistaleissolemnlytakentoheartbytheDutchsettlers withotherhen peckedhusbands afterhearinghisstory wishingtheycouldshareinRip sgoodluck andhavetheluxuryofsleepingthroughthehardshipsofwar 30 TheLegendofSleepyHollow IttellsthestoryofIchabodCrane whoisalean lanky andextremelysuperstitiousschoolmasterfromConnecticut whocompeteswithAbraham BromBones VanBrunt thetownrowdy forthehandof18 year oldKatrinaVanTassel thedaughterandsolechildofawealthyfarmer BaltusVanTassel AsCraneleavesapartyheattendedattheVanTasselhomeonanautumnnight heispursuedbytheHeadlessHorseman whoissupposedlytheghostofaHessiantrooperwhohadhisheadshotoffbyastraycannonballduring somenamelessbattle oftheAmericanRevolutionaryWar andwho ridesforthtothesceneofbattleinnightlyquestofhishead 31 TheLegendofSleepyHollow Ichabodmysteriouslydisappearsfromtown leavingKatrinatomarryBromBones whowas tolookexceedinglyknowingwheneverthestoryofIchabodwasrelated AlthoughthenatureoftheHeadlessHorsemanisleftopentointerpretation thestoryimpliesthattheHorsemanwasreallyBromindisguise 32 HowtoAnalyzeanEssay 1 Takeapencilinyourhand 2 Readtheessayoveronce quickly lookingforthemainidea forwhattheessayisaboutingeneral andforwhattheauthorseemstobesaying Don tgetboggeddownindetails Ifyoucometoanunfamiliarword circleitbutgoonreading 33 HowtoAnalyzeanEssay 3 Checkthemeaningofunfamiliarwords Iftheyseemtobekeywords andscribbleabriefdefinitionatthebottomofthepageorattheendofthees