医学论文中常用缩写.docx

Commonly occurring abbreviations and symbolsAuthors should supply definitions for all abbreviations and symbols except those listed in List 2. Abbreviations ofchemicals are often more usefully defined in terms of function (the pH indicator BCECF) rather than by giving the fullchemical name. List III includes abbreviations and symbols that commonly appear in the Journal.a-BuTX/Tx a-bungarotoxinAanterior (brain co-ordinate: A3, etc.)A absorbanceA23187 a calcium ionophoreA7r5 smooth muscle cells from embryonic rat aortaaNa1,aiNa intracellular sodium activityAb antibodyABCavidinbiotin complex9-AC anthracene-carboxylic acidACE potential average common excitatory potentialACSF artificial cerebrospinal fluidAChE acetylcholinesteraseAChR acetylcholine receptorACTH(124) a specific peptide fragment of ACTH ( .the peptide ACTH in titles)ACT Australian Capital Territory (no stops)ADH antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) v-Aga IVA v-agatoxin (from funnel web spider)AH cell (after-) afterhyperpolaris(z)ation cellAHP (after-) afterhyperpolaris(z)ationAMP-PNP adenylyl imidophosphate4-AP 4-aminopyridineAP III antipyrylazo IIIAP4 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acidAPV/AP5 D-aminophosphonovalerate; also DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acidASW artificial sea waterATCC American Type Culture Collectiona.u. arbitrary unitav arteriovenous buffering capacityBmaxmaximal bindingBAPTA AMacetoxymethyl ester form of BAPTABCECF pH-sensitive dye: (2,7-bis(carboxyethyl)-5-carboxyfluorescein/2,7-bis(carboxyethyl)-6-carboxyfluorescein)BCECF AMthe acetoxymethyl ester formBHKC baby hamster kidney cell lineBP blood pressureBP British pharmacopoeia8-Br-cAMP 8-bromoadenosine 3,5 cyclic monophosphate8-Br-cGMP 8-bromoguanosine 3,5 cyclic monophosphateBSA bovine serum albuminBTPS body temperature and pressure when saturated with water vapour-BuTX/Tx a-bungarotoxinCcapacitanceCa2+CaMCa2+calmodulin complexCaMcalmodulinCaMKII calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IICCCP carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenylhydrazoneCCh carbachol (carbamylcholine chloride)CCK cholecystokininCCK8or CCK-8 cholecystokinin octapeptideCF cystic fibrosisCGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide v-CgTX/Tx v-conotoxin (fromConus geographus)CHAPS 3-(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio-1-propane sulphonateChAT choline acetyltransferaseChE cholinesteraseCHO carbohydrateCHO Chinese hamster ovary (cell line)CICR calcium-induced calcium release (also Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release)CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorCNQX 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneCoA coenzyme AConA concanavalin ACOS African green monkey kidney cellsCP(CrP) creatine phosphateCRF corticotrop(h)in-releasing factorCRH corticotrop(h)in-releasing hormoneCSF cerebrospinal fluidCTX charybdotoxin (scorpion venom)c.v. or CV coefficient of variationD600 methoxyverapamilDABdiaminobenzidineDADLE D-alanine-D-leucine-enkephalinDAG 1,2-diacylglycerol (see also DG); also 1,2-sn-diacylglyceroldATP deoxyATPdB-cAMP dibutyryl cAMPDC coupling depolarizationcontraction couplingd.f. degrees of freedom1DI first dorsal interosseus muscle (also FDI)DI diabetes insipidusDIC differential interference contrast (DIC microscope; also called Nomarski optics)dLGN dorsal lateral geniculate nucleusDMEM Dulbeccos modified Eagles mediumDNFB 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (Sangers reagent; same as FDNB)DNP dinitrophenolDNQX 6,7-dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dioneL-DOPA L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanineDPhil (Oxford and Sussex)Dr doctorDRG dorsal root gangliondTCd-tubocurarine (note roman d in abbreviation)DTT dithiothreitolDTX dendrotoxinE- indicates molecular configurationE equilibrium potential (useVfor other potentials)EKequilibrium potential for potassiumEmmembrane potential (Vm preferred)eag ether-a-go-go(Drosophilagene)ECACC European Collection of Animal Cell CulturesEC coupling excitationcontraction couplingECoG electrocorticogramEDL extensor digitorum longusEDRF endothelium-derived relaxing factorEJP excitatory junction potentialELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayEOG electro-oculogramEPP endplate potentialERG eletroretinogramF Faradays constantF340fluorescence intensity with 340 nm excitationFI,CO2inspired CO2 fraction (alsoFI,J)FCRflexor carpis radialisFDI first dorsal interosseus (also 1DI)FDNB 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (same as DNFB)FENa fractional sodium excretionFF fast-fatigable (muscle)FFA free fatty acidsFFT fast Fourier transformFITC fluorescein isothiocyanateFMfrequency modulationFR fatigue-resistant (muscle)FSHfollicle-stimulating hormoneFW formula weight (sum of atomic weights); occasionally given instead of MW; see Sigma catalogueFWHMfull width at half-maximum (standard abbreviation for optical instruments)gacceleration due to gravitygorGelectrical conductance (make consistent within the paper)G thermal conductanceGuniversal constant of gravitation (N m2 kg_2)GFP green fluorescent proteinGFR glomerular filtration rateGH3 cell clonal pituitary cellGHK Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK equation)GIP gastric inhibitory peptideGlc glucose (Glu = glutamate)GLC gas-liquid chromatographyGLUT2/GLUT-2 glucose transporter 2GMT Greenwich mean timeG-6-P glucose 6-phosphate (only one hyphen in full)h inactivation parameter (alsohW; in GHK equation)H & E H(h)aematoxylin and E(e)osinHct haematocritHDTA 1,6-diaminohexane-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acidHEK 293 human embryonic kidney cell lineHeLa cells cell line taken from Henrietta Lacks alias Helen LaneHERG/HERG humanether-a-go-gorelated gene/proteinHP holding potential (Vh orVH)HR heart rate5-HT1/1A/2/35-HT receptor typesIori current or single-channel currentcalcium-activated K+ current:IK(Ca) orIK,Cacalcium-release activated calcium current:ICRACdelayed rectifier K+ current:IK(V)slow calcium-activated K+current:IAHPshort-circuit current:ISCslow inward current:ISItransient outward current:ITOtransient outward K+ current:IAfast calcium current:iCa,fslow calcium current:iCa,sIBMX 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthineI.C. intracarotid (small capitals) also intracardiac (small capitals)I.C.V. intracerebroventricular (small capitals)IJP inhibitory junction potentialIL-1interleukin-1IL-2 interleukin-2 (cell growth factor)Inc. incorporated (note stop; cf. Ltd)InsP2inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (bis- not bi-)InsP4inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphateInsP3/IP3inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (tris- not tri-)ISE ion-selective electrode (see RLIE)JNaiintracellular sodium fluxJvproximal tubular fluid resorption volumeKA kainate (allowed in titles as part of AMPA/KA)KB medium (Kraft-Brhe medium)KVLQT1/KvLQT1 K+channel proteinL cell mouse cell lineL0initial muscle lengthLooptimum muscle lengthLp hydraulic conductivityLD50median (or half-maximal) lethal doseLDH lactate dehydrogenaseLDL low-density lipoproteinLED light-emitting diodeLHluteinizing hormoneLHRH luteinizing hormone-releasing hormoneL-NMMANG-monomethyl-l-arginineL-NNANG-nitro-L-arginineLTPlong-term potentiationM1, M2(m1, m2) muscarinic receptorsMr relative molecular mass (use symbol or rel. mol. mass; no units; equivalent to molecular wt)MABP/MAP mean arterial blood pressure (no need to change MAP to MABP)MDCK cell line Madin-Darby canine kidney cell lineme methylene (e.g. a,b-meATP)Me methyl (e.g. 2MeSATP = 2-methylthioATP)MEPC miniature endplate currentMEPP miniature endplate potentialmEPSP or MEPSP miniature EPSPminK K+channel proteinMSH melanocyte-stimulating hormoneMVC maximum voluntary contractionMVJ myocardial O2 consumption (minute volume; clinical usage)MW molecular weight (NB no units)N normal (small capitals)NG,NvG = guanidino (modern, common form); v= the last (older more precise form); either acceptableNai+, Nao+intra- or extracellular Na+NAnoradrenalinen.a.not applicableNANCnon-adrenergic, non-cholinergicn.d.not determinedNEMN-ethylmaleimideNG108-15mouse neuroblastoma rat glioma cell linenH,NHHill coefficient (subscript optional)NMDGN-methyl-D-glucamineODoptical densityORFopen reading frame (molecular biology)Pposterior (brain co-ordinate)PpressurePpermeabilityP0maximal isometric tension (subscript zero)PoorPopenopen probability (subscripts oh or open)Pa,CO2arterial partial pressure of CO2PA,CO2alveolar partial pressure of CO2PET,O2end-tidal partial pressure of O2Ptptranspulmonary pressureP1, P2purinergic receptorsPiinorganic phosphatePASperiodic acidSchiff reagentPCrphosphocreatinePCVpacked cell volume (haematocrit)PDpotential differencepD2_log EC50PDBu4-phorbol 12,13-dibutyratePDEphosphodiesterasePEEPpositive end-expiratory pressurePhDno stopsPHSPublic Health Service (of USA)PGprostaglandinpK_log of dissociation constant (also pKa; a stands for acid)PKAprotein kinase A(or cAMP-dependent protein kinase)PKCprotein kinase CPMSFphenylmethylsulfonyl fluoridepNa1orPNasodium permeabilityPPSTpre- and post-stimulus time (histogram)PQRcomplex heart waves (ECG)P.R.per rectumPSPpostsynaptic potentialPSSphysiological saline (salt) solutionPSTHpost- or peristimulus time histogramPtdIphosphatidylinositolPtdI-P2phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphatePTXpertussis toxinPVCpolyvinylchlorideQcharge entering a cell through a channel, measured in coulombs, e.g.QNMDA is the charge entering the cellthrough the NMDA channelQRS complexheart waves (ECG)Runiversal gas constantR- (alsoR-(+)-)indicates chiral configuration of a moleculeRininput resistanceRminfluorescence ratio in absence of Ca2+Rmaxfluorescence ratio in presence of saturating Ca2+RACErapid amplification of cDNA ends (molecular biology)RBCred blood cellRBFrenal blood flowRCcircuit resistancecapacitance circuitREMrapid eye movement (sleep)RhrhodopsinRh 123rhodamine 123RIAradioimmunoassayRLIEreference liquid ion exchangerr.m.s./RMSroot mean squareRMPresting membrane potential (no need to change toVrest etc.)RQrespiratory quotientRR intervalheart period, interval between successive R waves of the ECGR.S.D.residual standard deviation (small capitals)sorSslope factorS-(alsoS-(_)-)indicates chiral configuration of a moleculeSa,O2arterial O2 saturationSCCshort-circuit current (see current)SCGsuperior cervical ganglionSCTspinocervical tractSEMscanning electron microscopeSERCAsarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPaseSITcamera silicon intensified cameraSNGFRsingle-nephron GFRSNPsodium notroprussideSPsubstance PSRsarcoplasmic reticulumSSCsalinesodium citrate bufferSSPEstandard sodium phosphate EDTASTAspike-triggered averageSTPDstandard temperature and pressure, drySTXsaxitoxinttimeTthreshold (e.g. 5T)Tabsolute temperatureT84human cell linetpeaktime to peakTBETris-borate-EDTA (buffer)CAtrichloroacetic acidTLCthin-layer chromatographyTMAtetramethylammoniumTrizmatradename for Tris (Sigma)TTL transistortransistor logicUNaVabsolute sodium excretionVpotential (alsoEfor equilibrium potentials)VvelocityVorV*may be used for mid-point potential in Boltzmann equationV50membrane potential at 50 % inactivationVccommand potential E expiratory flowVhholding potential; sometimesVH; do not allow HPVmmembrane potential (see alsoEm)V0maximum velocity of shortening (muscle fibres) (subscript zero)VO2consumption rateVCO2CO2 production rateVrevreversal potentialVTtidal volumeWTwild-typezvalency in Boltzmann equationZ-indicates molecular configurationmmitochondrial membrane potentialsingle-channel conductancewavelength of lightchange in or of. . . e.g. HR = change in heart rateosmotic pressure2-Dtwo dimensional3-Dthree dimensional3T3 cellscommon mouse cell line concentrationion1intracellularion0extracellular (not e)ACalternating currentAChacetylcholineACTHadrenocorticotrop(h)ic hormoneA/Dconverter analogdigital converterADPadenosine diphosphateAMPadenosine monophosphateAMPAa-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionateAMPA/KAAMPA/kainateANOVAanalysis of varianceAPanterioposterior (brain co-ordinate)ATPadenosine triphosphateATPaseadenosine triphosphataseAVParginine vasopressin (as in . the peptide AVP)BAPTA1,2-bis (O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acidBay K55521,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridine dicarboxylic acid methyl-2-methylpropyl esterBay K 86441,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-pyridine-5-carboxylic acid-methyl esterBesN,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulphonic acidbpbase pairCa2+1, Ca2+0intra- or extracellular Ca2+ concentrationCa2+1, Ca2+0intra- or extracellular Ca2+Ca2+-ATPasecAMPcyclic AMPCAT (scan)computerized axial tomography (scan)CCDcamera charge-coupled device cameracDNAcomplementary DNAcGMPcyclic GMPCNScentral nervous systemDATdigital audiotapeDCdirect currentDIDS4,4-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulphonic acidDMSOdimethyl sulphoxideDNAdeoxyribonucleic acidDNasedeoxyribonuclease (NB not DNAase)DTL electrodenamed for Dawson,Trick & Litzkow (1979)DTTdithiothreitolDVdorsoventral (brain co-ordinate)EC50median (or half-maximal) effective concentrationECGelectrocardiogramED50median (or half-maximal) doseEDTAethylenediaminetetraacetic acidEEGelectroencephalogramEGTAethyleneglycol-bis-(b-aminoethylether)N,N,N ,N-tetraacetic acidEMFelectromotive fieldEMGelectromyogramEPSCexcitatory postsynaptic currentEPSPexcitatory postsynaptic potentialG protein (G-)guanosine-binding proteinGABAg-aminobutyric acid; also GABAA, GABAB for receptorsGDP-S or GDPSguanosine 5-O-(2-thiodiphosphate)GMPguanosine monophosphateGTPguanosine triphosphateGTP-Sor GTPSguanosine 5-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)HepesN-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulphonic acidHeppsN-(hydroxy-2-ethyl)-piperazine-N-propanesulphonic acidHPLChigh-pressure liquid chromatographyHRPhorseradish peroxidase5-HT5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)I.A.intra-arterial (small capitals)IC50concentration giving 50 % of maximal inhibitionID50dose giving 50 % of maximal ernal diameterIgimmunoglobulinIgAimmunoglobulin AIgDimmunoglobulin DIgEimmunoglobulin EIgGimmunoglobulin G (IgG1)IgMimmunoglobulin MInsP3inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (tris- not tri-)I.M.intramuscular (small capitals)I.P.intraperitoneal (small capitals)IPSCinhibitory postsynaptic currentIPSPinhibitory postsynaptic potentialIRinfraredi.u./IUinternational unitI.V.intravenous (small capitals)kBoltzmann steepness coefficientK1/2reciprocal of ion required for half-maximal inhibitionKD /Kddissociation constantKiinhibition constant(also dissociation constant for enzymeinhibitor complex)KmMichaelis-Menten constantkbkilobases or kilobytesKIUkallikrein inhibition unitL-NAMENv-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (D-isomer is inactive)loglogarithmlnnatural logarithmMes2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulphonic acidMLmediolateral (brain co-ordinate)Mops3-(N-morpholino)propanesulphonic acidmRNAmessenger RNAMS-222invertebrate anaesthetic (= tricaine)Na+i, Na+0intra- or extracellular Na+ concentrationNAnumerical apertureNADnicotinamideadenine dinucleotideNADHreduced form of NADNMDAN-methyl-D-aspartate; also N-methyl-D-aspartic acidNMRnuclear magnetic resonancen.s.not significantntnucleotide(s)o.d.outer diameterPprobability (pcan be used ifPis used for pressure, tension or permeability)PCO2partial pressure of CO2PO2partial pressure of O2PBSphosphate-buffered salinePCpersonal computerPC12 cellsphaeochromocytoma cellspCa_log Ca2+ (or other ion)PCRpolymerase chain reac