七年级下册英语语法复习总结.doc

七年级下册英语语法复习总结一、 冠词的用法定冠词the的用法1、 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。e.g.: The man in a white car is Toms father.2.指上下文已经提到的人或事物。e.g.: Nancy bought a storybook. The book is very interesting. 3、用在世界上独一无二的名词前。e.g.: The sun is bigger than the moon.4、用在乐器名词前。e.g.: She often plays the piano after school.5、用在方位名词前。e.g.: in the eastthe westthe norththe south; on the leftthe right6、用在叙述词和形容词最高级前。e.g.: Xiao Ming is the tallest boy in his class. 7、用在某些形容词前，表示一类人。e.g.: the old; the poor; the sick; the blind8、用在江河、海洋、山川、湖泊、群岛的名称前。e.g.: the Great Wall; the West Lake9、用在由普通名词和另外一些词构成的国家名称、机构团体等专有名词前。e.g.: the United Nations; the United States10、用在某些习惯用语中。e.g.: in the sky; at the same time; all the time; at the weekend; by the way不定冠词aan的用法。1、 表示类别，反之一类人或物。e.g.: A horse is bigger than a rabbit.2、 指某人或某物，但不具体指明是哪个人或物。e.g.: A woman is waiting for you at the gate. 3、 表示数量 “一”，但数的概念不如one 强烈。e.g.: I have a book.4、 表示职业、身份和宗教。e.g.: His father is a doctor.5、 用在某些习惯用语中。e.g.: a few; in a hurry; have a look.不用冠词的情况。1、 在专有名词（包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节）前不用冠词。e.g.: China; America 2、 物质名词和抽象名词前一般不加冠词。e.g.: time; water; fruit 3、 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前不加冠词。e.g.: They are nurses.4、 人称、称呼语、头衔、职务等名词前一般不加冠词。e.g.: Nancy; Alice; Mr. Wang 5、 三餐、球类、棋类、游戏名称前不用冠词。e.g.: have lunch; play football6、 在by +交通工具中不加冠词。e.g.: by bus; by bike7、 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时不用冠词。e.g.: My pen is on the desk.1. 地点介词的用法; 5. 宾语从句;6. 省略句;7. 情态动词Can的用法 there be 句型。二、动词的时态1、 一般现在时：（1） 表示事实，现状，性质或经常的、习惯性的动作。常与 often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every day, once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用。e.g.: I go to school at seven every day.（2） 表示普遍真理。e.g.: The earth goes around the sun.（3） 表示在现在时间里发生的动作。e.g.: Here comes the bus.（4） 在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时。e.g.: I will go shopping with my mother if she is free tomorrow.2、现在进行时：结构：amisare+动词-ing形式用法：（1） 表示目前发生（进行）的动作（不指状态），常用的时间状语有：now, at the moment,等，并常出现在祈使句中，与look, listen连用。e.g.:1. Are you writing a letter to your friend now? 2. Listen! She is singing in the next room. （2） 表示目前阶段正在进行，而此刻不一定进行的动作。e.g.: We are planting trees these days.（3） 表示位置移动的动词的进行时表示动作将要发生。Come, go, leave, arrive, fly 等，并常与表示将来时的时间状语连用。e.g.: They are leaving for England tomorrow afternoon.注：复习现在分词的变化规则，特殊变化特殊记！3、一般过去时：句型结构：（1） be动词型e.g.: I was ten years old last year.（2） 行为动词型e.g.: Tom went to Beijing last week.用法:(1) 主要用于过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。e.g.: His friend was at work last night.(2) 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常与often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用。e.g.: We often went to work by bus last year.(3) 和when等引导的时间状语从句连用。e.g.：When he got home, he had a rest. (4) 常与表示过去的时间状语连用。(ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, in 1995.)e.g.: We began our work three hours ago.宾语从句宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：一，引导词1、由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。例：I told him that he was wrong.在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。例：I dont think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)2、由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否”的宾语从句。Whether, if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。例：I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.例：I dont know whether the movie star will come or not.和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.例：Whether to go there or not has not been decided.3、由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)I dont know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)二，宾语从句的语序，宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分例：I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wanted to know what they can do for us.三，宾语从句的时态。宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例:1)She says that she is a student.She said that she was a student.2) She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3) She says that she has finished her homework already.She said that she had finished her homework already.4) She says that she can sing a song in English.She said that she could sing a song in English.如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.He told me that Japan is an island country.Could you tell me是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。例：Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum?注意事项：由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。例：She said: “I have been to England before.”She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: “Do you like maths?”She asked me if I liked maths.宾语从句与简单句的交换。由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。例：I dont know what I should do next.I dont know what to do next.He didntt know where he would live.He didntt know where to live.There be 句型1 there be 结构中的be 是可以运用各种时态的。 例：There is going to be a meeting tonight.今晚有个会议。 There was a knock at the door.有人敲门。 There has been a girl waiting for you.有个女孩一直在等你。 There will be rain soon.不久天就要下雨了。 2动词be单复数形式要跟there be之后的真正的主语一致。并且要根据就近一致原则来变换be 的单复数形式。 如： There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。 How many people are there in the city? 这个城市里有多少人口。 There is a pen and two books on the desk.课桌上有一个钢笔和两本书。 There are two books and a pen on the desk. 课桌上有两本书和一个钢笔。 There are some students and a teacher in the classroom. 在教室里有一些学生和一位老师。 There is a teacher and some students in the classroom. 在教室里有一位老师和一些学生。 3 在there be引起的句子结构中，用来修饰主语的不定式主动形式和被动形式均可。 例：There is no time to lose (= to be lost).时间紧迫。 There is nothing to see (=to be seen).看不见有什么。 There is nothing to do.(=to be done) 无事可做。 二、 结构变形：在there be 结构中还可把be 改变从而使得there be结构有了一些改变具体总结如下： 1 There used/seem/ happen/appear to be 例：There might be snow at night.晚上可能有雪。 There appeared to be nobody willing to help.看来没人愿意帮忙。 There used to be a building here.过去这儿有一座楼房。 There happened to be a man walking by.碰巧有个人在此经过。 There doesnt seem to be much hope.好象没有太大的希望。 2 在there be的 be 前还可以加上各种情态词， 例：There must be something wrong.一定有问题。 There ought not to be so many people.不应该有这么多的人。 There might still be hope .可能还有点希望。 3 在there be句型中的be还可以换成其他的动词与there连用，这些词都是表示状态的如：live stand exist remain等或用来描写某事的发生或某人的到达如come, appear, enter, follow, occur等。 例：There lived a rich man.这以前住着一个富翁。 Then there came a knock at the door.然后有人敲门。 Long, long ago, there lived a king.很久很久以前，有一个国王。 There followed a terrible noise.然后是传来了可怕的声音。 Suddenly there entered a strange man.突然进来了一个奇怪的人。 练习： 1 _ a reading lamp on the table. A There is B There has C It is D It has 2 What a rainy summer weve had! Yes, there_ only 3 sunny weekends the whole summer. A have been B are C had been D has been 3 I didnt want _ to be a war between these two countries. A it B them C there D their 4 There is reported _a number of the wounded on both sides. A to be B being C was D will be 5 _ no coffee left, they had to make do with tea. A It being B There being C It was D There was 6 There is a little hope of _ a settlement of the argument. A to be B there to be C there being D being 7 I dont expect there _ any misunderstanding. A is B to be C being D will be 8 There are five pairs_ , but Im at a loss which to buy. A to choose B to choose from C to be chosen D for my choosing 9 There is no use_ a lot without _ anything. A to talk, do B talked, doing C talking, being done D talking, doing 10 If the storm h