2015年职称英语直播义【理工类】.doc

第一部分2014年真题回顾理工类真题级别题型篇章2014理工C级真题阅读理解文章C级补全短文第五篇The Magic of Sound2015年教材替换为新文章 A Record-Breaking RoverC级概括大意与完成句子第四篇Compact Disks2014理工C级真题完形填空文章C级阅读理解第三篇Citizen Scientists2014理工B级真题阅读理解文章B级概括大意与完成句子第八篇The Mir Space Station2014理工B级真题完形填空文章B级阅读理解第二十四篇Underground Coal Fires a Looming Catastrophe2014理工A级真题阅读理解文章A级阅读判断第十三篇The Northern Lights2014理工A级真题完形填空文章A级补全短文第十二篇Musical Training Can Improve Communication Skills第二部分 历年技巧与出题规律总结第一章 阅读判断第一篇 When We Are Asleep Everyone dreams，but some people never recall their dreams，or do so very rarely. Other people always wake up with vivid recollections (记忆） of their dreams，though they forget them very quickly. In an average night of eight hours sleep， an average adult will dream for around one hundred minutes， probably having three to five dreams，each lasting from ten to thirty minutes. Scientists can detect when someone is having a dream by using an instrument which measures the electrical waves in the brain. During dreaming, these waves move more quickly. Breathing and pulse rate also increase， and there are rapid eye movements under the lids, just as though the dreamer were really looking at moving objects. These signs of dreaming have been detected in all mammals (哺乳动物） studied, including dogs, monkeys, cats, and elephants, and also some birds and reptiles (爬行动物）. This period of sleep is called the “D” state. Babies experience the “D” state for around 50% of their sleep； the period reduces to around 25% by the age of 10. Dreams take the form of stories，but they may be strange and with incidents not connected，which make little sense. Dreams are seldom without people in them and they are usually about people we know. One estimate says that two-thirds of the “cast” of our dream dramas are friends and relations. Vision seems an essential part of dreams，except for people blind from birth. Sound and touch are senses also often aroused，but smell and taste are not frequently involved. In “normal” dreams，the dreamer may be taking part，or be only an observer. But he or she cannot control what happens in the dream. However, the dreamer does have control over one type of dream. This type of dream is called a “lucid”(清醒的） dream. Not everyone is a lucid dreamer. Some people are occasional lucid dreamers. Others can dream lucidly more or less all the time. In a lucid dream，the dreamer knows that he is dreaming.16. Some people dream but cannot remember their dreams.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned17. In an average night，males dream longer than females.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned18. When we dream，there is less movement of electrical waves in our brains.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned19. Babies dream less than older children.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned20. Most dreams involve the people we played with when we were young.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned21. We rarely smell things in dreams.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned22. In a lucid dream we can use Morse code to communicate with others.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned参考答案16. A 17. C 18. B 19. B 20. C 21. A 22. C第二篇 The Need to RememberSome people say they have no memory at all: “I just cant remember a thing!” But, of course, we all have a memory. Our memory tells us who we are. Our memory helps us to make use in the present of what we have learnt in the past.In fact we have different types of memories. For example, our visual memory helps us recall facts and places. Some people have such a strong visual memory, they can remember exactly what they have seen, for example, pages of a book, as a complete picture.Our verbal (言语的) memory helps us remember words and figures we may have heard but not seen or written: items of a shopping list, a chemical formula, dates, or a recipe.With our emotional (情感的) memory, we recall situations or places where we had strong feelings, perhaps of happiness or unhappiness. We also have special memories for smell, taste, touch and sound, and for performing physical movements.We have two ways of storing any of these memories. Our short-term memory stores items for up to thirty secondsenough to remember a telephone number while we dial. Our long-term memory, on the other hand, may store items for a lifetime. Older people in fact have a much better long-term memory than short-term. They may forget what they have done only a few hours ago, but have the clearest remembrance (记忆) of when they were very young.Psychologists tell us that we only remember a few facts about our past, and that we invent the rest. It is as though we remember only the outline of a story. We then make up the details. We often do this in the way we want to remember them, usually so that we appear as the heroes of our own pastor maybe victims needing sympathy (同情).16. Visual memory helps us recall a place we have been to.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned17. Visual memory may be used when we read a story.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned18. Verbal memory helps us read words we have never heard.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned19. Emotional memory is used when we perform physical movements.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned20. Animals do not have a long-term memory.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned21. Long-term memory is more important than short-term memory.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned22. Generally we remember only a few facts about the past.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned参考答案16. A 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. C 21. C 22. A第三篇 Waterthe Issue of This CenturyThe world is running short of fresh waterPopulations are growing bigger and thirstier (渴的)With the result that fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce (缺乏).Half the worlds wetlands have disappeared during the last century，while estimates suggest that water use will rise by 50 in the next 30 yearsThe World Bank report estimates that as much as half of the worlds population，concentrated in Africa，the Middle East and south Asia，will face “severe water shortages” by 2025Local water conflicts and the loss of freshwater ecosystems appear large in some regionsA similar picture emerges from the globes salt water regionsThree-quarters of the worlds people may live within 100 km of the sea in 2025，putting even more pressure on stretched coastal ecosystemsTwo thirds of fisheries (渔业) are exploited at or beyond their sustainable limits, and half the worlds coral reefs (珊瑚礁) may perish in 100 years. Almost 60 of coral reefs and 34 of fish species are at risk from human activities, the Bank says.The report concludes that there is ample evidence to justify immediate and coordinated action to safeguard supplies and use water more efficiently Fresh water consumption is rising quickly，and the availability of water in some regions is likely to become one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century.A third of the worlds populationaround two billion peoplelive in countries that are experiencing moderate to high water shortagesThat proportion could(at current population forecasts) rise to half or more in the next 30 years unless institutions (制度) change to ensure better conservation and allocation of water China is one country where the portents (征兆) are gloomyThe most water-stressed country in East Asia，China is exploiting 44 of its usable water，a figure projected to rise to 60 by 2020Primary withdrawal of water of more than 60 is widely considered by water experts to exceed the environmental carrying capacity of a river basin system. Although Chinas total use appears still to be reasonable，it has several basins that are severely stressed environmentally Withdrawals exceed environmental limits in Afghanistan and Pakistan，and will exceed them in India by 2020In the Middle East and North Africa，only Morocco has unexploited water resourcesThe rest have exceeded environmental limits and many are mining aquifers (蓄水层)bodies of water-bearing rockthe report says.16. It is estimated that water use will rise by 50 in the next 30 years.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned17. Most developed countries will face water shortages in 20 years.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned18. Most of the worlds population may live within 100 km of the sea in 2025.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned19. Almost all coral reefs may disappear in 100 yearsA. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned20. Some species of fish in the Atlantic are at dangerously low levels.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned21. The World Bank report implies that urgent action should be taken to protect water supplies.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned22. India exceeds environmental limits for water use.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned参考答案16. A 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. C 21. A 22. B第四篇 Radiocarbon DatingNowadays scientists can answer many questions about the past through a technique called radiocarbon (放射性碳)，or carbon-14，datingOne key to understanding how and why something happened is to discover when it happenedRadiocarbon dating was developed in the late 1940s by physicist Willard F. Libby at the University of ChicagoAn atom of ordinary carbon，called carbon-12，has six protons (质子) and six neutrons (中子) in its nucleusCarbon-14，or C-14，is a radioactive，unstable form of carbon that has two extra neutrons (原子核)It returns to a more stable form of carbon through a process called decay (衰减)This process involves the loss of the extra neutrons and energy from the nucleusIn Libbys radiocarbon dating technique，the weak radioactive emissions (放射) from this decay process are counted by instruments such as a radiation detector and counterThe decay rate is used to determine the proportion of C-14 atoms in the sample being datedCarbon-14 is produced in the Earths atmosphere when nitrogen (氮)-14，or N-14，interacts with cosmic rays (宇宙射线)Scientists believe since the Earth was formed，the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere has remained constantConsequently, C-14,formation is thought to occur at a constant rateNow ratio of C-14 to other carbon atoms in the atmosphere is knownMost scientists agree that this ratio is useful for dating items back to at least 50，000 yearsAll life on Earth is made of organic molecules (分子) that contain carbon atoms coming from the atmosphereSo all living things have about the same ratio of C-14 atoms to other carbon atoms in their tissues (组织)Once an organism (有机体) dies it stops taking in carbon in any form，and the C-14 already present begins to decayOver time the amount of C-14 in the material decreasesAnd the ratio of C-14 to other carbon atoms goes downIn terms of radiocarbon dating,the fewer C-14 atoms in a sample，the older that sample is.16. Nowadays many scientists depend on radiocarbon for dating age-old objects.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned17. The radiocarbon dating technique is only about 40 years oldA. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned18. An atom of ordinary carbon has six protons and eight neutrons.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned19. Radar is used to determine the characteristics of radiocarbonA. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned20. Radiocarbon is reliable in dating an object back to at least 50，000 yearsA. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned21. The C-14 in an organism begins to decay when it diesA. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned22. The half-life of C-14 is about 25,000 years.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned参考答案16. A 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. A 21. A 22. C第五篇 California Gives Green Light to Space PowerEnergy beamed down from space is one step closer to reality, now that California has given the green light to an agreement that would see the Pacific Gas and Electric Company buy 200 megawatts (兆瓦) of power beamed down from solar-power satellites beginning in 2016.But some major challenges will have to be overcome if the technology is to be used widely.A start-up company called Solaren is designing the satellites, which it says will use radio waves to beam energy down to a receiving station on Earth.The attraction of collecting solar power in space is the almost interrupted sunshine available in geosychronous (与地球同步的) orbit. Earth-based solar cells, by contrast， can only collect sunlight during daytime and when skies are clear.But space-based solar power must grapple (努力克服) with the high cost per kilogram of launching things into space, says Richard Schwartz of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, “ If youre talking about it being economically viable for power of the Earth, its a tough go.” he says.Cal Boerman, Solarens director of energy services, says the company designed its satellites with a view to keeping launch cost down.“We knew we had to come up with a different, revolutionary design.” he says. A patent the company has won describes ways to reduce the systems weight, including using inflatable mirrors to focus sunlight on solar cells, so a smaller number can collect the same amount of energy.But using mirrors introduces other challenges, including keeping the solar cells from overheating, says Scnwartz. “You have to take care of heat dissipation (散发) because youre now concentrating a lot of energy in one place.” he says. According to the companys patent, Solarens solar cells will be connected to radiators to help keep them cool.Though Boerman says the company believes it can make space-based solar power work, it is not expecting to crowd out other forms of renewable energy. Laws in California and other states require increasing use of renewable energy in coming years, he points out. “To meet those needs， were going to need all types of renewable energy sources.” he says.16. Solar-power satellites will use radio waves to beam energy down from space.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned17. Solaren is going to design 200 solar-power satellites.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned18. Space-based solar cells could collect solar power only when skies are clear.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned19. One advantage of the space-based solar power system is that it is economical.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned20. Inflatable mirrors are used to reduce the weight of the space-based solar power system.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned21. Space-based solar power will rule out other forms of renewable energy sources.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned22. Many countries will grant permission for the use of space-based solar power soon. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned参考答案16. A 17. C 18. B 19. B 20. A 21. B 22. C第六篇 A Great Quake Coming?Everyone who lives in San Francisco knows that earthquakes are common in the bay areaand they can be devastating. In 1906,for example，a major quake destroyed about 28,000 buildings and killed hundreds, perhaps thousands of people. Residents now wonder when the next “Big One” will strike. Its bound to happen someday. At last seven active fault (断层) lines run through the San Francisco area. Faults are places where pieces of Earths crust (地壳) slide past each other. When these pieces slip, the ground shakes.To prepare for that day, scientists are using new techniques to reanalyze the 1906 earthquake and predict how bad the damage might be when the next one happens.One new finding about the 1906 quake is that the San Andreas Fault split apart faster than scientists had assumed at the time. During small earthquakes,faults rupture (断裂) at about 2.7 kilometers per second during bigger quakes，however, ruptures can happen at rates faster than 3.5 kilometers per second.At such high speeds, massive amounts of pressure build up, generating underground waves that can cause more damage than the quake itself. Lucky for San Francisco，these pressure pulses (脉冲) traveled away from the city during the 1906 event. As bad as the damage was.It could have been far worse.Looking ahead, scientists are trying to predict when the next major quake will occur. Records show that earthquakes were common before 1906. Since then, the area has been relatively quiet. Patterns in the data,however, suggest that the probability of a major earthquake striking the Bay Area before 2032 is at least 62 percent.New buildings in San Francisco are quite safe in case of future quakes.Still, more than 84 percent of the citys buildings are old and weak. Analyses suggest that another massive earthquake would cause extensive damage.People who live there today tend to feel safe because San Francisco has remained pretty quiet for a while. According to the new research，however, its not a matter of “if” the Big One will hit. Its just a matter of when.16. The San Francisco area is located above several active fault lines. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned17. The 1906 earthquake in San Francisco is the most severe one in American history. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned18. The highest speed of fault ruptures