美国大学用语一览表.doc

7 m( o$ _;PA. C3 u$ f1 R8 z1 Q8 , wAcademic Adviser: A member of a college faculty who helps and advises students solely on academic matters.: l1 x4 ( u& V9 X( 0 x$ f+ N, t: l6 i* k: F sAcademic Year:The period of formal instruction, usually September to May; may bedivided into terms of varying lengths: semesters, trimesters, orquarters./ ?+ k9 p: l4 E5 |% N3 G8 ( Y4 7 Kf+ _( hAccreditation: Approval of colleges and universities by nationally recognized professional associations or regional accrediting bodies.+ A! R S9 n. 7 i3 K. L# J- mw- S) A4 W3 4 H0 wAdd/Drop: A process at the beginning of the term whereby students can delete or add classes with an instructors permission.7 Q( D3 v$ q& a) v% i+ ?) D7 H; N) y. M! 9 HAdvance Registration: A process of choosing classes in advance of other students.* 3 x! F2 F F6 U6 e! _/ K4 j7 s8 C1 g5 M zj+ , ! R# z0 n( Affidavit of Support: An official document proving a promise of funding from an individual or organization./ F t! z8 Z3 n$ Y; T8 J2 z$ O6 q9 u, ?- b% V, Assistantship:A study grant of financial assistance to a graduate student that isoffered in return for certain services in teaching or laboratorysupervision as a teaching assistant, or for services in research as aresearch assistant.0 q) |7 j% H: l2 y# y4 D% $ C; 7 4 Attestation: Official affirmation that a degree or transcript is genuine. Usually signed by a recognized expert or witness.7 6 J# f% X& s- |$ 4 $ J- o4 Z, + Nb7 N$ eyAudit: To take a class without receiving credit toward a degree.5 x e* V+ G7 2 x# Z. T* l# U6 A# d V 2 M4 wAuthentication:Process of determining whether something is, in fact, what it isdeclared to be. Incoming students are often required to provide adocument of authentication for academic transcripts or previous degreeswhen applying to a program of study in the United States.B7 K! o, _# U4 V p! q5 V- g* y# h) z, K1 e . 8 qBaccalaureate Degree: The degree of bachelor conferred upon graduates of most U.S. colleges and universities.4 J5 D* H; & 3 e( 4 : r+ F# X5 l+ X* Z9 r$ h2 $ I3 wBachelors Degree:Degree awarded upon completion of approximately four years of full-timestudy in the liberal arts and sciences or professional subjects. It isa prerequisite to study in a graduate program.$ v y; f% M nQ/ a( E; u6 w8 v$ ?Bulletin:A publication created each year by a university or college thatcontains the details of academic majors offered and the requirementsfor completing them. Usually includes a listing and description ofevery class the institution offers.C7 z$ K4 , m! j& A, aI4 6 K! W7 V& q6 l7 R7 M* Campus: The land on which the buildings of a college or university are located.7 s8 S- s/ I5 Q6 6 W5 & Q# t- z: N( G& V+ t7 I5 PLClass Rank:A number or ratio indicating a students academic standing in his orher graduating class. A student who ranks first in a class of 100students would report his or her class rank as 1/100, while a studentranking last would report 100/100. Class rank may also be expressed inpercentiles (for example, the top 25 percent, the lower 50 percent).6 D ?0 m1 7 l* Q/ g R& ! f8 T# F, dCoed: A college or university that admits both men and women; also refers to a dormitory that houses both men and women.( d) N5 W0 m3 o2 K1 7 Z1 # : o, e/ tCollege:A postsecondary institution that provides undergraduate education and,in some cases, masters level degrees. College, in a separate sense, isa division of a university; for example, College of Business.2 N5 U- E3 v; u- M/ F( v% y X5 BCollege Catalog:An official publication giving information about a universitysacademic programs, facilities, entrance requirements, and student life.3 tC2 |# M( m% _. S: w! b u8 eConditional Admission:An acceptance to a college or university that is dependent upon theindividual completing coursework or meeting specified criteria prior toenrollment.# D. V N% ?( 8 - d* i, l: p- |# r/ M5 p! iCore Requirements: Mandatory courses required for completion of a degree.) w, r& O$ h; j K/ L, I, 3 d; 8 f! l9 _Course:Regularly scheduled class sessions of one to five hours (or more) perweek during a term. A degree program is made up of a specified numberof required and elective courses and varies from institution toinstitution.! ( ?; y& v- y0 d8 N6 IL6 C( z1 y8 Z5 l* ECourse Load: The number of courses or credits taken in a specific term., Z5 L! S. e8 h# X2 Y I% b$ w# _7 j) s5 o2 kwCredits:Units institutions use to record the completion of courses (withpassing grades) that are required for an academic degree. The catalogof a college or university defines the number and kinds of credits thatare required for the universitys degrees and states the value of eachcourse offered in terms of credit hours or units. K6 I: |! Uo* X |5 j$ Q/ 9 f, g: V: o a% q, ( |# j+ o8 l* 1 c Culture Shock: The mental shock of adjusting to a new country and a new culture, which may be dramatically different from ones own.D$ ( H* $ d- # P, n- X- - 2 I% h6 Q& oDean: Director or highest authority within a certain professional school or college of a university.! v* Z4 b( Q, 2 ; A# Q6 a/ V8 _( V3 O3 l- e0 j. mDegree: Diploma or title conferred by a college, university, or professional school upon completion of a prescribed program of studies.7 _. K6 |2 I- ) 8 N# h1 u7 E; Z# Y; x0 c9 |& v7 Y: d4 |7 uDepartment:Administrative subdivision of a school, college, or university throughwhich instruction in a certain field of study is given (such as Englishdepartment or history department).- Z$ r6 i0 L5 q q4 % C. h5 k; o L, W MDissertation:Thesis written on an original topic of research, usually presented asone of the final requirements for a doctoral degree(Ph.D.).( F& w& d# F; M0 T- p, E4 H! H# r k U; o; | G6 LDoctorate (Ph.D.):The highest academic degree conferred by a university to students whohave completed at least three years of graduate study beyond thebachelors and/or masters degree and who have demonstrated theiracademic ability in oral and written examinations and through originalresearch presented in the form of a dissertation.5 I& 9 p( ; Z* Z0 ; l, P5 C8 W/ E4 a: f; m# j- C0 eDormitories:Housing facilities on the campus of a college or university reservedfor students. A typical dormitory would include student rooms,bathrooms, common rooms, and possibly a cafeteria.9 pm h5 U: p0 I) U8 v. : Q! M3 R7 e/ hDrop: See Withdrawal.E& $ a( Q9 S1 c/ e# l7 v, z% Y3 M5 H 3 a6 i( i$ F2 W# L Ac! A% BElectives: Courses thatstudents may choose to take for credit toward their intended degree, asdistinguished from courses that they are required to take./ S6 K1 yV& z0 w% n0 k$ I; J4 L V2 & iEnglish as a Second Language (ESL): A course used to teach English to students whose first language is not English.; s6 N7 O! h: 7 L% u* c; x7 M2 kExtracurricular Activities: Nonacademic activities undertaken outside university courses.F s7 * z8 x, e2 u. E; G3 H- w) ZX( |1 F8 . H0 k+ iFaculty: The members ofthe teaching staff, and occasionally the administrative staff, of aneducational institution. The faculty is responsible for designing theplans of study offered by the institution.6 b! C1 w9 T9 4 |6 C7 G j) X C * _k8 e1 GFees: An amount charged by universities, in addition to tuition, to cover costs of institutional services.& C g# ( 2 f( P6 c7 Z; O; h ) * O) q% VFellowship:A form of financial assistance, usually awarded to a graduate student.Generally, no service is required of the student in return.! o. h2 O5 _. 3 ; Y- R; _( L# * J4 s0 U* IFinancial Aid:A general term that includes all types of money, loans, and work-studyprograms offered to a student to help pay tuition, fees, and livingexpenses./ j. K7 g8 E G f# W; C; m6 v; ?8 B# Z; f7 % k1 TFreshman: A first-year student at a secondary school, college, or university.5 D% 9 G* p: qf$ E9 7 o 9 I9 A- y) F* FFull-time Student:A student who is enrolled at a university and is taking at least theminimum number of credits (often 12) to meet the universitysrequirement for a full course load.G1 W- ; _9 f; D- 5 z) g/ G3 y L4 g! K0 aGrade Point Average (GPA): A system of recording achievement based on a numerical average of the grades attained in each course.; T# X/ d X& K8 T. C f, S- 5 j r* h5 a% EGraduate:A student who has completed a course of study, either at the secondaryor university level. A graduate program at a university is a studycourse for students who already hold a bachelors & o. H& B6 z3 f- J Z9 M; R! m4 s4 Y) A: I( s L0 Mdegree.q% m! E2 7 e0 b) P% Z3 Q* U* T% m9 H9 JGrant: A form of financial aid.I+ i1 vb: W5 si. ? q7 z, b& P- R+ G7 n0 F H3 G, qIncomplete: A designation given in list of a grade for a course that has not been completed (with permission). The student will be given a specified period for completion of the coursework, after which an F (a failing grade) will result.3 + ?5 i Z1 A) e- O9 K$ A0 O: b8 ka7 zf/ w8 X) rIndependent Study: Official coursework undertaken outside a classroom setting. It will usually be monitored by an instructor.& a: e2 W! l2 K) ex6 Q8 d+ b9 G2 w. l ) oInternal Revenue Service (IRS): The U.S. government body that oversees the collection of income taxes. w& 1 b. |3 E( |8 M9 m- L8 r c# O6 H8 a* Q, xInternational student adviser (ISA):The person at a university who is in charge of providing informationand guidance to international students in such areas as governmentregulations, visas, academic regulations, social customs, language,financial or housing problems, travel plans, insurance, and legalmatters.4 x- ; a1 F1 Z# f( i+ s I / d/ N0 P4 q( w3 |7 g3 yInternship: Placement of a student in a work environment in order to acquire professional experience.J2 N) b$ r7 S$ p+ f* q) h% f! d/ G! uJunior: A third-year student at a secondary school, college, or university.L: B3 g! b9 vR( Z7 l4 _8 k* m1 Q4 F K% N1 c: i& MLanguage Requirement: Arequirement of some graduate programs that students must show basicreading and writing proficiency in one other language besides their ownto receive their degree.4 J6 t7 r- L! s. m5 M2 x: v# b6 r! k x4 H2 j! Y5 Z5 WLease: A legal document to show an agreement between the owner (landlord) and the renter of an apartment or other property. c( Z7 M! p) _- Y8 c# A9 a% J; z/ C5 q( tLecture:Common method of instruction in college and university courses; aprofessor lectures in classes of 20 to several hundred students.Lectures may be supplemented with regular small group 6 T6 c. Y 7 H D5 |& w$ d+ ) 5 Tdiscussions ledby teaching assistants.* H3 o6 U i% q3 s8 F. W% d6 b: z6 D. Z) I5 0 T- VLiberal Arts:A term referring to academic studies of subjects in the humanities, thesocial sciences, and the sciences. Also called liberal arts andsciences or arts and sciences.0 % M, Y, 6 b0 K4 w2 A% N8 A7 & l4 6 Y* T# x7 U- eLoan: A sum of money lent to an individual (or organization) with an agreement to repay the money, possibly with interest.! B7 S: k. Q# v; O+ s7 pr1 b* N- U A- l9 Q& CMaintenance: Refers to theexpenses of attending a university, including room (living quarters)and board (meals), books, clothing, laundry, local transportation, andincidentals., K: j. D0 d5 Q1 L- R( lu( d! I3 |, g5 p8 S8 D: jMajor: The subject in which a student wishes to concentrate. H4 x6 & f5 9 O D) C. LV& 8 / R* F e7 ; J1 U! iMajor Professor/Thesis Adviser:For research degrees, the professor who works closely with a student inplanning and choosing a research plan, in conducting the research, andin presenting the results. The major professor serves as the head of acommittee of faculty members who review progress and results.$ l$ S, n* c- y, v0 A8 h5 t3 z( e! ?7 m: F$ r# M# p- & m3 NMasters Degree:Degree awarded upon completion of academic requirements that usuallyinclude a minimum of one years study beyond the bachelors degree.; N4 _, t$ H) L! B! A I( O) a1 R* q2 Q+ _Midterm exam: An exam administered after half the academic term has passed that covers all class material studied until that point.7 M/ x+ _N! |7 n& n7 i K* o( T8 t* e* f1 T* Minor: A subject in which the student takes the second greatest concentration of courses.N* p* A7 b$ | D7 l8 D% Z; o7 f% Y) K9 m. v* T* U9 H/ I0 h, FNon-resident: A studentwho does not meet the residence requirements of the state. Tuition feesand admission policies may differ for residents and nonresidents.International students are usually classified as nonresidents, andthere is little possibility of changing to resident status at a laterdate for tuition purposes. J D4 Y6 9 |! D! i% z0 X) A; L. b9 ONotarization:The certification of a document (or a statement or signature) asauthentic and true by a public official (known in the United States asa notary public) or a lawyer who is also a commissioner of oaths.P: H& F I2 e# Q# 2 ?* q* A! NZ) K6 k c9 J$ h( OPart-time Student: Astudent who is enrolled at a university but is not taking the minimumnumber of credits (often 12) to meet the universitys requirement for afull course load.9 r$ K E4 h$ u1 K! f Wc; R0 i+ n( I ) Y- x7 C- q+ + a Placement Test:An examination used to test a students academic ability in a certainfield so that he or she may be placed in the appropriate courses inthat field. In some cases, a student may be given academic credit basedon the results of a placement test., c7 d% m1 o* S2 & U8 S9 V, . I- U2 B- q# z% K. k/ . DPlagiarism: The use of another persons words or ideas as your own.4 k# h$ H! Q3 N; . k5 h+ l3 e Y H- # BPostdoctorate: Studies designed for those who have completed a doctoral degree (Ph.D.).; G, g. k3 q8 H1 U0 s2 W, & B& Q, P9 m- oPrerequisite: Program or course that a student is required to complete before being permitted to enroll in a more advanced program or course.Registration: Process through which students select courses to be taken during a quarter, semester, or trimester.% l0 G8 G + f, Q a5 y1 / x! C; B1 r8 N0 x0 W2 Resident assistant (RA):A person who assists the residence hall director in campus dormitoriesand is usually the first point of contact for students with problems orqueries regarding dorm life. RAs are usually students at the collegewho receive free accommodation and other benefits in return for theirservices.( e% G$ x! z6 A$ x2 1 ?3 m! b) t+ r$ x! ?& rReverse Culture Shock: The culture shock an individual experiences upon returning to their home country after living abroad.S( L1 7 m Y, |! O# c, K6 K2 ?, 7 e. r4 S; MScholarship: A study grantof financial aid, usually given at the undergraduate level, that maytake the form of a waiver of tuition and/or fees.6 f3 r3 N, u/ q$ N$ y, 4 U$ L6 D) K0 B; v6 / m8 VSemester: Period of study lasting approximately 15 to 16 weeks or one-half the academic year.7 x, L/ q4 V. l/ L8 n! P3 B( M$ y! O. t. OSenior: A fourth-year student at a secondary school, college, or university./ y4 k# y8 1 L: U4 _a% p3 E$ l/ ! / 6 WSocial Security Number:A number issued to people by the U.S. government for payroll deductionsfor old age, survivors, and disability insurance. Anyone who worksregularly must obtain a Social Security Number. Many institutions usethis number as the student iden