通用学术英语翻译集训(四级班)(学生版).doc

通用学术英语翻译集训（四）（四级班用）Translation Practices of English for General Academic Purposes 通用学术英语翻译集训（四） （学生版） 广西大学外国语学院大学英语部 （内部资料，仅供本校使用）英译汉（English-Chinese）1. 经济类How does Shanghai compare to Hong Kong right now? There are various ways for assessing a citys financial clout. One of these, Z/Yen Groups (Z/Yen集团) Global Financial Centres Index (全球金融中心指数报告) 2013, combined data aggregated from sources including the World Bank, OECD and Economist Intelligence Unit (经济学人智库) with results of original surveys to rank Hong Kong the worlds number three financial center, behind London and New York. Shanghai? Far behind at number 24. In addition to the hard data, the index includes opinions obtained from workers in the global finance industry regarding the quality of a citys people, business environment, market access, infrastructure and general competitiveness. In the end, Shanghai may very well overtake Hong Kong as Chinas premier financial hub, but perhaps not until 2047, the year Hong Kong loses its status as a Special Administrative Region and, possibly, the tax regime (制度), legal system and free flow of information that have underpinned its appeal to the rest of the world. (157 words)2. 管理类High salaries arent a competitive advantage, at least at first. You get the best people, and you dont have to pay as much as you should early on because they want the stamp of “Goldman Sachs” (高盛公司). Employees also want to work with other top talent, which helps when it comes to building strong networks. When people are thinking about jobs, it isnt benefit, flex time, or pay, but how it will position you for the next step of your career. Second, and perhaps more importantly, status and reputation start to become the very reason great people leave places like Goldman Sachs by design. Theres an increasing tension. These companies are attractive to join because theyre attractive to leave. They effectively make a persons next career step more valuable, and theres never a shortage of new grads willing to step in to continue the cycle. For investment banking, this system works quite well. (152 words)3. 语言类 In many cultures, people avoid using direct words that pertain to （关于）death or dying because it is the subject that everyone fears and is unpleasant to talk about. This gives rise to a number of euphemisms（委婉语）related to the death subject. In the English-speaking world, for example, people do not die, but pass away, or to use an idiomatic expression, they only kick the bucket. An undertaker who perform a funeral service has acquired a more euphemistic term funeral director. There are people who do not even want to mention physical illness and for these people, they never fall sick but feel indisposed（身体欠安）. As long as there is a need to avoid the use of taboo language（禁忌语）, there is a need for the use of euphemistic substitutes. Euphemisms have constituted an indispensable part of speakers “polite” vocabulary in their social communication. (146 words) 4. 法律类 Jacoby & Myers was a pioneer in fighting in the 1970s for lawyers right to advertise. Today, the firm is trying to win another suit to change the rules of Americas legal industry, which generated revenues of $261 billion in the 12 months to September. If successful, the suit would allow non-lawyer investors to put money in a law firm first in New York and New Jersey, which Jacoby & Myers has picked as a target, and then probably elsewhere. Currently, law firms, whether a “single shingle（卵石）” or one like Jones Day (the biggest American firm by headcount with more than 2,400 lawyers and 800 partners), may have only one corporate form anywhere except the District of Columbia: a partnership owned only by lawyers. (132 words) 5. 电子类One problem contributing to the slow progress in artificial intelligence（人工智能） is that people cannot agree on a definition. More accurately, the definition seems to be changing. What was once revolutionary for a computer is now not so extraordinary. It is pointed out that the first checker（西洋跳棋）and chess games that computers played were considered to be applications of artificial intelligence at the time. Today, there are inexpensive , pocket-sized machines that can play better than those first ponderous devices, but now they are not considered examples of artificial intelligence. Computers can imitate thought processes such as those necessary to carry out some complex tasks very logically. But do they have intelligence? Some experts have remarked that a computer is still no more than a mechanized idiot servant, i.e., a dumb machine that exhibits a remarkable skill in a limited area. (152 words)6. 机械类With the advent of the computer age, manufacturing has developed a full circle, which seems returning to its original starting point. It began as a totally integrated concept and, with CIM（计算机集成制造）, has once again become one. However, there are major differences in the manufacturing integration of today and that of the past manual era. First, integration in the manual era was fulfilled by human mind, while in modern manufacturing it is achieved by computer. Second, the process in modern manufacturing setting is still specialized and automated.Another way to view the historical development of CIM is by examining the ways in which some of the individual components of CIM have developed over the years. Such components as design, planning, and production have evolved as processes, and evovlements also take place in the tools and equipments used to accomplish the processes. (150 words)7. 建筑类A team of architects in Italy have created “transparent cement” that lets light pour into a room so that the walls look like giant windows. The material, called i.light（“我是光”）, has dozens of tiny holes in it which let light through without compromising the structural integrity. Up close, the 2 mm3 mm gaps make a startling pattern and from certain angles or at a distance appear exactly the same as normal concrete. But on a sunny day inside a building made from the cement, the effect is akin to little more than a light mesh （网眼） on the wall filtering the light coming in. The cement has been formed by bonding special resins （树脂）in a new mix （混合配剂）created by Italian architects from Italcementi（意大利水泥集团）. So far they have only used it for one building, the Italian Pavilion at World Expo in Shanghai, but it has already been suggested that it could save electricity that would otherwise be required for daytime lighting. (160 words)8. 生物类The bacteria living inside you are essential to your immune system. For every one of your cells, you have at least ten bacteria and most of them live in your gut. Probiotics （益生菌）are good bacteria, such as Lactobacillus（乳酸菌）and Bifidobacterium（双歧杆菌）that can safely dwell in your digestive tract（消化道）. Youll now find probiotics listed on the labels of dairy products, drinks, cereals, energy bars, and other foods. Ingredients touted （宣扬）as “prebiotics” （“益生元”）, which claim to be nutrients that feed the good bacteria, are also cropping up in commercially marketed foods. Unfortunately, the direct connection between taking these products and improving immune function has not yet been made. Nor has science shown whether taking probiotics will replenish （重新补充）the good bacteria that get knocked out together with “bad” bacteria when you take antibiotics（抗生素）. However, if you choose to take probiotics in moderation, it probably wont hurt, and the scientific evidence may ultimately show some benefit. (151 words)汉译英（Chinese-English）1. 经济类通过定量分析，发现经济全球化时代世界大城市发展具有如下主要特点：大城市规模增长的阶段性特征明显；大城市增长的重点区域转向亚、非和拉美等新兴工业化国家；非正规城市区域的扩大成为发展中国家大城市扩张的主导城市形态；巨型城市的极化效应 (polarization effect) 大于扩散效应 (diffusion effect)，导致典型的二元化城市格局；单级城市化、都市化与网络城市化并存发展。 (159 words)2. 管理类我们发现，雇员工作热情高涨的公司都体现出七大影响因素。1.聘用那些拥有宏才大略、积极参与而又好奇心强的领导者。2.确保满足员工全身心投入所需的最基本的要求。3.永远不要拿经济低迷当借口。4.一如既往地支持他们的管理者和团队。5.用一种直接和果断的方式进行管理。6.不要为了工作投入本身而追求员工的工作投入。7.更加体恤自己的员工。 (158 words)3. 语言类 英语是由人创造的，而非计算机的产物，它反映了人类（human race）的创造性（当然，这里的race压根儿就不是“赛跑”的意思）。这就解释了为什么当星星出来（out）时我们能看见星星，而当灯熄灭（out）时我们却看不见灯；当我给手表上发表（wind up）时是为了让它开始走，而当我完成这篇文章的收尾工作（wind up）时不是开始写文章而是把文章写完了。(154 words) 4. 法律类会议强调，我国正处于社会主义初级阶段，国际形势复杂多变，我们党面对的改革发展稳定任务之重前所未有，国家面临的艰巨挑战前所未有。为了缓解冲突