生化复习资料(单词).doc

Chapter 1 protein structure and functionproteinbiomolecularamino acidpolaritynonpolarityhydrophobicityneutralityacidityalkalityglycine, Glyalanine, Alavaline, Valleucine, Leuisoleucine, Ilephenylalanine, Pheproline, Protryptophan, Trpserine, Sertyrosine, Tyrcysteine, Cysmethionine, Metasparagine, Asnglutamine, Glnthreonine, Thraspartic acid, Aspglutamic acid, Glulysine, Lysarginine, Arghistidine, Hisbasic amino acidacidic amino acidpolar amino acidneutral amino acidSpectrophotometryAbsorbance SpectrumUltravioletinfraredabsorption peakwavelengthsolubilityside chainamino groupguanidinium groupimidazolylcarboxy groupisoelectric point, pIpeptidepolypeptide chainpeptide bondoligopeptidepolypeptideamino terminalcarboxyl terminalresidueninhydrin/triketohydrindene hydrateimino acidglutathione, GSHhydrosulfide group/sulfhydrylprimary structuresecondary structuretertiary structurequaternary structure-helix-pleated sheet-turnrandom coilzinc fingerdomainpeptide unitmotifprotein denaturemolecular chaperoneallosteric effectsubunitpositive cooperativitynegative cooperativityrenaturationprotein coagulationninhydrin reactionbiuret reactiondialysissalt precipitationelctrophoresischromatographyprosthetic groupprion proteindisulfidehydrogen bondhydrophobic interactionelectrostatic interactionVan der Waals interactionFibrous proteinConformational changeGlobular proteinProtein foldIonic bondSide chaintetramerdimmermonomeroligomer denaturationrenaturationQuestions:1. Can you give an example to elucidate the relationship between protein primary structure and function?2. Can you give an example to elucidate the protein allosteric effect?Chapter 2 Structure and Function of Nucleic Acidnucleotidenucletic aciddeoxyribonucleic acid, DNAribonucleic acid, RNAthe chemical component basebase pairbase pairingribosephosphatepurineadenine, Aguanine, Gpyrimidinecytosine, Curacil, Uthymine, Tribosedeoxyriboseribonucleosideribonucleotideglycosidic bondnucleoside monophosphate, NMPnucleoside diphosphate, NDPnucleoside triphosphate, NTPphosphodiester linkagepolydoxynucleotidepolynucleotidenitrogenous basedouble helixhistonesuperhelix/supercoilpositive supercoilnegative supercoilnucleosomeRNA(small non-messenger RNAs, snmRNAsnucleoidchromatinmessenger RNA,mRNAheterogeneous nuclear RNA, hn RNAcap sequencepoly (A) tailtransfer RNA, tRNAcloverleaf patternstem-loopanticodondihydrouracil loopribosomal RNA, rRNAribosomal proteinoptical densitymethyloptical density, ODTm, melting temperatureannealingheteroduplexrenaturationNucleasedeoxyribonuclease, DNaseribonuclease, RNaseribozymeDNAzymerestriction endonucleaseexonucleasegram moleculebase stackingamino acid armgrooveright-handed DNAleft-handed double helixcruciformchromosomeintrastrand hydrogen bondingacceptor stemD loopanticodon loopoligonucleotidebase complementrity hyperchromatic effectribozymestabilityQuestions:1. The main classification of RNA in cell, and elucidate their function, respectively?2. Elucidate the different between DNA and RNA?3. What is hyperchromatic effect?Chapter 3 Enzymeenzymebiocatalystapoenzymecofactorsimple enzymeconjugated enzymemetalloenzymemetal-activated enzymecoenzymeprosthetic groupmonomeric enzymeoligomeric enzymemultienzyme systemmultifunctional enzymetandem enzymeholoenzymeessential groupactive centeractive sitebinding groupcatalytic groupactivation energyspecificityabsolute specificityrelative specificitystereo specificityinduced-fit hypothesisproximity effectorientation arrange KineticMichaelis-menten equationVmax, maximum velocity m, Michaelis constantturnover numberdouble reciprocal plotLineweaver- Burk optimum temperatureoptimum pHinhibitorirreversible inhibitionreversible inhibitioncompetitive inhibitionnon-competitive inhibitionuncompetitive inhibitionactivatoressential activatornon-essential activatorregulationzymogenallosteric regulationallosteric enzymeallosteric siteallosteric effectorcovalent modificationinductionrepressionisoenzymeoxidoreductasestransferases hydrolaseslyasesisomerasesligases, synthetasesenzyme coupled assaysimmobilized enzymeabzymesubstratecatalytic powerreactioncatalyzed ratevelocityunimolecular reactionbiomolecular reactionsecond-orderfirst-orderfree energy of activationpolymerase chain reactionreversiblyassociationdissociationassumptionbindequilibriumconstantdirectionconcentrationhorizontal coordinatevertical coordinategraphical patterninterpretationaffinitylactate dehydrogenase, LDHcovalent modificationglycogen phosphorylaseligaseinitial velocityQ1. List six general ways in which enzyme activity is controlled?2. What is enzyme? And elucidate its specificity?Chapter 4 Metabolism of Carbohydratescarbohydratesmonosacchrideoligosaccharidepolysaccharideglycoconjugateglucosefructosegalactoseribosemaltosesucroselactosestarchglycogencelluloseglycolipidglycoproteinglucose transporterglycolysisglycolytic pathwaypyruvatelactatehexokinaseglucose-6-phosphate, G-6-Pglucokinasefructose-6-phosphate, F-6-P6-phosphfructokinase-1aldolasephosphotriose isomeraseglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenasephosphoglycerate kinasesubstrate level phosphorylationphosphoglycerate mutaseenolasephosphoenolpyruvate, PEPpyruvate kinaseprotein kinase, PK Aerobic Oxidation of Carbohydrateacetyl CoATricarboxylic acid Cycle, TACoxaloacetic acid citric acidcarboxy group/ carboxyldehydrogenationdecarboxylationcitrogenase/condensing enzyme-ketoglutarte dehydrogenase complexisocitrate dehydrogenasepyruvate dehydrogenasedihydrolipoyltransacetylatedihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-ketoglutaratesuccinyl CoAfatty acidporphyrinmalic acid/ apple acidmalic enzymeoxaloacetic decarboxylasecitrate cleavage enzymepyruvate carboxylaseaepfelsaure-dehydrogenaseglutamic-oxal(o)acetic transaminase, GOT/aspartate aminotransferaserespiratory chainkey enzymeoxidative phosphorylationadeynlate kinase;AKPastuer effectPentose Phosphate Pathway3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, G3P/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatefructose-6-phosphate;lactacidogencell sap;cytochymastage; phaseG6PDhydrogenribose phosphate;ribose phosphoric acid;RPpentose phosphate shuntG6P;glucose 6-phosphateketone groupaldehyde grouptransfer reactionhydrogen donorbiosynthesis;biosynthesizebioconversion/biological transformationreducibilityGlycogenesis and Glycogenolysisglycogenglucosidic bond;glycosidic bondglycogenesisglucophosphomutase/glycophosphomutasehemiacetalphosphate groupuridine diphosphate glucose , UDPG glycogen synthase pyrophosphorylaseglycogenolysis phosphorylase lactic acid cycleglucuronate;glucuronic acidglycogen phosphorylasecovalent modificationcascade amplificationglucagonepinephrinedephosphorylationglycogen storage diseasesGluconeogenesisgluconeogenic pathwaypyruvate carboxylasesubstratecyclefutile cycleblood glucose acid-base equilibriumlactose cycleinsulinoxidationglucose tolerenceglucose tolerance test, GTThyperglycemiaglucosuriarenal glucose thresholddiabetes mellitus, DMhypoglycemiahypoglycemic shockQ1. Explain pentose phosphate pathway and elucidate the signification?2. Elucidate the function of oxaloacetic acid in metabolism of carbohydrates.Chapter 5 Metabolism of Lipidlipidtriacylglycerols,TAGtriglyceride, TGfatlipoidcholesterol, CHOLcholesterol ester, CEphospholipid, PLsphingolipids phosphoglyceridesunsaturated fatty acidsdigestion absorption micellescolipasemixed micelleschylomicron, CMapolipoproteinmonoglycerideDG;diacylglycerolhormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase , HSLlipolytic hormonesacyl-CoA synthetaseketone body, acetone bodyactivationenergy-rich phosphate bondhexadecanoic acidhydrationthiolysisperoxisomepropanoic acidcarboxylaseracemasemutaseacetoacetate-hydroxybutyrateacetonehydroxybutyric acidovereatingstarvation malonyl CoAacyl-CoAcarnitine acyl transferasepalmitic acidcitrate pyruvate cycleacetyl CoA carboxylaserate-limiting enzymebiotin Escherichia colifatty acyl groupthioesteraseacyl carrier protein, ACPphosphopan tetheine thioethylamineProstaglandin, PGthromboxane, TXleukotrienes, LT5-HPETE, 5-hydroperoxy-eicotetraenoic acidPhospholipidglycerol phosphatidephosphatidyl inositolcephalinphosphatidyl serinelecithincardiolipinphospholipid exchange proteinsphospholipase , PLAsphingosineCholesterolcortisol, hydrocortisonebile acidlipoproteinchylomicron, CMvery low density lipoprotein, VLDLlow density lipoprotein, LDLhigh density lipoprotein, HDLapolipoprotein, apochylomicronlipoprotein lipase/LPL very low density lipoprotein, VLDLlow density lipoprotein, LDLscavenger receptor, SRhigh density lipoprotein, HDLreverse cholesterol transport, RCTATP-binding cassetle transporter A1cholesterol-efflux regulatory protein, CERPmotifhyperlipoproteinemiahereditary defect cholineheparinLDL receptorChylomicronQ1. What is apolipoprotein and the main function?2. what is the classification of lipase and their function?3. Elucidate the functions and characteristic of triglyeride in energy metabolism?Chapter 6 Biological Oxidationrespiratory chainelectron transfer chaincomplexubiquinoneiron-sulfur proteincytochromeoxidative phosphorylationsubstrate level phosphorylationchemiosmotic hypothesisuncoupling agentsoligomycinrespiratory control ratio, RCRmitochondrion, mitochondria(复)creatine kinasephosphocreatinetransporterpermeability-glycerophosphate shuttlemalate-asparate shuttleadenine nucleotide transportertransmembrane transportcatalaseperioxidasesuperoxide dismutasemonoxygenasemixed-function oxidasehydroxylasesolubilityhydrogen donorP/O ratiooligomycin sensitivity conferring protein, OSCPQ1. How to understand that the ATP is the center of energy metabolism?2. What is hydrogen donor and electron donor?3. What is oxidative phosphorylation? And try to elucidate the mechanism?Chapter 7 Metabolism of Amino Acidsnitrogen balanceessential amino acidnutrition valuecomplementationdigestionabsorpt