香蕉树干废料颗粒制成的刨花板的力学性能外文文献

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Building Engineering journal homepage Mechanical properties and dimensional stability of particleboard fabricated from steam pre treated banana trunk waste particles Wan Noor Aidawati Wan Nadharia Mohammed Danisha Muhammad Syafi q Ridhwan Mohd Nasirb Boon Jia Gengc aUniversiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology Lot 1988 Kawasan Perindustrian Bandar Vendor 78000 Alor Gajah Melaka Malaysia bAir Resources Research Laboratory Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology Universti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra 54100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia cFaculty of Bioengineering and Technology Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Beg Berkunci No 100 17600 Jeli Kelantan Malaysia A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords Banana trunk waste Steam pre treatment Binderless particleboard Modulus of rupture Modulus of elasticity Wettability A B S T R A C T This study investigated the mechanical strength and dimensional stability of steam pre treated banana trunk waste trunck waste binderless free from synthetic adhesive particleboards The dried banana trunk wastes particles were subjected to steam pre treatment for 15 minat chosen temperatures of 111 C 121 C and 131 C respectively The targeted density of the particle board was fi xed around 0 7 g cm3 to achieve this density of binderless particleboard the steamed banana particles were hot pressed at a temperature of 180 C for 40min The obtained particleboard was tested for standard mechanical and physicochemical properties The test results indicated that banana trunk waste particle after steam treated at 121 C temperature resulting particleboard was having optimum modulus of rupture MOR 4 57 MPa and modulus of elasticity MOE 662 33MPa compared to without steam treated banana trunk waste binderless particleboard MOR 1 54 MPa MOE 296 74 MPa and other temperature steam treated banana trunk waste particleboard The dimensional stability of steam pre treated banana trunk waste particleboard was found to be improved due to a reduction in thickness swelling and water absorption properties The physical and mechanical property of steam pre treated banana trunk waste particleboard was found to be comparable with the standard particleboard properties issued by the Japanese Industrial Standards JIS A 5908 2003 The fi nding of this study shows that the banana trunk waste has po tential to be used as raw material for the manufacture of binderless particleboard which can be used in green buildings 1 Introduction Banana Musa spp is one of the fruits that contain a high amount of minerals hence consumed widely to fulfi ll the human body nutrients It is widely grown in Asia Africa and South American countries According to Food and Agriculture Organization report banana export was 16 5 million tonnes in 2016 1 whereas total production of ba nana worldwide in 2016 was about 144 million metric tonnes 2 In Malaysia banana is the second most cultivated fruit in the country after durian in terms of production area and produce quantity about 29 000 ha with a total production of 294 000 metric tons 3 The major concern regarding banana production is the amount of waste it generates The banana tree is only capable of producing fruit once in its lifetime rendering it useless once they have been harvested Plenty of researches has been conducted to fi nd the use for the banana plant waste including papermaking 4 cement product reinforcement 5 multi purpose table 6 and binderless particleboard 7 The uti lization of these natural resources such as banana trunk waste in nu merous engineering applications may directly support the global de velopments particularly in the aspects of socio economy ecosytrunk waste and green technologies 8 Wood based panels are one of the fastest growing forest product industries with 62 increase in the Asia Pacifi c region in the period of 2010 2014 9 These high numbers caused concerns regarding some natural wood resources consumed to fulfi ll the growing demand and its eff ect on the environment Production of wood based panels also has https doi org 10 1016 j jobe 2019 100848 Received 4 February 2019 Received in revised form 22 June 2019 Accepted 22 June 2019 Corresponding author Laysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology MICET Universiti Kuala Lumur Lot 1988 Alor Gajah 78000 Melaka Malaysia E mail address mdanish unikl edu my M Danish Journal of Building Engineering 26 2019 100848 Available online 25 June 2019 2352 7102 2019 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved T long incorporated the use of synthetic binders as adhesives in its pro duction such as urea formaldehyde urea melamine formaldehyde and others 10 These adhesives have not only increased the production cost of particleboard but also release volatile organic compounds into the environment The volatile organic compounds released from ad hesive based particleboard causing negative eff ects towards human health and environment 11 A possible solution to these problems is through the development of binderless boards Binderless particleboard can be produced from any types of lignocellulose material 11 The key feature in binderless boards is its capability to perform self bonding The self bonding occurs as the result of physical consolidation and chemical activation reactions when the particles are put under applied heat and pressure 11 At the moment of writing the exact mechanism of this self bonding are yet to be found However the condensation reaction between furfurals and lignin has been identifi ed as a potential mechanism 12 Thermo mechanical pre treatment of lignocellulosic materials is commonly performed to produce binderless particleboards It is ex pected that during the thermo mechanical treatment the hemicellulose inside the material will be hydrolyzed while the lignin redistributed 11 Among the available pre treatment methods steam pre treatment is most commonly practiced The eff ect of steam pre treatment carried out by Salvado et al 13 showed that the binderless particleboard produced with steam explosion pre treatment possesses good dimen sional stability The eff ect of steam pre treatment on raw materials such as rice straw 14 and jute fi ber 15 shown signifi cant reduction of water absorption thickness swelling and linear expansion in its parti cleboard The steam pre treatment to improve the mechanical and physical strengths of the banana trunk waste derived binderless particleboard is the novelty of the work The high percentage of cellulose holocellulose lignin and extractives content of banana trunk waste make it ideal raw material for particleboard production The primary objective of this research was to study the eff ect of steam pre treatment of raw banana trunk waste on the fabricated particleboard s mechanical strength and dimensional stability 2 Materials and methods 2 1 Banana trunk waste collection and particle preparation The banana Musa Acuminata trunk waste was collected from a local banana farm located in Tampin Negeri Sembilan Malaysia The trunk waste was isolated by trimming the leaf stalks The isolated trunk waste was chopped horizontally and divided into an approximately cubic size with dimension 3cm 3cm x 2cm that can be easily air dried at room temperature The banana trunk waste samples were steamed by using Astell Top loading autoclave The steam treatment time was fi xed at 15min for all samples Three diff erent temperatures 111 C 121 C and 131 C were selected for the steam pre treatment because in pilot study the change in the mechanical properties of the particleboard was found eff ective within this temperature range At higher temperature the stiff ness of the fi ber structure of the banana trunk particle was lost and lower steaming temperature was ineff ective in generating the enough interparticle binding sites in the banana truck particles Consequently the particleboard strength was found to be decreased Post pre treatment process the banana trunk wastes samples were again air dried at room temperature for 5 7 days to minimize the moisture content up to 4 8 The dried banana trunk waste pieces were ground and sieved to obtain particles size in the range of 10 1000 m 2 2 Fabrication of binderless particleboard panels The banana trunk waste single layer particleboard panels with quadruplicateforeachsteampre treatmenttemperatures were fabricated by keeping the dimensions of 18 2 cm 18 2 cm x 0 6cm The binderless board panels were forming manually by using a wooden mold and hot pressed for 40min under temperature and pressure of 180 C and 20 68 MPa respectively The target density of the binderless particleboard panels was fi xed at 0 7g cm3 2 3 Board testing The banana trunk waste binderless particleboard panels were cut into required dimensions for physical and mechanical testing according to the Japanese Industrial Standard for particleboard JIS A 5908 Particleboards For each panel samples were prepared in sextuplicate for mechanical bending and physical water absorption and thickness of swelling test testing The bending strength test of the panel was carried out by employing Lloyd Universal Testing Machine The six samples panel of dimension 17cm 5cm x 0 6cm were cut from the banana trunk waste particleboard panel for the bending testing The speed setting of the bend testing machine was kept at10mm min From the output results of the Lloyd universal testing machine the modulus of rupture MOR and modulus of elasticity MOE was calculated by using the following equations JIS A 5908 MOR MPa PL BT 3 2 2 1 where P is the maximum load N L is span length mm B is an average sample width mm and T is an average sample thickness mm MOE MPa PL AdL 2 where P is maximum load N L is span length mm A is sample panel area mm2 and dL is a change in length after applying pressure mm The six sample panel of dimension 5cm 5cm x 0 6 cm were cut from the banana trunk waste particleboard panel recorded the weight of each sample panel then measured the thickness at the midway of each side keeping minimum 1cm distance from the edge were used for thickness swelling and water absorption test Then samples were im mersed in water at the temperature of 27 C for 24h according to Japaneseindustrialstandardforparticleboard JISA5908 Particleboards After that samples were re weighed and re measured it dimension The results obtained will be used to calculate the thickness swelling and water absorption percentage JIS A 5908 by using equations 3 and 4 Thickness swelling TT T 100 21 1 3 where T1is initial average sample thickness mm T2 is fi nal average sample thickness mm Water absorption WW W 100 21 1 4 where W1is the initial sample panel weight g W2 is fi nal sample panel weight g The values recorded were compared with the particleboard standard of 16 released by Japanese Industrial Standard JIS A 5908 3 Results and discussion 3 1 Mechanical properties of the particleboard Fig 1 showed the value of MOR values at each steam treatment temperature and compared with the un pre treated sample The results show that the board without steam pre treatment has the lowest MOR of 1 54MPa The optimum value of MOR was obtained from the board with steam pre treated particles at a temperature of 121 C with 4 57 MPa while the lowest value of MOR recorded was from the board W N A W Nadhari et al Journal of Building Engineering 26 2019 100848 2 of steam pre treated at temperature 111 C with 2 14 MPa The MOR of the steam pre treated board at a temperature of 131 C was 3 43 MPa Fig 2 shows the modulus of elasticity MOE of the banana trunk waste binderless particleboard The untreated particleboard recorded the lowest value of MOE of 296 74 MPa The sample made from banana trunk waste pre treated particles at 131 C recorded the MOE value with 764 64 MPa The samples made from trunk waste treated at 111 C and 121 C recorded the MOE of 451 34 MPa and 662 33 MPa respectively These results indicated that steam pre treatment had increased the strength of banana trunk waste binderless particleboard The trend also indicated that increasing of steam pre treatment temperature enhances the particleboard properties The banana trunk waste particles treated at 121 C has better MOR value compared to the banana trunk waste particles treated at 111 C and 131 C respectively and the values were comparable to the minimum standard required by Ref 16 for parti cleboard During the steam pre treatment the hemicellulose and the cellulose molecules present in banana trunk waste were degraded into water soluble pentose and hexoses sugars It will be further degraded into furfurals during either pre treatment or hot pressing stage 11 17 Furfural condensation with lignin was attributed as the cause of the self bonding properties of binderless boards that explain additional strength in pre treated samples 12 Previous research had found that increasing pre treatment severity leads to better mechanical properties However at higher steam pre treatment temperature it could have a negative eff ect on particleboard s mechanical strength due to the de struction of chemical structures 10 17 3 2 Physical properties of the particleboard Fig 3 displays the results for the thickness swelling TS after 24h period of soaking in water The highest thickness swelling occurred in the sample without steam pre treatment banana trunk waste binderless particleboard with 148 11 of swelling The lowest TS value was re corded with the sample with steam pre treatment at 121 C with 27 13 The samples from 111 C to 131 C posted of 48 13 and 27 98 thickness in swelling respectively Fig 4 shows the water absorption of banana trunk waste binderless particleboard values after 24h of soaking in water The highest water absorption WA was recorded for the panel without steam pre treatment with 257 21 while the lowest WA value was observed with steam pre treatment temperature of 121 C with 83 24 Meanwhile the 111 C steam pre treatment board recorded the 119 12 of thickness swelling and the 131 C steam pre treatment board recorded 94 31 of thickness swelling The banana trunk waste particles were found highly hygroscopic in nature The banana trunk waste binderless particleboard without steam pre treatment performed poorly in water absorption and thickness swelling test However both tests revealed vividly that steam pre treatment is a suitable method to reduce the water absorption capacity thus increasing its dimensional stability of banana trunk waste bin derless particleboard The graphical trend also suggested that dimen sional stability improved as the pre treatment temperature increases till 121 C As the steam pre treatment banana trunk waste binderless particleboard temperature increased to 131 C the dimensional stabi lity started to decrease The 121 C pre treatment temperature was re commended for the best performing banana trunk waste binderless particleboard for the dimensional stability test and its values are comparable to the 16 particleboard standards At higher steam pre treatment temperature 131 C it could have a negative eff ect on par ticleboard mechanical strength due to the destruction of chemical structures 10 17 These could be the reason for higher TS and WA at 131 C It is considered that cellulose and hemicellulose are responsible for Fig 1 The modulus of rupture MOR of banana trunk waste binderless par ticleboard Fig 2 The modulus of elasticity MOE of banana trunk waste binderless particleboard Fig 3 The thickness swelling TS of banana trunk waste binderless particle board after 24h period of water soaking Fig 4 The water absorption WA of banana trunk waste binderless particle board after 24h period of water soaking W N A W Nadhari et al Journal of Building Engineering 26 2019 100848 3 the hygroscopic property of lignocellulosic materials Steam pre treat ment hydrolyzes them partially and at the same time melts lignin so that they can fl ow around the hemicellulose preventing further moisture sorption 17 Steam pre treatment is also credited with in creasing the fi ber compressibility which in turn reduced the internal pressure built up during hot pressing stages Thus it leads to lower thickness swelling 18 4 Conclusions The fi ndings from the study revealed that the steam pre treatment greatly enhanced the mechanical and physical properties of banana trunk waste binderless particleboards compared to the banana trunk waste binderless particleboard without steam pre treatment The study also discovered that the samples treated with steam at 121 C out performed the other samples with MOR and MOE values of 4 57 MPa and 662 33 MPa and 27 thickness swelling and 83 water absorp tion respectively The mechanical and physical properties of banana trunk waste binderless particleboard with steam pre treatment were comparable to the required standards of 16 Further studies can be conducted to determine the optimum steam pre treatment temperature as well as investigating other factors that could have infl uenced bin derless particleboards properties such as particle size pressing tem perature and others Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology for providing Short Term Research Grant UniKL CoRI str17081 for this research Appendix A Supplementary data Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https doi org 10 1016 j jobe 2019 100848 References 1 H Willer J Lernoud The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2016 Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 2016 2 T Ahmad M Danish Prospect of banana waste utilization in wastewater treat ment a review J Environ Manag 206 2018 330 348 3 F Kayat A MohammadAmizia A A Idris M F Ibrahim J M Soon M K Ahmad Yusuf K F Wong A L Zularif Study of the intention of banana growers in im proving the production in jeli Kelantan Second Asia Pacifi c Conference on