工业设计毕业设计外文翻译中英文：吸尘器的技术与历史.doc

The vacuum cleaner technology and historyVacuum cleaner - classification Vacuum cleaner species more, according to the structure points are mainly：1, vertical：a bucket or square round the majority，points on, under two parts，the upper part is powered with motor，the lower for dust collection box 2, horizontal: rectangular or models shape，have two parts，front before for dust collection box，rear part for the motor3 and portable，it usually has four kinds of form - shoulder type：smaller，when using back on his shoulders，smaller power；Pole type： shape like rod，handles，and on the top is for suction nozzle below，smaller power；Portable:smaller，which can be directly used in hand grip, smaller power；Mini type：multi-purpose battery-powered，smaller，more for clean clothes, instruments，smaller powerAccording to the drive motors to pointsvacuum cleaner and can be divided into the following categories: ac vacuum cleaners, dc cleaner and ac/dc amphibious vacuum cleanerVacuum cleaner - working principle Cleaner mainly by up dust，vacuuming，blow 3 parts，generally includes string-excited motor, centrifugal blower KSF, blow device (bags) and vacuuming accessories. KSF string-excited motor speed up more than 20000r/min (mini vacuum cleaner analyzedcombined by micro，rated voltage dc machines for 3 6V). Blow is usually adopts mesh， flannelette or filter materials. General cleaner power for 400 1000W or higher，portable vacuum cleaner power generally lower than 250WCleaner principle of work is as follows： motor high-speed drive their impeller rotation, make air high-speed eduction, and the air blower front-end vacuuming cottrell constantly supply，make aspiration to fan cottrell，thus produced with outside the instantaneous vacuum forming negative pressure differential pressure，on the pressure difference，under the action of inhaled air，the dust scurf，ejecting purity is filtered air cleaner airThe greater the air pressure difference，the greater the greater ability，aspirationA vacuum cleaner，commonly referred to as a vacuum is a device that uses an air pump to create a partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt, usually from floors. The dirt is collected by either a dust bag or a cyclone for later disposal. Vacuum cleaners, which are used in homes as well an in industry, exist in a variety of sizes and models: from small battery-operated hand-held devices to huge stationary industrial appliances that can handle several hundred litters of dust before being emptied.TechnologyA vacuums suction is caused by a difference in air pressure. An electric fan reduces the pressure inside the machine. Atmospheric pressure then pushes the air through the carpet and into the nozzle, and so the dust is literally pushed into the bag.Tests have shown that vacuuming can kill 100% of young fleas and 96% of adult fleas.A British inventor has developed a new cleaning technology known as Air Recycling Technology which instead of using a vacuum uses an air stream to collect dust from the carpet. This technology was tested by the Market Transformation Programmer (MTP) and shown to be more energy efficient than the vacuum method. Although working prototypes exist Air Recycling Technology is not currently used in any production cleaner.Exhaust filtrationVacuums by their nature cause dust to become airborne, by exhausting air that is not completely filtered. This can cause health problems since the operator ends up inhaling this dust. There are several methods manufacturers are using to solve this problem. Some methods may be combined together in a single vacuum. Typically the filter is positioned so that the incoming air passes through it before it reaches the motor. Typically, the filtered air then passes through the motor for cooling purposes.HistoryThe vacuum cleaner evolved from the carpet sweeper via manual vacuum cleaners. The first manual models, using bellows, came in the 1869s, and first motorised models came in the beginning of the 20th century.Daniel HessDaniel Hess of West Union, Lowe, USA invented a vacuum cleaner in 1860.Calling it a carpet sweeper instead of a vacuum cleaner, his machine did, in fact, have a rotating brush like a traditional vacuum cleaner, which also possessed an elaborate bellows mechanism on top of the body to generate suction of dust and dirt. Hess received a patent (U.S.No.29.077) for his invention of the vacuum cleaner on July 10, 1860.Elves W. Mc GaffeThe first manually-powered cleaner using vacuum principles was the “Whirlwind,” invented in Chicago, USA in 1868 by elves W. Mc Gaffe The machine was lightweight and compact, but was difficult to operate because of the need to turn a hand crank at the same time as pushing it across the floor. Mc Gaffe enlisted the help of The American Carpet Cleaning Co. of Boston to market it to the pubic. It was sold for $25. It is hard to determine how successful the Whirlwind was, as most of them were sold in Chicago and Boston, and it is likely that many were lost in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Only two are known to have survived, one of which can be found in the Hoover Historical Center. Mc Gaffney was but one of many 19th-century inventors in the United States and Europe who devised manual vacuum cleaners. He obtained a patent (U.S.No.91,145) on June 8,1869.Melville BissellIn 1876, Melville Bissell of Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA created a vacuum cleaner for his wife, Anna, to clean up sawdust in carpeting. Shortly after, Bissell Carpet Sweepers were born. After Melville died unexpectedly in 1889, Anna took control of the company and was one of the most powerful businesswomen of the day.John S. ThurmanOn November 14,1898, John S. Thurman of St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Submitted for patent (U.S.No.634,042)a “pneumatic carpet renovator”. It was issued on October3, 1899. Thurman created a gasoline powered carpet cleaner for the General Compressed Air Company. In a newspaper advertisement from the St. Louis Dispatch, Thurman offered his invention of the horse drawn (which went door to door) motorized cleaning system in St. Louis. Louis. He offered cleaning services at $4 per visit. By 1906, Thurman was offering built-in central cleaning systems that used compressed air, yet featured n dust collection. Thurmans machine is sometimes considered the first vacuum cleaner. However, the dust was blown into a receptacle rather than being sucked in, an in the machine now used . In later patent litigation, Judge Augustus Hand ruled that Thurman “does not appear to have attempted to design a vacuum cleaner or to have understood the process of vacuum cleaning.”H. Cecil BoothHubert Cecil Booth has the strongest claim to inventing the motorized vacuum cleaner in 1901. As Booth recalled decades later, in 1901 he attended “a demonstration of an American machine by its inventor” at the Empire Music Hall in London. The inventor is not named, but Booths description of the machine conforms fairly closely to Thurmans design, as modified in later patents. Booth watched a demonstration of the device which blew dust off the chairs, and thought it would be much more useful to have one that sucked dust. He tested the idea by laying a handkerchief on the seat of a restaurant chair, putting his mouth to the handkerchief, and then trying to suck up as much dust as he could onto the handkerchief. Upon seeing the dust and dirt collected on the underside of the handkerchief he realized the idea could work. Booth created a large device, driven first by an oil engine, and later by an electric motor electric. Nicknamed the Puffing Billy, Booths petrol-powered, horse-drawn vacuum cleaner relied upon air drawn through a cloth filter. Gaining the royal seal of approval, Booths motorized vacuum cleaner was used to clean the carpets of Westminster Abbey prior to Edward VIIs coronation in 1901. Booth received his first patents on February 18 and August 30, 1901David T. KenneyNine patents granted to the New Jersey, USA inventor David T. Kenney between 1903 and 1913 established the foundation for the American vacuum cleaner industry. Membership in the Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers Associatio, formed in 1919, was limited to licensees under his patents.Walter GriffithsIn 1905 Griffiths Improved Vacuum Apparatus for Removing Dust from Carpets was another manually operated cleaner, patented by Walter Griffiths Manufacturer, Birmingham, England. was portable, easy to store, and powered by any one person (such as the ordinary domestic servant he task of compressing a bellows-like contraption to suck up dust through a removable, flexible pipe, to which a variety of shaped nozzles could be attached. This was arguably the first domestic vacuum-cleaning device to resemble the modern vacuum cleaner.Hermann BogenschildGerman immigrant engineer Hermann Bogenschild filed a patent in 1906 for a mechanical dust removing apparatus. Emigrating from Berlin to Milwaukee in 1892, Bogenschilds device was mounted on wheels for portability and its motor was connected to a hose and filter system.James Murray SpanglerIn 1907, James Murray Spangler, a janitor Canton, Ohio, practical, portable vacuum cleaner. Crucially, in addition to suction that used an electric fan, a box, and one of his wifes pillowcases, Spanglers design incorporated a rotating brush to loosen debris. Unable to produce the design himself due to lack of funding, he sold the patent in 1908 to William Henry Hoover who had Spanglers machine redesigned with a steel casing, casters, and attachments. Subsequent innovations included the first disposal filter bags in the 1920s and the first upright vacuum cleaner in 1926.HooverSpangler patented his rotating-brush design June 2, 1908, and eventually sold the idea to his cousins husband, Hoover. He was looking for a new product to sell, as the leather goods produced by his Hoover Harness and Leather Goods company were becoming obsolete, because of the invention of the automobile. In the United States, Hoover remains one of the leading manufacturers of household goods, including vacuum cleaners; and Hoover became very wealthy from the invention. Indeed, in Britain the name Hoover became synonymous with the vacuum cleaner so much so that one hovers ones carpets. Initially called The Electric Suction Sweeper Company, their first vacuum was the 1908 Model O, which sold for $60.NilfiskIn 1910, P.A. Frisker patented a vacuum cleaner using a name based on the companys telegram addressNilfisk. It was the first electric vacuum cleaner in Europe. His design weighed just 17.5kg and could be operated by a single person. The company Frisker and Nielsen was formed just a few years before. Today the Nilfisk vacuums are delivered by Nilfisk-Advance.Electrolux Model VThe first vacuum cleaners were bulky stand-up units and not easily portable. But in 1921 Electrolux launched the Model V that was designed to lie on the floor on two thin metal runners. This innovation, conceived by Electrolux founder Axel Wenner-Gren, became a standard feature on generations of future vacuum cleaners.There is a recorded example of a 1930s Electrolux vacuum cleaner surviving in use for over 70 years, finally breaking in 2008.Post-World War IIFor many years after their introduction, vacuum cleaners remained a luxury item; but after World War II they became common among the middle classes. They tend to be more common in Western countries because, in most parts of the world, wall-to-wall carpeting is uncommon and homes have tile or hardwood floors, which are easily swept, wiped, or mopped.Vacuum cleaners working on the cyclone principle became popular in the 1990s, although some companies (notably Filter Queen and Regina) have been making vacuum cleaners with cyclonic action since 1928. Modern cyclonic cleaners were adapted from industrial cyclonic separators by British designer James Dyson in 1985. He launched his cyclone cleaner first in Japan in the 1980s at a cost of about US$1,800 and later the Dyson DC01 upright in the UK in 1993 for 200. It was expected that people would not buy a vacuum cleaner at twice the price of a normal cleaner, but it later became the most popular cleaner in the UK.Cyclonic cleaners do not use bags instead; the dust collects in a detachable, cylindrical collection vessel. Air and dust are blown at high speed into the collection vessel at a direction tangential to the vessel wall, creating a vortex. The dust particles and other debris move to the outside of the vessel by centrifugal force, where they fall due to gravity, and clean air from the center of the vortex is expelled from the machine after passing through a number of successively finer filters at the top of the container. The first filter is intended to trap particles which could damage the subsequent filters that remove fine dust particles. The filters must regularly be cleaned or replaced to ensure that the machine continues to perform efficiently. Since Dyson, several other companies have introduced cyclone models, including Hoover, Bissell, Eureka, Electrolux, etc and the cheapest models are no more expensive than a conventional cleaner.In early 2000 several companies developed robotic vacuum cleaners. Some examples are Roman, Robomaxx, Intellibot, Trilobite and Floor Bot. These machines propel themselves in patterns across a floor, cleaning surface dust and debris into their dustbin. They usually can navigate around furniture and find their recharging stations. Most robotic vacuum cleaners are designed for home use, although there are more capable models for operation in offices, hotels, hospitals, etc. Some such as the Roman are equipped with an impeller motor to create an actual vacuum. By the end of 2003 about 570,000 units were sold worldwide.In 2004 a British company released Airider, a hovering vacuum cleaner that floats on a cushion of air. It has claimed to be light weight and easier to maneuver (compared to using wheels), although it is not the first vacuum cleaner to do thisthe Hoover Constellation predated it by at least 35 years.吸尘器的技术与历史吸尘器的种类较多，按结构分主要有：1、 立式。呈圆桶形或方形居多，分上、下两部分，上部装有电机，是动力部分，下部为集尘箱。 2、卧式。长方形或车型状，有前后两部分，前部为集尘箱，后部为电机部分。 3、便携式。它一般有4种形式肩式：体积较小，使用时背在肩上，功率较小；杆式。形状似杆，上端为把手，下端为吸嘴，功率较小；手提式：体积更小，可直接握在手中使用，功率较小；微型式：多用电池供电，体积更小，多用于清洁衣物、仪器等，功率较小。按驱动电动机来分 吸尘器又可分为以下几类：交流吸尘器、直流吸尘器和交直流两用吸尘器吸尘器 - 工作原理 吸尘器主要由起尘、吸尘、滤尘3 部分组成，一般包括串激整流子电动机、离心式风机、滤尘器（袋）和吸尘附件。串激整流子电动机转速高达20000r/min以上（微型吸尘器采用微型永磁式直流电动机,额定电压为36V）。滤尘器通常采用滤网、绒布或滤纸等材料。一般吸尘器的功率为4001000W或更高，便携式吸尘器的功率一般低于250W。吸尘器的工作原理如下：电动机高速驱动风机叶轮旋转，使空气高速排出，而风机前端吸尘部内的空气不断地补充给风机，使吸尘部内产生瞬时真空,从而与外界大气压形成负压差,在此压差的作用下，吸入含尘屑的空气，经滤尘器过滤，排出清净的空气。负压差愈大，风量愈大，吸尘能力也愈大。吸尘器，通常简称为真空试一种装置，它利用空气泵创建一个部分真空对吸起来的灰尘和污垢，通常从用于地板。收集的灰尘是以一dustbag或旋风为以后处理。真空吸尘器，并把它应用与房屋以及在行业，存在于多种尺寸和模型：从小型电平驱动手持设备到巨大的固定工业电器，能容纳几百升的灰尘之前被排空。技术真空吸力是由于不同的空气压力，一个电风扇减少机器内的压力，然后推大气压力的地毯和空气通过进入喷嘴，因此这个尘埃是子边上推进袋子里。实验表明，吸尘可以杀死100%的跳蚤幼虫和96%的人身上的跳蚤。一个英国发明家已经开发出一种新的清洗技术被称为空气循环技术，而不是使用一个真空气流除尘从地毯上。此技术测试，有市场转型计划（MTP）并能显示更多的有效能量真空的方法。虽然工作原型存在空气循环技术是当前不使用于任何生产清洁。排气过滤真空吸尘系统有它们的本性导致尘埃变成空降，有污浊的空气这部全是过滤净化。这肯能会导致将吸入灰尘来解决问题。厂家都在使用几种方法来解决这些问题。一些方法可能被组合在一起，在一份单一的真空。典型的滤水器定位，让进来的空气通过它才能到达电机，然后通过过滤空气电机冷却的目的。历史通过手持真空吸尘器演变而来的地毯清扫器。第一个模型，使用了上世纪六十年代的波纹管。第一次机动模型进入了20世纪初。丹尼尔赫斯丹尼尔赫斯的爱荷华州底部联盟。美国在1860年发明了一种真空吸尘器。它叫做地毯清扫器，事实上他的机器上没有真空，只有一个旋转刷像传统的真空吸尘器，也拥有一个精心制作的波纹管的顶端上的身体机制产生吸入灰尘和污垢。1860年7月10日，他的吸尘器受到了国家专利。McGaffey艾夫斯真空吸尘器的第manually-powered原则是“旋风”，McGaffer艾夫斯于1868年发明于美国芝加哥。这台机器是轻和紧凑的，但操作复杂，因为需要一只把手将它推在地板上。在MaGaffey的招募下，美国波士顿的地毯清洁公司对上市公共销售，价格是25美元。很难决定多么成功，因为大多数旋风是出售在芝加哥和波士顿，1871年芝加哥大火很可能损失了很多。只有两个一直有幸存者，其中之一，可以发现在胡佛历史中心。MaGaffey只不过是一个许多19世纪发明家在美国和欧洲的发明手持真空吸尘器。1869年6月8日，他获得了国家专利。梅尔维尔比斯尔1876年，梅尔维尔比斯尔的密歇根州的大急流城，创造了一个真空吸尘器，美国妇女，安娜对清理锯木屑在地毯。不久之后，地毯扫把比斯尔诞生了。梅尔维尔猝然逝世后，于1889年，安娜接管公司，是其中一个最强大的女企业家。约翰瑟曼1898年11月4日，约翰瑟曼的至路易斯密苏里州专利、美国提交“气动地毯renovator”.这是发布于1987年10月3日。创造了一个有动力瑟曼地毯清洁剂为一般的压缩空气的公司。在报纸上的招聘广告的派遣到路易斯。提供了他的发明，瑟曼工作于（其中前往门到门）电动清洗系统在至路易斯。他主动提出清洁服务在4元/每次。1906年，瑟曼是由中央清洗系统，提供内置使用压缩的空气，但出现无粉尘的手机。瑟曼机器有时被认为是第一个真空吸尘器。然而，把灰尘被风吹进一个容情而不是被吸进去，就像在这台机器现在使用。在以后的专利诉讼、法官爱古斯都的手裁定瑟曼，似乎并没有试图设计一个吸尘器，或有理解真空清洗的过程。塞西尔布斯在1901年休伯特塞西尔布斯声称他发明了电动吸尘器。作为展位召回了数十年之后，于1901年，在伦敦他参加了“演示一个美国人的机器，它的发明者”在帝国音乐厅，不是用发明者命名。但展位的描述符合相当密切瑟曼机的设计，作为改型在以后的专利。看了一场示威摊位器件的尘埃落在了椅子，觉得这会是非常有用的，有一个吸尘埃。他测试了主意要靠打手帕在座位上的一个餐厅椅子，把他的嘴的手帕，然后试图所传授的尘埃像他能在手帕上。当看见的灰尘和污物收集到的有关尾部的手帕，他已是道德想法可以工作。展位制造了一个巨大的推动下，首先装置由发动机，后来被一个电动马达。戏称为“膨化比利”，马拉布斯的燃油吸尘器依赖空气通过滤布拔出来。1901年获得比准皇家的印章、摊位电动吸尘器是用于清除的地毯威斯敏斯特教堂前爱德华七世加冕礼。1901年2月18日和8月30日收到他的最初两项专利摊位。Kenney大卫九专利授予美国新泽西，发明家Kenney大卫1903年和1913年之间奠定了基础，美国吸尘器行业。会员资格吸尘器制造商协会在1919年想成，限于温泉取供事业在他的专利。沃尔特格里菲思“格里菲思于1905年改进除尘装