高中英语阅读理解解题指导.doc

阅读理解解题技巧与考点例析（一）考纲解读阅读理解要求考生在30分钟左右的时间内阅读4篇不同题材、体裁的短文并完成文章后的题目。不仅考查考生快速捕捉信息、准确理解特定细节以及复杂句子的能力，而且考查考生通过文章的表层进行合理推断、挖掘文章隐含意义的能力。根据近几年阅读理解的命题趋势，加大了对考生理解、概括、推理和判断力的考查。阅读理解的解题难点：1、难以排出干扰选项：决定阅读理解难度的一个因素是干扰项的错误程度。如果很明显，一看就明白，那么试题的难度就小；但是如果其内容在文章中出现过，并与题干的问题有一定的关联，那么对选择就会造成一定的干扰。高考中的很多干扰项就是后者，不可能简单地排除。所以考生在对比选项时一定要从以下几个方面考虑：因果关系是否成立；动词概念是否变化；选项是否过度推导；主语是否偷换概念。2、有些题目难以定位：有时候题干中没有明显的关键词，这时候只能通过从上而下依次出题的原则回到原文中去划定一个宽泛的区域，通过理解区域来解题。对于这种无法明确的题目，考生在答题过程中一定要学会寻读：注意首尾句的出现，了解段落的主题及结论；注意破折号、冒号等标点符号总结说明的作用；注意因果、递进、转折等的逻辑关系词的提示作用。注意同义改写等的命题手法。3、特殊题型缺方法：特殊题型包括主旨题、态度题和词义猜测题。主旨题一般需要借助于文章的开头和结尾；态度题通常利用文章的结尾及文章中的用词来判断作者观点；猜测词义主要利用上下文的句子、构词法、同义词、近义词、反义词、冒号、破折号等的提示来解题。（二）考点分类指导与真题选析高考英语阅读理解题常可以归纳为以下类型：主旨大意题、细节理解题、意图态度题、逻辑结构题、语义猜测题和推理判断题。一般说来，逻辑结构题、推理判断题和意图态度题多出现在议论文中；而记叙文则更多地考查细节理解题；主旨大意题和语义猜测题有可能出现在各种文体中。下面将针对这些题型从命题特点到阅读方法进行分类指导，以最近两年的高考阅读题为实例进行简要分析，以便更好地掌握这些考点的答题技巧。考点一：主旨大意题主旨大意题是对文章内容的整体和深层次的理解，考查考生对文章主旨和要义的理解和概括归纳能力，一般有选择“主题 (main idea)”和“标题 (title)”这两种形式命题。 常见的提问方式有：1. What is the main / general idea of this text?2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?3. What is the text mainly about?4. This text mainly tells us _.5. This passage mainly deals with _. 选择“标题”则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：1. What would be the best title for the text?2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text?3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be _.不管是选择“主题”还是选择“标题”，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线。不管是何种体裁的文章，总是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。在阅读时，文章的开头、结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句特别重要，因为他们往往包含文章的中心议题。有时候，文章的主题思想需要我们去概括，不妨先略读，找出每段的主题句，然后将主题句综合起来就可以得出文章的主旨要义。 在有些情况中，没有明确的主题句，必须根据文中所提供的事实细节进行全面考虑和综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。【例1】The argument over a Philadelphia school district accused of secretly spying on pupils through laptop cameras became fiercer today after it acknowledged obtaining more than 56000 images of its students, many of them in their homes.When the scandal (丑闻) first broke, it was believed that only a few pictures had been taken of one pupil, Blake Robbins. But court papers released this week showed that thousands of images were taken of Robbins and other students. One of Robbins lawyers is trying to obtain access to the administrators home computer to confirm whether she downloaded any of the pictures. The court papers indicate she may be a voyeur though it has not been proved. (2013南通一模)59. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. Modern technology has negative effects on our lives.B. Students in Philadelphia are accustomed to being spied on secretly.C. A Philadelphia school is charged with spying students through laptop camerasD. The American government should take measures to impove teachers qualities.第59题考查文章的主旨大意。根据文章的开头第一段The argument over a Philadelphia school district accused of secretly spying on pupils through laptop cameras 便可知包含文章的中心议题：Philadelphia学校通过笔记本电脑摄像头偷窥学生，这也即是文章的主旨大意。因此答案是C.【例2】Almost everyone has experienced anxiety at some time in their lives, and to do so is not only natural, but probably quite sensible, too. In some sense, the feeling of anxiety is like a signal to us that we need to take action. Anxiety can guide us to believe in a way that is in our best interests.Howerer, anxiety can also imprison us. It stops us from doing what we would like to do and living our life fully. Feeling anxiety is undoubtedly a fact of life, so our goal is not to live an anxiety free life but to live our life with acceptable levels of anxiety in a full way.Anxiety can be abnormal when it starts to take over our thinking processes and our lives, and makes it difficult for us to function. It is likely that people who experience extreme and upsetting levels of continual anxiety are suffering from a disorder called GAD.Even though you may always have tended to worry, you can still learn to understand it and get on top of it. Extreme worry is not a part of your personality, and its not something that you should accept as unavoidable. (2013南通二模)59. Which would be the proper title for the passage? A. Anxiety: learn to understand it B. GAD: learn to keep away from it C. How to get rid of your anxiety D. How to distinguish anxiety from GAD.第59题考查文章的主旨大意。根据全文的描述以及我们所发现的一个出现频率最高的一个关键字是anxiety,所以我们可以排除B选项。而且根据手段跟尾端并不能直接看出文章的主旨大意，所以文章的主题思想需要我们去概括，不妨先略读，找出每段的主题句，如第一段的Almost everyone has experienced anxiety at some time in their lives, and to do so is not only natural, but probably quite sensible, too，第二段的anxiety can also imprison us，第三段的Anxiety can be abnormal when it starts to take over our thinking processes and our lives, and makes it difficult for us to function.及最后一段的Even though you may always have tended to worry, you can still learn to understand it and get on top of it，然后将主题句综合起来就可以得出文章的主旨要义可知，文章主要介绍的是learn to understand anxiety。因此答案是A。考点二：细节理解题在做细节理解题的时候，大多数情况下要求学生在理解的基础上，通过自己的思维将理解的内容系统化、条理化，比如计算、排序、选图等。选项的表达通常不是文章里的原话，而是使用同义词语来表达。考生需要回到原文中去阅读重点细节，找出为选择提供依据的单词和句子，理解作者所要表达的具体信息，然后作出准确的判断，不可脱离原文作出没有根据的假设。做这类题时，找到关键词后最好在下面画线，以便检查。细读是获取具体信息不可缺少的阅读方法之一，它使读者能够捕获信息、记忆信息、分析信息，从而较深入地领会文章内容。常见的细节理解题的提问方式有：1. According to the passage, who / what / which / when / where / why / how many / how much / how long / how soon / how often ?2. Which of the following statements is TRUE / NOT true?3. Which of the following is mentioned / NOT mentioned?4. All of the following are true EXCEPT _.5. Which of the following is the correct order of the events that happened to ?【例】Its extremely rare to find characters who excited such passions (激情) in the British population as Margaret Thatcher once did. There was no middle ground, no sitting on the fence and that was just the way she liked it.Back in the 70s thanks to a combination of incapable Conservative and Labour prime ministers (all male) and the unelected and militant union leaders who didnt always have their members best interests at heart the country was on its knees, virtually bankrupt and covered in uncollected rubbish due to a massive public sector strike.It was no wonder the people saw hope in Margaret Thatcher and accordingly voted her into power when, depending on where you were standing at the time, she either saved Great Britain or ruined peoples lives.Personally, for me it was the former and I could see how she improved the prospects and desires of the working classes to better themselves, I was one of them. At the same time I can also understand why people in the North of England who suffered after the close of the last remaining pits, factories and manufacturing industries didnt see it that way.But what I dont understand is how some folk think its OK to be so openly disrespectful in her death just because its her.The so-called “death parties” are sickening, attended as they mostly are by people who probably dont quite know who she is let alone who lived under her reign (统治). The Brighton teacher Romany Blythe, who organized one of the parties, actually compared her to Hitler. But Margaret didnt devote herself to genocide murder of a whole race, neither did she attempt to take over Europe and control its people. She only went to war once in order to protect a British outpost in the South Atlantic after it was threatened and invaded by the Argentineans. And there lies the real reason I think she inspires such unreasonable hatred because she was a woman. She clearly had no choice but to get the country back on its feet. Not one of them has half the courage to get us out of the current mess were in. Theyre all too bothered about being popular, so they spend all their time trying to please all of the people all of the time. Its just not possible as the lady herself proved.（2013南通三模）60. Some people hate Margaret Thatcher because _. A. she launched the war against ArgentinaB. she started a massive public sector strike C. they believe she devoted herself to genocide D. they think she brought them a miserable life第60题考查文章的事实细节理解。D项根据第四段最后一句的I can also understanddidnt see it that way可知D项是正确的A项根据文章的最后一段She only went to war once in order to protect after it was threatened and invaded by the Argentineans.可知此选项断章取义B项中根据文章第二段最后一句可知此选项张冠李戴，并非是Margaret Thatchert发动的罢工C项根据最后一段中But Margaret didnt devote herself to genocide可知此选项错误，完全颠倒是非61. In the eyes of the author, _. A. Margaret Thatcher was popular among workers throughout the country B. Margaret Thatcher did not succeed in getting the country back on its feet C. none of those who hate Margaret Thatcher can rule Britain as well as she did D. it is understandable why disrespect is shown to Margaret Thatcher on her death第61题考查文章的事实细节理解。C项根据最后一段的Not one of them has half the courageas the lady herself proved可知项是正确的A项根据文章的第四段可知，这只是作者自己的观点，而不是所有人的观点，不能以偏概全B项中根据最后一段中的She clearly had no choice but to get the country back on its feet可知此选项错误，完全颠倒是非D项根据第五段中But what I dont understand is可知此选项错误，完全颠倒是非考点三：语义猜测题语义猜测是重要的英语阅读技能之一，旨在考查考生对某些关键单词、短语、指示代词或句子在特定语境中的含义的理解能力。可运用适当的猜词方法来猜测词义，如通过对比关系、因果关系、构词法等, 或是通过上下文的语境猜测语义。这是目前高考阅读理解题里最常见的一种命题形式。常见的语义猜测题的提问方式有：1. In Paragraph , the word “” probably means _.2. What does the underlined word “it” refer to?3. The underlined word “.” in Paragraph . refers to _.4. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “”?5. The underlined word “” could best be replaced by _.对于考查代词指代题，一般的原则是就近指代，代词指代在性(阴性或阳性)、数(单数或复数)、格(主格或宾格)、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。有时，代词与指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所真正指代的内容。【1】 Despite my best efforts at calm and peacefulness, having a dog disobey me did not contribute to my positive mental attitude. I said goodbye to the dog, telling it through telepathy(心灵感应) that I would not bail her if the puppy patrol put her away.(2013 南通二摸)68The underlined word bail in Paragraph 4 probably means_A. try to find B. call to comfort C. refuse to adopt D. pay to free解析： D。由该段第一句可推出，狗不听从“我”的指令，“我”生气，put away 收起来，引申为 关起来 由此可推断如果狗被动物收容所关起来，我是不会去管了。故选 D 付赎金【例2】A financial panic gripped London. Government bonds were offered at low prices. Few people noticed that Rothschild was snapping up these bonds when everyone else was desperately trying to sell them. (2013南通三摸)68. The underlined phrase “snapping up” in Paragraph 2 means “_”. A. giving away B. putting asideC. getting inD. using up 解析；C financial panic 经济危机 at low prices 低价 根据第二句话 snap up 与sell是相反的意思；get in 收割，购买 故 C【例3】Unsurprisingly, locals are hardened to the weather and unlike in other countries- where a flurry of snow brings things grinding to a halt Oymyakons solitary school only shuts if temperatures fall below52.60. What does the underline phrase “ grinding to a halt” probably mean in this passage?A. stopping B. growing C. continuing D. failing 解析：根据下文， only shuts if temperatures fall below-52, a flurry of snow 一阵风，一阵雪根据句间的逻辑关系 only 可以推断 grind to a halt 就是shut的意思。考点四：推理判断题推理判断题要求考生根据自己从文中获得的信息进行推理判断。这类题常包括对原因、结果、观点、立场等的判断。这是一个通过表面文字推测文章深层含义的判断推理过程，即对文章深层意义的理解。推理判断是较高层次的理解能力。因此，我们平时必须培养准确的判断能力和合理的推理能力。做此类题时，考生应主要注意以下几点：1. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。2. 要对文章的表面信息进行挖掘加工，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理。3. 要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据进行推理。4. 要把握句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇结构。5. 要学会运用已有的经验、经历或常识进行推理判断。常见的推理判断题的提问方式有：1. It can be inferred / concluded from the text that _.2. The writer suggests that _.3. From the passage we can infer / conclude that _.4. It is implied/indicated in the passage that _.5. This text is most probably taken from _.【例1】Although some landslides fortunately dont affect people immediately, they can have long-term effects. If researchers have a way to identify such landslides quickly, they can possibly minimize damage and loss of life.（2013 南通三摸）66. We can infer from the passage that _.A. damage and loss of life from giant landslides are unavoidable B. landslides can all be detected by instruments over the worldC. landslides have never been seen when they occurD. deposit can tell scientists the number of landslides解析：A 根据文中第二句话 如果研究人员有方法来很快地辨别山崩的话，他们就有可能把损失降到最小。由此可以推断，损失是 不可避免的，只能降到最低。【例2】Carrier pigeons are a slightly different breed from the kind of pigeon you see on city streets. They are much thinner and taller, with longer legs. Many people find carrier pigeons ugly because of their big wattle, a knobby buildup of skin on the beak; however, people who raise pigeons often enjoy this odd appearance and consider carriers the best of their breeds. （2013届南通三摸）69. The passage leads us to believe that _.A. there were more civil carrier pigeons than military ones during wartimeB. not all types of pigeon can be used to carry messages for human beingsC. nobody could succeed in stopping carrier pigeons carrying out their tasksD. modern devices give us even greater enthusiasm than the famous pigeons解析：根据第一句话 信鸽和其他你在街上看到的品种稍微有点不同。接着文中就在描述信鸽的身体特征。由此可以推断不是每种格子都可以当信鸽的。故 B考点五：作者意图、观点和态度判断题理解作者的意图(即写作目的)、观点和态度，需要考生在整体理解文章内容的基础上领会作者的言外之意，因为文章作者要传递给读者的信息常常不是直接用话语表达出来的，而是隐藏在字里行间。读者需要根据字面意思，在掌握文章主旨大意、理解全文的逻辑关系的基础上，进行合理的分析、判断和推理，从而准确地推断出作者所持有的见解、态度等。这种题型有利于培养学生的思维能力。在做这类题时，切忌断章取义，以偏概全，也不能主观臆断，随意推测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。考查整篇文章的写作目的或作者的观点、态度，常见的提问方式有：1. The writer writes this passage mainly to _.2. The writers purpose of writing this text is to _.3. The purpose of the writer in writing this passage is to _.4. The tone(语气) of this passage can be described as _.5. The author seems to be in favor of / against _.6. The authors attitude towards is _.一般说来，广告类的文章或议论文通常是说服读者接受某种产品或观点(to persuade readers)。在这类文章中，作者抑或要推销一种产品、一种服务 (to sell/promote a product or a service)或论证一种观点(to convince the readers of/to argue that sth is.)，抑或要通过对旅游景点、报刊杂志、影片、电视节目等的介绍来达到他的写作目的：吸引更多的游客、读者或订户、观众等 (to attract more visitors / readers / audiences)。科普类、新闻报道类、社会文化类的文章的写作目的常是告知读者某些信息 (to inform readers/to introduce sth to readers/to clarify /convey sth)。了解这类文章的写作目的有赖于对文章主题的正确把握，阅读时要找准文章的主题句，或较好地对主题加以归纳。考查某细节处的写作意图，常见的提问方式有：1. The writer uses the example of to show that _.2. The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _.3. are mentioned in the first paragraph to _.【例1】 And the technology changes so unbelievably fast. It was less than years ago that I spotted an energetic businessman friend pulling what seemed to be either a large container or a small nuclear bomb on wheels through a railway station. I asked. “What have you got in there? Your money or your wife?” “Neither,” he replied, with the satisfied look of a man who knew he was keeping pace with the latest technology, no matter how ridiculous he looked. “This is what everyone will have soon- even you. Its called a mobile telephone.” 22. The example of the businessman implies that _.A. the businessman mastered the latest technologyB. mobile phones used to be quite big just years agoC. the businessman was a very ridiculous personD. the writer failed to follow modern technology解析：B。从文章的结构来看，第一句话其实是该段的主题句，说明科技发展变化速度之快令人难以置信。后面例证第一句话。众所周知，现在的手机很小巧精致，而就在几年前的手机却很大。因而选B。 选项A犯了“偷梁换柱”的错误，用mastered 偷换了owned/possessed. 如果读题不仔细，极容易掉进A的陷阱里。【例2】 So, when youre in your favorite sit-down restaurant, do you really need straws in your water and soda? We dont use straws in our beer, so why has it become a habit to use them in our water and soft drinks?If you must have a straw, like for when youre in a car, why not choose the reusable kind? There are now a variety of glass or aluminum straws available that can be washed and reused again and again. 12. The author uses the three questions in the last paragraph to _ A. call for a ban on strawsB. suggest giving up plastic strawsC. encourage people to reuse plastic strawsD. persuade people to use fewer plastic straws解析：B.在前文讲了塑料吸管的种种危害后，作者连问三个问题，是想让人们反思自己的不良习惯，放弃使用塑料吸管。考点六：逻辑结构题一般来说，我们阅读文章的目的是为了获取信息。文章体裁不同，其结构特点也会各异。 英语常见的篇章结构和汉语有很大不同。很多采用演绎式的篇章结构，首先提出文章的主旨，然后再进行论述或说明。我们在很多情况下从第一段或者第一句就能确定文章的主旨大意，在新闻报道、议论文、科普短文和说明文中尤为常见。对文章组织结构的考查不外乎两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。常见提问方式：1. How is the passage organized?2. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?3. The author develops the passage mainly by _.考生要学会把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法。英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想。主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯，逻辑严密。为突出主题，作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，如通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。【例题1】How Room Designs Affect Our Work and FeelingsArchitects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors. But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical (经验的，实证的) basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused and lead to relaxation.Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a rooms ceiling affects how people think. Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.In addition to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupants ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design & Planning Labo