语法填空一教案.doc

学大教育个性化教案语法填空专题 （一）适用学科英语适用年级高一适用区域全国课时时长120分钟知识点纯空格题：试题要求中已明文规定死了“在空格处填入一个适当的词”，即一个小题或者一个空格只能填一个单词。两年高考题的答案印证了这一点。用括号中所给词填空：试题中要求“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”，这个词的正确形式究竟由几个单词组成？两年高考题的答案填一个或两个单词。所填词(答案)都是一些拼写简单的单词。2007年高考所填词均长4.1个字母，其中，纯空格的答案只有2.4个字母；2008年所填词均长4.45个字母，其中纯空格的答案只有3.8个字母。教学目标使学生掌握高中英语语法填空题型的做题方法教学重点语法填空题型解题方法教学难点怎么判断所给词的正确形式教学过程一、 复习预习句子基本结构的划分？主、谓、宾定、状、补二、 知识讲解与例题精析纯空格题：试题要求中已明文规定死了“在空格处填入一个适当的词”，即一个小题或者一个空格只能填一个单词。两年高考题的答案印证了这一点。用括号中所给词填空：试题中要求“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”，这个词的正确形式究竟由几个单词组成？两年高考题的答案填一个或两个单词。所填词(答案)都是一些拼写简单的单词。2007年高考所填词均长4.1个字母，其中，纯空格的答案只有2.4个字母；2008年所填词均长4.45个字母，其中纯空格的答案只有3.8个字母。特别提醒：尽管两年高考中“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”的答案只填一个或两个单词，但是我们在平时的训练中应当不局限于此，要训练填一个、两个或多个单词的情况。非谓语动词中，带to的不定式、现在分词的完成式都可能填两个单词；谓语动词的将来时、进行时和完成时等也都可能填两个单词，而现在完成进行时等就可能填三个单词，被动语态至少都要填两个单词。解题高招1. 通读全文，把握大意。既然是通过语篇在语境中考语法，那么，我们在解题前，应快速浏览短文，把握全文大意，这一步非常重要。2. 结合语境，试填空格。读懂短文之后，要结合短文所提供的特定的语言环境，从句子结构的完整性去分析思考空格所缺单词的词性，再根据句子的结构和意义，以及句子之间的逻辑关系来确定具体要填的单词和所给词的正确形式。具体来说，可按设题类型分为三类情况：(1)纯空格试题的解题技巧。首先，分析句子结构，确定填哪类词。然后，再根据句子的意思，确定具体填什么词；或根据两句间的逻辑关系确定具体用哪个连词。确定填哪类词有以下7个技巧：技巧1：缺主语或宾语，一定是填代词或名词(多考代词)。如：例1I can send a message to Kenya whenever I want to, and _38_ gets there almost in a second. (2007年茂名一模) 解析：and连接前后两个句子，and后面的句子缺主语，应填名词或代词；结合前一分句，不难推知，“马上可到达那里”的是the message，替代the message用代词it。技巧2：名词前面，若没有限定词(冠词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词)，很可能是填限定词。如：例2It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty (9601279) was very anxious to help _33_rice crop grow up quickly. (2008年广东高考)解析：名词rice crop前还没有限定词，应当填限定词；根据句意，这个急性子人当然是急于使“他的”禾苗长得快，故填形容词性物主代词his。例3the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to _35_ small town some 20 kilometers away where there was a garage. (2007年广东高考)解析：因单数可数名词town前还没有限定词，应填限定语；根据句意，是指将车拉到离那里大约有20公里远的一个小镇上去修理，表示“一个”，用不定冠词，故填a。技巧3：句子不缺主语、表语、动词后不缺宾语的情况下，名词或代词前面，一定是填介词。例4 who should have the honour of receiving me _33_ a guest in their house. (2007年广东高考)解析：因a guest在句中不作主语、表语、动词的宾语，前面一定是填介词，使其成为该介词的宾语；又由句意可知，他们“把我当作客人”来接待，表示“当作”，用介词as。技巧4：若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词，可能是填连词。例5two world-famous artists, Pablo Picasso _34_ Candido Portinari, which are worth millions of dollars.解析：因与Pablo Picasso (毕加索)与Candido Portinari (坎迪多波尔蒂纳里)这两个名词之间没有连词，一定是填连词；两者是并列关系，应填and。 例6all I saw was this beautiful girl, whose smile just melted me _36_almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of what life is all about. (2008年深圳一模)解析：因melted me和gave me两个动宾短语之间没有连词，一定是填连词；两者是并列关系，故填and。技巧5：若两句(一个主谓关系算一个句子)之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一定是填并列连词或从属连词。例7 I wanted to see as much of the city as possible in the two days _32_I was to return to Guangzhou. (2008年广州一模)解析：因I wanted to是一个句子，I was to return也是一个句子，这两个句子之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一定是填连词；根据句意和两句之间逻辑关系，可知“参观这个城市的尽可能多的地方”应是在“返回广州”之前，故填before。例8 He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, _37_he felt very happy (2008年广东高考)解析：因He was very tired是一个句子，he felt very happy也是一个句子，这两个句子之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一定是填连词；根据句意和两句之间逻辑关系，可知“干了一整天活累极了”与“感到非常高兴”是转折关系，故填but。技巧6：若结构较完整，空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，很可能是填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do, does, did等)。例9What is acceptable in one country _31_be considered extremely rude in another. (2007珠三角五校联考)解析：句中What is acceptable in one country是主语从句，空格后的be considered是谓语；因其中的be是原形，故空格处必定是填情态动词或助动词does(由语境可知是一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数)；由句意及作者的语气可知，需填表示“可能”的情态动词may。例10 He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife, but he _ bring home a regular salary.解析：这是一个由but连接的并列句，由前一分句的谓语动词had是一般过去时可知，后一分句的谓语动词bring也应用一般过去时；可是，bring却用的是原形，既与语境的时态不附，也与主语he不一致，该句不是倒装句，因此，此处必定是填情态动词或表示强调的助动词did；由句意和作者的语气推测，应当填对谓语表示强调的助动词did(的确) 技巧7：由特殊的句式结构来判断空格应填的词。(1)由it isthat强调结构形式，判断填it还是that。如：例11 and _40_was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldnt eat MSG (味精)! (2007年广州一模)解析：由句式结构可知，本句为强调句，应填it。(2)由倒装句式判断，是填构成倒装的条件的only, so, neither, nor, never, hardly, seldom, not, until, had等，还是填do, does, did等。如：例12 _with hard work can you expect to get pay rise.解析：由can you expect to可知，这是倒装句，根据构成倒装的条件可知，应填副词only，因为“only +状语(with hard work)”放在句首，句子要用倒装。(3)由it作形式主语或形式宾语的句式判断，空格处是否填it。如：例13 as _32_took them just three minutes to steal paintings by two world-famous artists (2008年佛山二模)解析：由句式结构可知，这是it takes, sb. some time to do sth.句型，本句的不定式to steal paintings是真正的主语，空格处填形式主语it。例14Dating sites also make _36_easy to avoid someone whom you are not interested in. (2008年惠州二模)解析：由句式结构可知，to avoid是真正的宾语，easy是宾补，空格处应填作形式宾语的it。(4)so /suchthat句型。如：例15 This made the goat so jealous _34_it began plotting against (谋划对付) the donkey. (2007年惠州二模)解析：由句式结构可知，这是sothat句型，应填that。(5)morethan (与其说不如说，比更)句型。如：例16Cynthias story shows vividly that people remember more how much a manager cares _40_ how much he pays. (2007深圳宝安期末)解析：由句式结构可知，这是morethan句型，故填that。句意是与经理所给的报酬相比，雇员更铭记于心的是他的关心。(2) 给出了动词的试题的解题技巧首先，判断要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。然后按以下两点进行思考。技巧8：若句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词；若是谓语动词，就要考虑时态语态。例17His fear of failure _36_ (keep) him from classroom games that other children played with joyous abandon. (2008年深圳一模)解析：因主语His fear of failure后没有别的谓语动词，需填的动词应为谓语动词；因主语与keep是主动关系，应用主动语态；由从句谓语动词played可知，要用一般过去时，故填kept。例18 That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her Invitation, _40_ (close) my book and walked away. (2008年广州一模)解析：虽然句中已有谓语动词declined，但由and walked可知，所填词与declined和walked是并列关系，所以也用一般过去式closed。例19 In Logan, three people _38_ (take)to a hospital, while others were treated at a local clinic. (2007梅州二模)解析：因主语three people与take是被动关系，即三个人被送进医院，故用被动语态；由were treated可知，要用一般过去时，故填were taken。技巧9：若句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，所给动词就是非谓语动词。若是非谓语动词就要确定用ing形式、ed形式，还是用不定式形式，确定的方法主要有：(1)作主语或宾语，通常用ing形式表示习惯或一般情况，用不定式表示具体的情况。如：例20 but it is not enough only _35_(memorize) rules from a grammar book. (2007年佛山一模)解析：因it是形式主语，后面用不定式作真正的主语，故填to memorize。例21 _ (speak) out your inner feeling wont make you feel ashamed, on the contrary解析：句中已有谓语wont make，所以speak应为非谓语动词；谓语前面应为主语，作主语，表示一般情况，要用动名词短语，故填Speaking。(2)作目的状语或者在形容词后的作状语，一般用不定式。如：例22 _ (complete) the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day. 解析：因句中已有谓语will have to work，所以complete应为非谓语动词；因“(为了)按计划完成这项工程”是“我们每天不得不额外多工作两小时”的目的，作目的状语，用动词不定式，故填To complete。例23 Some people say that oldest children, who are smart and strong-willed, are very likely _33_ (succeed). (2008年佛山一模)解析：因在形容词likely后作状语，要用动词不定式，故填to succeed。(3)作伴随状语，常用分词，与逻辑主语是主动关系，用现在分词，是被动关系，用过去分词。如：例24 He saw the stone, _37_ (say) to himself: “The night will be very dark.” (2008年东莞一模)解析：句中已有谓语saw，所给动词与saw不是并列关系，应当是非谓语动词；又因He与say是主动关系，故填saying作伴随状语。 例25 The headmaster went into the lab, _(follow) by the foreign guests.解析：句中已有谓语went，而follow又不是与之并列的，故为非谓语动词；又因the headmaster与follow是被动关系，故用过去分词followed作伴随状语。(4)不论非谓语动词在句中作何种成分，若判断需要用分词，与逻辑主语是主动关系用ing形式，是被动关系用ed形式。如：例26 There will be a meeting, _40_ (start) later this year to review the film. (2008年广州二模) 解析：因a meeting与start是主动关系，用现在分词短语作定语，补充说明a meeting，故填starting。例27 Lessons _39_ (learn) in sports can help us in our dealing with other people. (广东考试说明)解析：因句中已有谓语can help，所以learn应为非谓语动词；又因lesson与learn是被动关系，要用过去分词短语作定语，故填learned。(3)、词类转换题的解题技巧根据该词在句子所作句子成分确定用哪种形式。具体方法有：技巧10：作表语、定语或补语，通常用形容词形式。如：例28 The youngster immediately fell _ (silence) as tears flew down from his big blue eyes.解析：因在系动词felt后作表语，用形容词，故填silent。例29 In a _ (danger) part of the sea off the coast of New Zealand, they learnt to解析：在冠词与名词之间，要用形容词，作定语，故填dangerous。例30 Teachers must try their best to make most of their students _ (interest) in the subject解析：因所填词在句中作宾语most of their students的补足语，用形容词；表示“感兴趣”，填interested。技巧11：作主语、在及物动词或介词后作宾语，用名词形式。如：例31 When Chinas ancient scientific and technological _ (achieve) are mentioned, the nation will generally refer to the Four Great Inventions.解析：在时间状语从句中，要求填的词作主语，Chinas ancient scientific and technological是主语的定语；作主语要用名词，又由are可知，主语是复数，故填achievements。例32 These people have made great _39_ (contribute) to China with their work. (2007年茂名二模)解析：在句中作及物动词have made的宾语，要用名词形式；表示“作贡献”，其前面没有不定冠词时，习惯上用复数，故填contributions。例33 instructors expect students to be familiar with _32_ (inform) in the reading (2008年三校联考)解析：因with是介词，在介词后作宾语，要用名词，故填information。技巧12：在形容词性物主代词后，或者在“冠词(+形容词)”后，用名词形式。如：例34 the remains date from this period because of their _38_ (similar) to those found elsewhere. (2008年广州二模)解析：在形容词性物代词(their)后应当用名词，故填similarities。例35 With the large numbers of students, the _ (operate) of the system does involve a certain amount of activity.解析：在冠词后，要用名词，故填operation。技巧13：修饰动词、形容词、副词，或整个句子，作状语，用副词形式。如：例36 As I looked _32_ (close) at this girl, I fount that (2008年深圳一模)解析：修饰动词looked，作状语，用副词，故填closely。例37 There must be something _40_ (serious) wrong with our society. (2008潮州期末)解析：要求填的词修饰形容词wrong，作状语，用副词，故填seriously。例38Singles are flocking(涌向) to the Internet _33_ (main) because their busy lifestyles leave them little time (2008年惠州三模)解析：修饰because引导的原因状语从句，修饰整个句子，作状语，用副词，故填mainly。技巧14：括号中所给词有可能是要求词义转换，词类不一定要变，主要是考查具有与词根意义相反的派生词，需根据句子意思及前后逻辑关系，在词根前加un, im等，在词根后加less等。如：例39 People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is _ (use).解析：作表语要用形容词；又由句意可知，作者是表达“没有什么知识是无用的”，故填useless。例40 Your mistake caused a lot of _ (necessary) work in the office.解析：在名词前作定语，仍用形容词形式；但根据句意可知，错误是引起不必要的麻烦事，故填unnecessary。技巧15：括号中所给动词也不一定是考动词的时态语态或非谓语动词，而是考词类转换；若是形容词或副词，有可能是考查其比较等级。如：例41there was a lot of information about the citys well-known tourist _34_ (attract) (2008年广州一模)解析：尽管attract是动词，但这是考查词类转换的；在句中作介词about的宾语，用名词，故填attraction。例42The other frog went on jumping as hard as he couldHe jumped even _36_ (hard) and finally made himself out. (2008年期末)解析：联系前句，又有even(更加)的提示，可知这里用比较级，故填harder。例43Storms which produced at least 13 tornadoes swept along New Mexicos border with Texas on Friday, destroying homes and other buildings and injuring at least 16 people, several critically, authorities said.The _33_ (bad) damage was reported in the towns of Logan and Clovis, which are about 80 miles apart, police said. (2007梅州二模)解析：结合前段内容，特别是the的提示，可知要用bad的最高级worst，表示“最严重的”。3. 重读全文，解决难题。在解题过程中要先易后难，难题在大部分空格填好后，再经过仔细推敲，难题也就不会再难了。所有空格填好后，把整篇文章从头至尾复读一遍。三、 I课堂运用阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。（2011汕头一模）Just up the road from my home is a field, with two horses in it. From a distance, each horse looks like any other horse. But if you get a _16_( close) look you will notice one of them is blind. Instead of abandoning him, his owner has made him a safe and comfortable barn to live in. And if you stand nearby and listen, you will hear the sound of a bell_17_( come) from _18_ smaller horse. Attached to _19_ (it) halter is a small, copper-coloredbell assisting the blind friend to follow him._20_you watch them, youll find the horse with the bell always checking on the blind one, and that the blind horse will listen for the bell and then slowly walk to _21_ the other one is, trusting he will not _22_( lead ) astray. When the horse with the bell returns to the barn each evening, he will stop _23_( frequent ) to look back, making sure that the _24_ isnt too far behind to hear the bell. Life does not throw us away just because we are not perfect or because we have problems or challenges. Sometimes we are the blind horse being guided by the little ringing bell of our acquaintances; _25_other times we are the guide horse, who helps others to find their way. 16. closer 17. coming 18. a/the 19. its 20. As21. where 22. be led 23. frequently 24. other 25. At （2）（2011深圳一模）Several times each year the Queen gives afternoon tea parties. But she simply sits beside a big silver plate, pouring cups of tea for everyone and 16 (skill) avoiding the cakes and sandwiches. At cocktail parities the Queen moves from group to group, chatting informally, and manages to make one glass of drink last 17 entire evening.Tours abroad are difficult because hosts seem to have a 18 (believe) that the warmth of their welcome must be shown with wonderful state banquets (宴会). But the Queen has perfected the art of appearing to enjoy her meal without actually eating much.During one visit 19 the Pacific islands of Tonga, a specially prepared dinner was arranged in her honor. The Queen looked uneasily at her plate 20 she discovered a whole roast pig was her serving.Then a turkey, some meat, an apple and bananas 21 (carry) in for each guest. But she depended 22 her old favorite trick of talking with her host, King Tupou IV, and carrying on a warm conversation.Sometimes the Queen will seem so carried away by foreign leaders political chat 23 she simply never has time to finish a meal before it is time to get up and make her speech. She will lift her fork to swallow a mouthful, and then put 24 down again to make another point, leaving almost all of her meal 25 (touch).16答案为 skillfully。 考查在语境中词性转换的能力。17答案为 an。 考查