B5Grammar.doc

海门市四甲中学高一英语备课组B5Grammar 2015-05-05Book5 Grammar 非谓语动词制卷人：翟林 审核：孙燕在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。不定式（一）不定式的基本形式（以do为例）主动形式被动形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing/不定式的完成进行时to have been living/否定式: not + to do（二）不定式的句法功能 作主语To help poor people is our duty. 帮助穷人是我们的责任。To say is one thing and to do is another thing. 说是一回事，做又是一回事 【知识拓展】在多数情况下，常常用it代替不定式作主语，而把不定式短语移到句子后面。It is difficult to finish the work in ten minutes. 很难在十分钟内完成这项工作。【实战演练】 It is not always easy _ invitations.A. to refuseB. refusing C. to be refusedD. being refused It was polite _ the child to give up his seat to the elderly woman.A. forB. ofC. toD. with Is it necessary _ the book immediately?A. for him to returnB. that he returnsC. his returningD. of him to return 作表语:放在系动词后面，表示将要做某事的意思。主语中包含名词：job,duty,task, dream, hope, plan, purpose, aim, goalHer dream is to become a pop singer. （成为一名流行歌手）The most important thing is to take measures to prevent the pollution. (采取措施阻止污染) 作宾语能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：want, hope, manage, decide, agree, choose, pretend, promise, mean, expect, intend, happen,等。I expect to see you tomorrow. 我希望明天见到你。The guests promised to come early. 客人们答应早点来。【知识拓展】在一些复合宾语中，常用it代替不定式作形式宾语，而不定式放在后面。I find it interesting to learn English. 我觉得学英语很有趣。I make it a rule to write diaries every day. 我养成了每天写日记的习惯。【实战演练】 The chairman thought _ necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.A. thatB. itC. thisD. him As soon as the bell rang, the teacher asked the students to stop _ and _ in their papers.A. writing; handingB. writing; to handC. to write; handingD. to write; to hand She cant help _ the house because she is busy making the cake.A. to cleanB. cleaningC. cleanedD. being cleaned 作宾语补足语Mother asked me to come back home early. 母亲叫我早点回家。We advised him to have a good rest. 我们劝他好好休息。【知识拓展】常带不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, tell, invite, force, advise, get, help, want, wish, order, expect, encourage, warn, permit等，但在make, let, have, see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, feel等的宾补中的to必须省略，在help后可加to也可不加to。【实战演练】 My parents have always made me _ about myself, even when I was twelve.A. feeling wellB. feeling goodC. feel wellD. feel good The teacher asked us _ so much noise.A. dont makeB. not makeC. not makingD. not to make - Ours is a non-smoking school. It forbids _ in the school yard. - Do you mean no one is allowed _ here?A. smoking; to smokeB. smoked; to smokeC. to smoke; to smokeD. to smoke; smoking 作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后，与被修饰词之间可以是主谓（主动）关系、动宾关系、同位关系。The next train to arrive was from New York. (the next train与arrive间是_关系)He has a lot of letters to write. (to write与a lot of letters之间是_关系)She has a child to take care of. (to take care of与a child之间是_关系)He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly. (his promise与to write to his parents之间是_关系)注：做定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词【比较】Do you have anything (wash)? 你有什么要洗吗？（不定式to wash的动作执行者是you）Do you have anything _ (wash)? 你有什么要（别人）洗吗？（不定式to wash的动作执行者是别人，而不是you）【实战演练】 - The last one _ pays the meal. - Agreed!A. arrivedB. arrivesC. to arriveD. arriving The company was the first _ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.A. producingB. to produceC. having producedD. produced - Manager, do you have anything _ at the moment? - No, thanks. I will call you if any.A. to be typedB. to be typingC. typingD. typed 作状语1. 表示目的，常用to/ in order to/ so as to (不能放在句首) In order to catch the first bus, I have to get up early. 为了赶上首班车，我得早起。She checked the names carefully _. 她仔细核对名字，以免出错。【实战演练】 All these gifts must be immediately delivered _ in time for Christmas.A. in order to have receivedB. in order to receiveC. so as to be receivedD. so as to be receiving _ the safety of gas, the government has checked the citys gas supply system thoroughly.A. To ensureB. to have ensuredC. Having ensuredD. Ensuring2. 表示结果 too toThe problem is too difficult to work out. 这道数学题太难，我算不出来。 enough (for sb.) to The book is easy enough for me to read. 这本书很简单，我能看懂。 so + adj. + as to和such + () + as toHe was so angry as to be unable to speak. 他气得说不出话来。I am not _ believe him. 我还没有蠢到居然相信他的地步。 only to do （常表意料之外的结果）They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. 它们搬起石头砸了自己的脚。【实战演练】 He was so foolish _ his car unlocked. A. to leaveB. that leaveC. as to leave D. for him to leave Napoleon spoke so loudly as to _ in front of his soldiers. A. hearB. be heardC. listenD. be listened He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets had been sold out.A. to tellB. to be toldC. tellingD. told3. 表示原因Im gad to hear the news. 听到这个消息，我很高兴。The man is easy to get along with. 他是个容易相处的人（三）其他 疑问词 + to do结构When to start off has not been decided. 何时动身还未决定。No one tells me where to get the book. 没人告诉我到哪里拿书。The question is how to carry out the plan. 问题是如何实施这个计划。【实战演练】 How _ the problem will be discussed at tomorrows meeting.A. to solveB. to be solvedC. being solved D. solving Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.A. expectedB. to expectC. to be expectingD. expects 不定式的主动表被动形容词easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, nice, comfortable, exciting, heavy等后面接不定式作状语时常用主动形式表示被动含义。The book is easy to read. 这本书很容易读懂。The picture is good to look at. 这幅画看起来令人舒心。 不定式to的省略1. 在表示感觉的动词以及使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式都不带to。变为被动语态时，原不带to的不定式要变成带to的不定式。这类动词可以表述如下：“一感 (feel)、二听 (hear, listen to )、三让 (let, have, make )、四观看 (see, observe, watch, look at)”I often hear her _ (sing) the folk song.Did you notice anyone _(come) in just now?Paul doesnt have to be made _(learn). He always works hard.2. 不定式作表语时，若主语中有do的某种形式，表语不定式的to可省略。The first thing I do every morning is (to) take plenty of exercise.What I want to do is (to) live in peace in the country.3. 在介词except, but后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，不定式一般不带to，反之则带toIn my space time, I usually do nothing but _(enjoy) music.Theres nothing to do except/ but _(wait) until it stops raining.【实战演练】 -“I usually go there by train.”-“Why not _ by boat for a change?”A. to try goingB. trying to goC. to try and goD. try going If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ it - youve got some big bills coming.A. forgetB. forgotC. forgettingD. to forget The murderer refused to come out, so the police had no choice but _ the door open.A. forcedB. to forceC. forcingD. to be forced动名词（一）动名词的基本形式（以write为例）主动形式被动形式一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written否定式：not + doing【实战演练】 _ the assignment made his father lose his temper.A. The boys not having doneB. The boy not having doneC. The boys having not doneD. The boy having not done What worried the child most was _ to visit his mother in the hospital.A. his not allowingB. his not being allowedC. his being allowedD. having not been allowed - I must apologize for _ ahead of time.- Thats all right.A. letting you not knowB. not letting you knowC. letting you know notD. letting not you know（二）动名词的句法功能 作主语Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。【知识拓展】也可用于下列结构中It is no good/ no use doing sthIt is a waste of time doing sthTheres no doing (= its impossible to do sth)It is no use/ no good crying over spilt milk. _.It is a waste of time _ him. 和他辩论是浪费时间。Theres no joking about such matters. _。作表语My favourite sport is swimming.我最喜欢的运动是游泳。 作宾语She suggested going to the great Wall for the spring outing. 她建议去长城春游。He succeeded in passing the test.他成功地通过了测试。We are busy preparing the sports meeting. 我们忙于准备运动会。【知识拓展】1. 只用动名词作宾语的动词：avoid, delay, enjoy, finish, imagine, allow, suggest, practise, risk, miss, appreciate, escape等。2. 只用动名词作宾语的动词短语：cant help (情不自禁), give up, feel like, be busy, cant stand, burst out, look forward to, pay attention to, put off, keep on等。3. 既可以用动名词，又可以用不定式作宾语的动词有：begin, cannot bear, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, try, want, need, cant afford等。【实战演练】 If you keep _ English, you can learn English well.A. practising speakB. practising speakingC. practising to speakD. to practise spoken Her parents objected to _ that farmer, though he has a lot of money.A. her marryingB. marryingC. marryD. her marrying with He is an experienced driver and he is used _ in all kinds of weather.A. to drivingB. to driveC. for drivingD. to have driven What about _ to the concert with us?A. we goB. we goingC. goingD. to go Though it sounds a bit too dear, it is worth _.A. being boughtB. buyingC. to buyD. buying it 作定语（往往表示被修饰词的某种用途）_ 拐杖 _ 阅览室_ 舞厅_ 等候室_ 洗衣机_ 吸烟室_ 藏身处_ 更衣室（三）动名词与不定式的区别I remember posting your letter. This means setting out at once.Please remember to post the letter. He means to go abroad.I regret to say that all my efforts were in vain. He tried speaking English to us.I regret not having accepted your advice.Please try to do better next time.stop talking stop to think about it for a moment 【实战演练】 Henry always forgets things he has done. Yesterday he forgot _ and looked for it everywhere.A. to post the letterB. to have the letter postedC. to have posted the letterD. having posted the letter My brother regretted _ a lecture given by Professor Liu.A. missingB. to missC. missedD. being missed I regret _ you that we are unable to offer you a job.A. informingB. having informedC. to informD. to informing I felt tired with walking, so I stopped _ a break for an hour.A. havingB. to haveC. takingD. to taking The teacher told the students to stop _ to him.A. to write and listen B. writing and listeningC. to write and listeningD. writing and to listen现在分词（一）现在分词的基本形式（以write, go为例）及物动词write不及物动词go主动形式主动形式被动形式一般式writingbeing writtengoing完成式having writtenhaving been writtenhaving gone否定式：not + doing（二）现在分词的句法功能 作定语通常，单个的分词作定语放在所修饰名词的前面，而分词短语则要放在所修饰名词后面The sleeping child is only five years old. 在睡觉的那个孩子只有5岁。The factory producing TV sets is very large. 这家制造电视的工厂很大。【实战演练】 Snow was falling when they went along a mountain path _ to the front.A. to leadB. ledC. leadingD. being led -“Who are those people with the banner?”-“A group _ itself the League for peace.”A. callingB. callsC. calledD. is called “The picture writing” _ long long ago is hard for us to understand today.A. having been drawnB. being drawnC. was drawnD. drawn The pen _ belongs to me.A. which it is on the tableB. lying on the tableC. is on the tableD. which on the table 作表语The story sounds interesting. 那故事听起来很有趣。The news was disappointing.那消息令人失望。 作宾语补足语We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment. They kept me waiting for a long time.【比较】I saw him _ (work) in the garden yesterday.（正在进行）I saw him _(work) in the garden yesterday（全过程） 作状语1. 时间状语（相当于when等引出的状语从句）_ (hear) the good news, he jumped with joy.注：如果强调分词的动作先于主句的动作而发生，则现在分词用完成式。_ (= After he finished the work), he went home. 2. 原因状语_ (= As she was ill), she didnt go to school today.3. 伴随状语He sat at the table, reading China Daily._, they went into the room. 他们又说又笑地走进了房间。4. 结果状语【比较】The poor man died, _(leave) nothing to his children. （自然而然的结果）He hurried to the station only _(find) that the train had left. (意外之外的结果)5. 条件状语_(turn) to the right, you will find the place you want._(work) hard, you will succeed.注：现在分词作状语时分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语过去分词过去分词的句法功能 作定语This is a book written by Luxun.The girl dressed in red is my sister. 【比较】developed countries 发达国家falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子developing countries 发展中国家fallen leaves落叶_ water 正在沸腾的水a _ ship 一艘正在下沉的船_ water 烧开过的水a _ ship 一艘沉船 作表语I was pleased at the news.He looked very excited. 作宾补I often hear the song _ (sing) in English.She found the door _ (close).【实战演练】 She was glad to see her child well _. A. take care of B. taken care of C. taken careD. taking care of Why do you stand and watch the milk _. A. boilingB. boiledC. from boilingD. having been boiled Before he came to London, he had never heard a single English word _. A. speakingB. spokenC. speakD. being spoken -“Do you smell anything unusual?”- “Yes, I can smell something _.” A. burningB. is burningC. having burntD. burn I cant _ you running up and down all day long. A. permitB. letC. haveD. allow -Is there anything you want from town? -Im going to get _. A. those letters mailedB. mailed letters C. to mailed those lettersD. those letters mail When she returned home, she found the window open and something _. A. to stealB. losingC. missedD. stolen Mother caught the boy _ in the corner. A. smokeB. to smokeC. smokingD. being smoked 作状语1. 时间状语_ (see) from the hill, the park looks beautiful.Once _(publish), this dictionary will be popular.2. 原因状语_ (bear) in a poor family, he had only two years of schooling.3. 条件状语_ (give) more time, we could do it much better. _ (unite), we stand; _ (divide), we fall. 团结则存；分裂则亡。4. 伴随状语He turned away _. 他失望地走开了。The professor sat there, _ by a lot of students.教授坐在那里，许多学生围着他。5. 让步状语_ (beat) by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged.【实战演练】 “We cant go out in this weather,” said Bob, _ out of the window.A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked _by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted _ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared _ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm.A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world.A. making B. makes C. made D. to make Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4.A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching _ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing _ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdown.A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put _ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing _ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed【非谓语动词巩固练习】1. There was so much noise that the speaker could not make himself _.A. being heardB. heardC. hearingD. hear2. We found many people _ in the meeting room.A. seatB. seatingC. to seatD. seated3. Who did the teacher have _ an article for the wall-newspaper just now?A. writtenB. writingC. writeD. to write4. My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skill.A. for me takingB. me takingC. for me to takeD. me to take5. For nearly four hours they waited for the decision, only _ to come again the next day.A. toldB. to tellC. to be toldD. being told6. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _ the world record in the 110-metre hurdle race.A. breakingB. having brokenC. to have brokenD. to break7. AIDS is said _ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.A. it isB. to beC. that it has beenD. to have been8. Police are searching for a woman who is reported to _ since the flood hit the area last Friday.A. have been missingB. have got lostC. be missingD. get lost9. Allen is said to_ a new computer program recently, but I dont know when she will finish it.A. designB. be designing C. have been designingD. have designed