六级作文讲稿090418.doc

六级作文讲稿写作考试的趋势写作的长度和难度近年呈现发展的趋势。四级考试在2002年6月前，要求不少于100词；2002年6月、12月开始要求至少120词。这就要求思路、句式的组织要灵活、多变，清一色的简单句，通篇都是主谓宾结构对付不了现在的四、六级作文了，现在的它与早几年的考研作文的难度相当。没有半分，一念之差，失去宝贵的一分。立足自身，放眼高分！注意字数适当！如何拿高分赏心悦目的卷面；完整清晰的篇章；灵活多变的句型；闪光丰富的词汇；系统细致的检查。卷面反映出的写作问题：四差一慢语言规范性差运用基本句型能力差段落展开策略差篇章连贯性差写作速度慢评分标准（15页）14、11、8、5、2五个档次漂漂亮亮、干干净净、马马虎虎、稀里糊涂、一塌糊涂试卷例文分析（16页）Witness to an acidentIt pays to be honest一。词汇1. 准确应用2. 变化多端3. 使用具体表达1. 准确应用用外语写作难免不会出现母语思维的干扰，“负迁移”（negative transfer）。（1）用词不当Our president has the largest breast in the world. 胸怀宽广（2）词性混淆汉语在词性不做严格的规定，没有固定的语法标记；而英语各种词类所担当的句子成分有严格的要求，不能混淆。中国学生往往只从汉语词汇的意思出发，忽视了对应的英文词汇可能无法出现在相应的位置上。I past my driving test. (介词)I will instead of you to go there. 替你去（3）搭配不当 英语词汇之间的搭配比较固定，不能仅从字面意思把汉语词组替换成英文词汇，必须考虑到英语的使用习惯。I have forgotten my umbrella at home. 把伞忘在家里了。Because of watching TV constantly, the child changed lazy. 变懒My father says very funny jokes. I had a big illness last summer and was in bed for two months.词汇搭配假话 a lie假花 artificial flower假币 counterfeit money假画 a fake painting假酒 adulterated wine假牙 false teeth 假唱 lip-synch假新闻 pseudo-event（4）表达啰嗦When people go to Nanjing to travel, 2. 变化多端（1）不能总是重复使用一个词，用同义词替换。如，经济危机 导致房价下跌 。 Economic depression/ recession/ downturn/ slowdowncause, lead to, bring about, result in, contribute to, give rise to Owing to, due to, because of, thanks of Fall, drop, go down, decrease如书上的fault, defect, weaknessThe press and television keep showing us the faults of the public figures, until we lose faith and start looking for defects in any person who seems worthy of respect. In a neighbor or a statesman, we try to discover the weaknesses or ugly motives that are surely hiding behind his noble actions. （2）使用不同的表达方式 【18页】要表达“越来越”，不要只使用more and more： a)More and more students find learning English has become more and more difficult. a)More and more teenagers smoke cigarettes in recent years. a)More and more teachers are demanded with the development of economy. a)More and more people agree (realize/are aware) that women should enjoy full equality with men. 改写b)Students in growing numbers find learning has become increasingly difficult. b)Teenage smoking is on the rise in recent years. b)There is an increasing demand for teachers with the development of economy. b) There is a growing agreement (realization/awareness) that women should enjoy full equality with men. 如要表达“大多数”，不要一味用mosta)Most student take a part-time job after class. a)Most people take part in sports of different kinds. a)Most college students take a negative attitude towards smoking. 改写b)The vast majority of students take a part-time job after class. b)A considerable proportion of people take part in sports of different kinds. b)The large percentage of college population take a negative attitude towards smoking. 如要用“不仅而且”不要只用not only.but also： a)The factors for a rise in teenage smoking is not only social but also psychological. a) Old people go to park not only to do exercise but also to make friends. 改写b)The factors for a rise in teenage smoking is psychological as well as social. b)Old people go to park as much for companionship as for exercise.（3）使用高级词汇Play an important role in peoples life. 替换为vital, essential, significantInteresting 也有很多同义词，如An amusing story/ personAn absorbing taskAn exciting game/matchA fascinating trip/ place 3. 更具体I like reading in my free time. I like reading Shakespeare when I dont have classes. I like music very much.I am crazy about Jay Chow.Some people are against this idea.According to a recent poll conducted on the S, 81 percent of Chinese people are strongly against this practice. 二句法1. 英汉句法比较（1）形合意合：葡萄型与竹竿型例 电子书可以免费从网上下载，深受人们的喜欢。 E-books can be downloaded free from the Internet and therefore loved by people.（2）由近及远散射型vs由先到后推移型例1 He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spend his vacation bathing in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in the South. 这句话是主谓框架结构，主次分明。按中国人的思维方式，这句话会写成：He had been engaged in a construction job, and after he completed the job, he went to Georgia to spend his vacation bathing in the Caucasian sun, and flew back just the day before. （3）视角不同例1 I never give interviews. 我从不接受采访。例2 His name escapes me. 我想不起来他的名字。例3 我因病没有参加这次英语考试。 My illness prevented me from taking the exam.例4 2008年北京发生了巨大变化。 Beijing witness great changes in 2008.2. 英语句子类型英文句子的最小单位叫clause (小句)，clause 按照不同的方式连接起来，构成英文句子，主要有下列三种。（1）简单句句法错误主要是习作者完全依赖汉语句子结构和表达模式，没有顾及这样的英语表达是否正确。There are many students fall into sleep in class. （句型）There are more and more people smoke. Women smokers are more and more. The first time I cooked for myself was at about my 10 years old. The rest space can be put a big desk.案例分析：Put on her rubber glove, the doctor began to do the operation. （主语问题）Marys husband forgot her birthday, she was very angry. (连接问题)The library had just closed, I couldnt get any of the reserved books.I hate writing. Because I can never think of anything worth writing about.（2）并列复合句1）小句由并列连词连接起来，and, but, yet, for, so, or, nor2）分号和副词：moreover, furthermore, however, nevertheless, thus, therefore, consequently, etc.3）分号例句：College students are under great pressure, so their phychological health is worsening.College students are under great pressure; therefore their phychological health is worsening.College students are under great pressure; their phychological health is worsening.（3）主从复合句1）表示主从关系的连词连接： because, if, although, so that,According to the recent survey the phychological health of college students is worsening because they are under great pressure.2）各种从句what, when, where, who College students who are under greater pressure nowadays are also faced with the issue of how to improve their phychological health. NOTE:从句在后，不要用逗号和主句隔开e.g. Because he has an important appointment, he cant go dancing now. He cant go dancing now because he has an important appointment.3句子多样化为了避免单调，必须练习使用不同的句子结构。可以变化句子的类型，可以变化句子的长短，还可以变化句首。(1)句型的变化 （见教材21页）1）不要连续使用几个简单句，要学会使用复杂句 a) Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. But sometimes they feel a little guilty. b) Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers, teenagers often resort to smoking, though they feel a little guilty sometimes. （非谓语形式作为开端，增加了句子结构的复杂性）2）不要总是以有生命的名词和人称代词开头 The incident remained me of one of my past experiences. The progress I have made surprise me. This leads me to the conclusion that money doesnt mean everything.比较：a) Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China. b) It is widely(commonly) thought/believed/held/accepted) that birth control is quite necessary in China. a) Many Chinese people have gone to the U.S. in the past 15 years. b) The past 15 years have brought many Chinese people to the U.S. (9月11号witnessed the collapse 1949 saw the founding of 见证了)a) We almost forget this event. b) This event is now almost fading from our memory. (逐渐消退)a) We easily drew the conclusion through the investigation. b) The investigation easily led us to the conclusion. 3）不要千篇一律的使用主动态 a) We may think more of the elderly who live apart from their children. b) More thoughts may be given to the elderly who live apart from their children. a) Students should certainly make continuous efforts. b) Continuous efforts on the part of students are certainly required. 4）不要总是用if then这样的句子，口语味道太浓，要注意使用书面英语。a) If you compare bicycles with cars carefully, you will find bicycles are superior to cars.b) Careful comparison of bicycles with cars will show the superiority of the former over the latter.（作为单词来记）a) If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good results.b) The application of book knowledge alone wont bring you good results.a) If we can better understand the greater pressure of population growth, we will have a correct attitude towards family planning.b) A better understanding of the greater pressure of population growth is essential to a correct attitude towards family planning.（套话）a) When a woman sees that she is going to be laid off, she begins to worry all day and night.b) The mere prospect of lay-off would set a woman to worry all day and night. 再如，The mere prospect of unemployment would set a college graduate to worry all day and night. 5）不要对动词过分依赖，要学会用名词结构来表达意思。a) The style of living has become more and more popular and accepted by more and more and more young people.b) The style of living has found its growing popularity and acceptance among young people.a) It is time for us to revise educational system and then provide it to our society.b )It is time for us to provide our society a revised educational system.a) If we dont recognize the serious problem of growing population, we will make a big mistake.b) Failure to recognize the seriousness of growing population will lead to a big mistake.6）双重否定肯定a) Every young boy and girl wants to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.b) There is hardly a young boy and girl who doesnt want to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.a) Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements.b) It is impossible to pick up a newspaper without finding advertisements.再如，It is not uncommon to learn the news that some college students commit suidide because of too much pressure. a) Gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story is the best pastime to bring a family closer together.b) Few pastimes bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story.a) Food is the most basic issue to individual and national survival.b) No issue is as basic to individual and national survival as food.(2) 经典句型a. 形式主语结构 It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道） It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 与之类似的常用句型还有： It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的） It is obvious that + 句子（明显的） It is apparent that + 句子（显然的） It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. b.倒装句 Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the rapid development of technology which enables the delivery of information with greater speed.So precious is time that we can not afford to waste it.Rich as our country is, our quality of life is by no means satisfactory. Foolish though he looks, he always seems to make the wisest proposals. c. 同位语 Doing part-time jobs can help us contact with society, an alternative way to get knowledge.d. 比较级 A young mans first car is less a means of transportation than a monument to his discovery of youthful freedom.e. 名词化句子 Heavy exposure to TV will interfere with ones studies.f. 插入语 My criticism is not of high technology. On the contrary, I believe that high technology, if correctly applied, can save far more lives at a lower cost.g. 双重否定句 I could spend the rest of my life reading, just satisfying my curiosity- because you can hardly mention anything Im not curious about.h. 平行句(有修辞效果，一次作文最多用一次)a) I am in favor of equal rights for women. I think women should especially have the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms. They should get the same pay as men for the same job. They should also have equal opportunities for promotion.b) I am in favor of equal rights for women, especially the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms, the right to get the same pay as men for the same job, and the right to equal opportunities for promotion.(3) 表达方式的变化Different people have different views. 改写It is quite natural/ reasonable that people hold different views on this issue.People smoke for a variety of reasons.4表达要地道简洁例 In my opinion, I dont think E-books will replace paper books. 准确例 After school, we always have too much homework, which takes up too much time, making us have few outdoor activities. 避免中式英语例 My first job interview was in my last summer holiday.5. 语法正确 主谓一致 时态一致 人称一致e.g. We have learnt a lot of useful knowledge in the university, it is time to apply what you have learnt to reality. 人称一致案例分析We are al born into this world as equals, but for various reasons, not all people are treated as equals. This inequality begins when you reach the age of five, for this is when you will enter elementary school. In school, the child is no longer “Mommys little darling.” You now have to prove yourself to the other children and also to your teacher. If one seems different from the other students, they re treated differently, and these differences could be anything: pants, shoes, speech and so on. Right from the start, you think that as long as you are different, there is something wrong with you.6. 语气恰当（1）避免口语化不要使用太多的I think，yes，of course 或maybe（2）使用修辞时注意避免陈词滥调或文化差异 As time passed, the desire of studying English grew in my heart like a tree, bigger and bigger, so beautiful that I decided to be with her all my life. 7. 标点正确英文没有书名号。Her favorite book isGone with the Wind.英文省略号是三个实心点。 8. 使用格言谚语 (见教材 22页)三作文类型Conventional writing 常规作文描写：纯粹的描写和记叙不常见。记叙：比如，事故目击者。考研常有图画作文阐释议论Report writing 图表作文Letter writing 信件写作步骤：1. 审题：读懂题目，找到topic 和focus案例1：Is a test of spoken English necessary? （2000年6月）1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是. 2. 也有人持不同意见，. 3. 我的看法和打算 A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET). 很多考生写偏了，侧重英语口语考试是否必要或重要。案例2：It pays to be honest. 1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象 2. 诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实 诚实的好处，也可以从反面来写，不诚实会有何恶果，从而证明还是诚实好。2. 确定作文的类型英语作文有固定的结构，不同类型的题目在组织材料时也有不同的方法。历年六级作文题目描写文 【一次】2004. 6 A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction Your role: a tour guideYour audience: a group of foreign touristsYour introduction should include:some welcoming wordsthe schedule for the daya description of the place the tourists will be visiting(e.g. a scenic spot or a historical site, etc.)You should make the introduction interesting and the arrangements for the day clear to everyb记叙文 【3次】2003. 6 An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident 假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点：1车祸发生的时间及地点2你所见到的车祸情况3你对车祸原因的分析2003. 9 The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured) 1.简单叙述一下这位同学生病（或受伤）的情况2.同学、老师和我是如何帮助他/她的3.人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是2005.6 in honor of teachers on the occasion of Teachers Day1向老师致以节日祝贺2从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献3我如何回报老师的关爱阐释文（1）现象解释型 （answer why）【5次】1991年1月 Bicycle - An Important Means of Transport in China 1. 为什么自行车在中国这样普及2. 和汽车的比较3. 自行车在中国的前途1992年1月1电影观众越来越少 2电视观众越来越多，因为. 3然而，还是有人喜欢看电影，因为.1994年1月We Need to Broaden Our Knowledge 1. 科学技术是社会发展所不可缺少的 2. 社会科学和自然科学相互渗透 3. 现代大学生需要广博的知识1998年1月 Harmfulness of Fake Commodities 1.目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)。为什么会有这种现象？2.举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人，社会等的危害。1999年1月Dont Hesitate to Say No1. 别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说不 2. 为什么有些人在该说不的时候不说不 3. 该说不时不说不的坏处 （2）问题解决型 (answer how) 【12次】问题原因解决办法（a problem+reasons+solutions）1990年1月How to Solve the Problem of.问题：城市交通拥挤解决方案：（solution） 1. 建造（lay down）更多道路 优点：降低街道拥护程度加速车流（flow of traffic） 缺点：占地过多 2.开辟（open up）更多公共汽车线路 优点：减少自行车与小汽车 缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便 结论：两者结合 1990年6月四种可能解决住房问题的方案 1多造高层建筑 2向地下发展 3建造卫星城市 4. 疏散城市人口1991年1月1人类面临的问题（如能源、疾病、污染、人口等） 2悲观的看法（人类将无法生存） 3人类的智慧出路1995年1月My view on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements 1. 现在有些不良的商业广告 2. 这些广告的副作用和危害性 3. 我对这些广告的态度 2000年1月How I Finance My College Education1. 上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种途径解决 2. 哪种途径适合于我（说明理由） 2001年1月How to Succeed in a Job Interview?1. 面试在求职过程中的作用 2. 取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是. 2004年1月Reduce Waste on Campus 1.有些大学校园浪费现象日益严重 2.浪费的危害 3.杜绝浪费, 从我做起 2005年6月SayNotoPiratedProducts1.目前盗版的现象比较严重 2.造成这种现象的原因及危害 3.我们应该怎么做？ 参考单词：盗版piracy(n.)盗版产品piratedproducts知识产权 intellectual property rights 侵犯版权 infringe sbs copyright; copyright infringement2006年12月1阅读经典书籍对人的成长至关重要 2现在愿意阅读经典的人却越来越少，原因是 3我们大学生应该怎么做2007年12月 Choosing an Occupation 1. 选择职业是一个人要面对的众多难题之一。2. 需要花时间去选择职业。3. 选择职业时可以向多人寻求建议和帮助。2008年12月How to improve psychological health? 怎样改善学生的心理健康1. 学生心理健康的重要性2. 学校应该怎样做3. 学生自己应该怎样做（3）观点论证型【两次】某一观点+论证+结论1997年1月Haste Makes Waste1. 为什么说“欲速则不达” 2. 试举例说明 2003年1月It Pays to Be Honest1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象 2. 诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实 再如，Lying is sometimes moral. 议论文（有两类）（1）正反对比型：（某一问题的正反面我的看法）【七次】1992年6月 1新世纪科技发展的前景如何？ 2新的科学技术会给社会带来什么好处？ 3新的科学技术会给社会带来什么问题？ 4. 你怎样对待新世纪的挑战？1993年1月Motorcycles and City Traffic1.近年来中国城市中的摩托车越来越多 2.摩托车的优点和缺点 3.你对我国城市中摩托车发展前景的看法1995年6月Should Firecrackers Be Banned1.有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么？ 2.有人认为放鞭炮是坏事， 为什么？ 3.我的看法。 (Suggested key words: firecrackers 鞭炮 set off / let off 放鞭炮) 1996年1月Why I Take the College English Test Band 61. 有人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试（简称CET-6）。 2. 我参加CET-6考试的理由。 1998年6月 Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck? 1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。 2.我认为数字和运气无关2000年6月Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是. 2. 也有人持不同意见，. 3. 我的看法和打算 A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET). 2007年6月Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed? 1. 有人做好