TONGJI master of engeering课文翻译1-6.doc

Usain Bolt: How Far and Fast We Go?Unit1Unit Two: History and Personality Text A Voice of CourageBy Jonathan Alter勇气之声美国乔纳森奥尔特A few days after Franklin Delano Roosevelt was sworn into office, he sat in the White House working on a radio speech about the countrys banking crisis, scheduled for delivery on Sunday, March 12, 1933. It was the depths of the Depression, with a quarter of Americans out of work, homeless and destitute. Glancing out the window, FDR saw a workman taking down the inaugural scaffolding on the White House grounds.在富兰克林德拉诺罗斯福宣誓就职的几天后，他坐在白宫里起草一份关于美国银行业危机的广播演说，它将于1933年3月12日这个星期天播出。此时此刻，美国正处于经济大萧条的水深火热之中，四分之一的美国人不是失业，就是无家可归，穷困潦倒。罗斯福向窗外望去，只见一个工人正在拆掉白宫临时搭建的总统就职演说的平台。 I decided Id try to make a speech that this workman could understand, he told Louis Howe, his chief aide. “我一定要让这样的普通工人也能听得懂我的演讲。”他对首席助理路易斯霍夫说。The American economic system was in a state of shock. On Saturday, March 4, a few hours before FDRs swearing-in, the governors of New York, Illinois and Pennsylvania signed orders closing banks in those states. The New York Stock Exchange had suspended trading, and the Chicago Board of Trade bolted its doors for the first time since its founding in 1848. The terrifying runs that began the year before on more than 5,000 failing banks had stripped rural areas of capital and now threatened to overwhelm American cities.美国的经济体系正处于危难之中。3月4日星期六，就在罗斯福宣誓就职前几个小时，纽约州、伊利诺斯州和宾夕法尼亚州的州长们刚刚签署了指令，关闭这些州的银行。纽约证券交易所已经暂停了交易。而自从1848年成立以来，芝加哥期货交易所也头一次关上了大门。始于前一年的“挤兑”现象令人惊慌，5000多家银行倒闭，农村资金极度匮乏，而现在美国的城市也面临着全面的危机。This was the bottom. If you had your money in a bank that went bust, you were wiped out. With no idea whether banks would reopen, millions of people hid their few remaining assets under their mattresses, where no one could steal them without a fight. 这就是底线了。如果你存钱的银行倒闭了，那么你也就完蛋了。数以百万计的美国人无法确定银行是否能够重新开门，于是把自己仅剩的那点财产都藏在褥垫下面。除非经过一场激战，藏在这里的钱谁也偷不走。Roosevelts inaugural address at the Capitol had begun to restore hope, with his standout line, The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. Yet the greatest applause came when he said that if his reform program was not adopted, I shall ask Congress for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis: broad executive power to wage a war against the emergency. 罗斯福在国会的就职演讲给人们重新带来了希望，他那句最著名的话给人们留下了深刻的印象：“唯一值得恐惧的就是恐惧本身。”当提到若改革措施不被接受时，他的决心得到了人们的大声喝彩：“我将向国会要求对付危机的最后手段向紧急状况开战的广泛行政权力。”Then FDR used a new medium in a new way to change millions. 罗斯福以新的方式利用了一种新媒体，改变了百万人的生活。The first Presidential radio broadcast was introduced by Robert Trout of CBS, who read from a folksy script approved by FDR: The President wants to come into your home and sit at your fireside for a little fireside chat. FDR brought natural talent to the role. His speaking voice was a beautiful, relaxed tenor, not the contrived basso profundo of pompous politicians. 第一次总统广播演讲是由CBS的罗伯特特劳特向公众介绍的，这份亲切的介绍词受到了罗斯福的肯定：“总统希望来到你的家里，坐在壁炉旁，与大家做个炉边小谈。”对于完成这个任务，罗斯福有着天分。他的音质优美，语调放松，与那些华而不实的政客的虚情假意完全不同。Roosevelt owed much to technological good fortune. In 1921, the number of radios in the United States was in the thousands. By 1928, there were 9 million, and by 1932, 18 million, with about half the households owning at least one radio. Herbert Hoover had appeared on one of the first telecasts produced by an infant technology called television, but neither he nor anyone else knew how to use the broadcasting medium effectively. 罗斯福的炉边谈话大大受益于技术的发展。1921年，全美收音机的数量只有几千台。而到了1928年，这个数字就达到了900万台。到1932年的时候，全美已经有1800万台收音机了，大约有一半的家庭每家至少有一台收音机。赫伯特胡佛利用过一种叫做电视的新生技术，他曾经首次出现在“电视广播”上。但无论是胡佛还是其他人，都不知道如何有效地利用广播媒体。Roosevelt, though, was different. 然而，罗斯福则与众不同。All afternoon, workers busily removed the gold pieces and Presidential china patterns in the Diplomatic Reception Room on the White House ground floor. In came bulky electrical equipment and telephone cables, connected to a desk and built-in microphone. Meanwhile, Roosevelt pictured people gathered in the parlor, listening with their neighbors, wrote Frances Perkins, who witnessed many broadcasts. As he talked, his head would nod and his hands would move in natural, relaxed gestures. His face would light up as though he were actually sitting with people. 整个下午，工人们都在忙着搬走白宫外交接待大厅里的各种金饰品和总统瓷器，而搬进来的则是笨重的电气设备和电话电缆，这些设备都与一台桌子和内置的麦克风相连接。与此同时，罗斯福想象人们“聚在客厅里，与他们的邻居共同倾听”。曾经亲历了无数广播现场的弗朗西斯珀金斯如是写道，“当罗斯福说话的时候，他点着头，并且做出各种自然而放松的手势。他的面孔熠熠生辉，就好像真的与人们坐在一起谈话一样。”The ritual went this way: Upstairs, FDR would put the finishing touches on every word and phrase. He was obsessed with punctuation. Grace Tully, his secretary, sometimes inserted extra commas when she typed, leading her boss to gently upbraid her for wasting the taxpayers commas. His real concern was timing. He read aloud at about 100 words a minute, but he adjusted his pace for effect. At 6 p.m., Roosevelt had his throat sprayed for a sinus problem. Then he enjoyed cocktails and dinner.整个过程是这样进行的：在楼上，罗斯福对每个单词和短语进行最后的润色。他对标点符号非常在意，而秘书格雷斯塔利打字时有时会多打一些逗号，她的老板会因此语气和善地批评她 “浪费纳税人的逗号”。罗斯福最关心的是时间把握问题。他大声朗读的速度大约是每分钟100个单词，但是他会调整自己的速度以求得到最好的效果。下午6点钟，因为鼻窦的问题罗斯福让人帮他冲洗了喉咙，然后就开始享用鸡尾酒和晚餐了。Moments before the first Fireside Chat was to air, there was a crisis. No one could find his leather-bound reading copy. Panic ensued for everyone except FDR, who calmly picked up a smudged, mimeographed copy. After sipping from a glass of water, he read the words perfectly on the air. 就在第一次炉边谈话播出前一刻，还发生了一场危机：那份用皮革包边的朗读稿找不到了。大家都惊慌失措，而罗斯福则没有。他冷静地拿起一份脏兮兮的油印稿，啜饮了一点水之后，开始完美地朗读起来，并同时向全国播出。The beauty of that first prime-time radio speech was its clarity. FDR walked people through the basics of banking without being patronizing. He outlined the process for deciding which banks to open. He made everyone understand it, even the bankers, Will Rogers quipped later. 这次黄金时段的广播演讲其美妙之处在于它的清晰。罗斯福帮助人们了解了银行业的基本原理，而没有任何施恩于人的姿态。对于哪些银行要开业，他大体介绍了其决策过程。“他让每个人都清楚明白甚至包括银行家在内。”威尔罗杰斯后来打趣地说道。In the middle of the speech, Roosevelt said simply, I can assure you that it is safer to keep your money in a reopened bank than under the mattress. By raising an issue that made so many feel shameful, he lifted the shameoffering listeners a way to strike a patriotic blow by simply depositing money into a solvent bank. Those who planned instead to withdraw money were gently thrown in with an unsavory lot. Hoarding, the President said, has become an exceedingly unfashionable pastime. 在演讲中，罗斯福简单地说道：“我敢向大家保证，把钱存在重新开业的银行里，比放在褥子底下要安全。”他提及了这件让很多人羞愧的事情，旨在帮助人们摆脱羞愧他告诉人们只要把钱存入有偿付能力的银行，就是一种爱国之举。而打算把钱从银行取走则被温和地指为不明智的行为。总统说，囤积，“已经成为一种极度不流行的消遣行为了。”Then he returned to themes so popular in his inaugural. Confidence and courage are the essentials in carrying out our plan. Let us unite in banishing fear. We have provided the machinery to restore our financial system. Together we cannot fail. 然后他又回到在其就职演说中深受欢迎的主题。“在执行计划的过程中，信心和勇气必不可少。让我们联合起来，赶走恐惧。我们已经有了恢复金融体系的机制。只要团结起来，就不会失败的。”Jim Farley, a top political advisor, wrote that if judged by its impact, this speech may have been the greatest single utterance by an American President. No other talk ever called forth such a wave of spontaneous enthusiasm and cooperation. With 60 million people listening, the effect was immediate. The next day, Monday, March 13, newspapers reported long lines of Americans anxious to redeposit their money. The New York Stock Exchange, closed for over a week, opened 15 percent higher, the largest one-day surge in more than half a century. Within a week, most of the recently closed banks reopened. 高级政治顾问吉姆法利认为，如果以影响力作为评价标准，那么这次演讲可被认为是美国总统所做的最伟大的一次演讲了。“没有哪一次谈话能够像它一样激起人们如此强烈的自发热情和合作。”6000万人同时倾听，产生的即时效果是可想而知的。第二天3月13日是个周一，报纸报道说美国人排起了长队，急切地要把钱重新存回银行。而关闭了一周多的纽约证券交易所也重新开市了，当天高开了15%，创造了半个多世纪以来的单日最大涨幅。炉边谈话后的一个星期之内，大多数最近关闭的银行都重新开业了。Gerald Ford, about 20 at the time, remembered FDRs Fireside Chats as big eventswe would all stop and listen. Ronald Reagans biographer, Lou Cannon, has written that Reagans metaphors were the offspring of FDRs. And Bill Clinton recalled hearing his grandfather talk about how he sat in rapt attention, then went to work the next day feeling a little different about the country. 当时杰拉德福特只有20岁左右，他回忆说罗斯福总统的炉边谈话是“重要的事情我们都会停下手头的事情倾听”。罗纳德里根的传记作家卢坎农写道，里根的“比喻说话方式得到了罗斯福总统的遗传”。比尔克林顿也回忆说，他的祖父谈到自己当时听罗斯福的演讲时，会全神贯注，“第二天上班的时候，感觉到这个国家已经发生了变化。After the first Fireside Chat, FDR relaxed in his office. At 11:30 p.m. he said, I think its time for beer. Preparations for a bill to speed the end of Prohibition began that night. 第一次炉边谈话之后，罗斯福在办公室里稍稍放松了一下。晚上11点半的时候，他说：“该喝点啤酒了。”就在那一天晚上，他开始了加速取消禁酒令的准备工作。Unit ThreeBorn to SellBy Maria Bartiromo销售天才袜子致富Kathy Irelands metamorphosis from supermodel to supermogul started with a pair of socks. It was1993, and the beauty best known for showing off string bikinis in the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issues had just been asked to flaunt foot warmers. Pregnant with her first child, Ireland contemplated her future and concluded that if it was going to involve socks, she would rather sell them than show them off.Kathy Ireland由一名超级名模到商业巨子的转变始于一双袜子.那时在1993年，这个以在体育画报泳装版（Sports Illustrated）展示比基尼出名的性感宝贝被要求展示浴足器。怀着第一个孩子的Ireland仔细考虑了自己的未来，并决定如果要展示的还有袜子，那她会去卖袜子而不是穿袜子给别人看。“Modeling was a wonderful experience, but I wanted to build something that wasnt fleeting,” says Ireland, now 43. “I knew my days there were numbered, and I wanted to move on to something else. Socks would be a great place to start.”Ireland现在43岁，她说：“做模特是一段精彩的经历，但是我想创造一些不会转瞬即逝的东西 。我当时知道生命有限，我想做些别的事情。买袜子是个很棒的开始。”They were. Kathy Ireland Worldwide, now a $1.4 billion lifestyle design company, recently sold its 100 millionth pair of socks.那确实是个很棒的开始。 Kathy Ireland Worldwide现在已成为一家资产14亿的生活方式设计公司，刚卖出了它的第一亿双袜子。But achieving this level of success took determination and hard work, and Ireland has never been afraid to face a challenge. When she was 1, she applied for a paper route in her hometown of Santa Barbara, California. “My dad showed me the newspaper ad, which said, Are you the boy for the job? I wrote to the editor, I am not the boy for the job, but I am the girl for the job.”但是这样的成功意味着决心和苦干，而Ireland 从来就不是一个畏惧挑战的人。11岁时，在家乡加州Santa Barbara，她申请当邮递员：我爸爸给我看了报纸上的广告，广告上写到你是能做这工作的男孩么？我给报纸编辑写了封信说我不是能做这工作的男孩，但我是能做这工作的女孩。”She started delivering papers on New Years Day, when they were bulging with post-holiday ad circulars and sales supplements. “I was a scrawny kid. As I approached this one customer, he started yelling, This is a boys job! What are you doing here?”新年第一天，她开始分发报纸，报纸上充斥着节后广告和销售信息。Ireland说：我不是一个很讨人喜欢的小孩。记得当我向一个顾客介绍报纸上的东西时，他对我喊道:这活是男孩干的，你一个女孩来干什么？Although discouraged, Ireland soon bounced back. “I needed to prove him wrong.” And she did: “For three years in a row, I was nominated carrier of the year.” That drive stood her in good stead through her turn as supermodel and, later, as she was launching her business.虽然很受打击，但Ireland很快就缓过来。我要证明他是错的。她做到了，她说：在一条街上干了三年后，我被提名为年终最佳邮递员。从她成为超级名模到建立公司，这段经历一直鼓舞着她。Ireland and the team that managed her modeling career had long held the idea of leveraging her looks into something more lasting. “I felt that if women embraced our socks, we would be onto something, and it would be a good foundation for our brand,” Ireland says. “At first, people said, You cant build a brand based on socks. But just because it has never been done doesnt mean that it cant be done.” 做模特时，Ireland和她的团队长期致力于使她的形象能持久些。Ireland说：我觉得如果女士们穿上我们的袜子，我们就找到保持持久的办法了。起初，别人都说不可能通过袜子建立品牌，但没有做过并不意味着做不成功。To turn the idea into reality took money and that was something Ireland was short of. She had tried earlier business ventures, but they had failed, making her a credit risk. Furthermore, she had to convince bankers that she was more than just a pretty face.真正的建立袜子品牌需要资金，而Ireland没钱。起初，她尝试使用风险投资，但是它们都失败了，这给她带来了不好的信誉。后来，她试图让银行家们相信她不光有一张漂亮的面孔，“The modeling made people aware of me, but it made it more challenging for them to take my ideas seriously.” 她说：“做模特让我出名，这反到让人们不把我的想法当回事。”Eventually, a member of her team provided a personal loan of $50,000. The experience taught Ireland a valuable lesson: “Im always encouraging women, Build your relationship with bankers.”最终，她团队中的一个人自己掏钱借给她五万。这段经历让Ireland学到了一个宝贵的教训：“我一直鼓舞同伴要和银行家搞好关系。With the seed money, Ireland found a manufacturing partner, conducted family-based focus groups and researched and personally tested the product with her friends and family. Her husband, an emergency room physician, wore the socks to see how well they would stand up during his long hours on duty. He and Ireland donned them during backpacking trips to evaluate the products blister propensity. The verdict: “These are great socks.”用这第一笔钱，Irenland和一家制作商合作，以家庭为单位成立研究小组，并和朋友和家人亲自检验产品。她当急诊大夫的丈夫就穿着她做的袜子上班，来看在当他长时间工作时对袜子感觉如何。她和她丈夫会子背着登山包穿着她做的袜子去远足，来检验多长时间会磨出血泡。他们的结论是：这些袜子太棒了！Ireland loaded up her bag with samples and hit the road. To save money, she booked red-eye flights and slept on planes and in airports. “I banged on a lot of doors and had a lot of doors slammed in my face,” says Ireland. “In a sense, modeling was a really good education for a business career because in the world of modeling, you are constantly facing rejection, and that continues in business.”Ireland背着装满样品的包上了路。为了省钱，她坐夜班飞机，睡在飞机上和机场里。她说：”我拜访过很多人家，常常碰一鼻子灰。可以说，做模特的经历对我从商倒是一次很好的教育，在模特业里，你会一直被拒绝，在商业里也是。The first year, the company made $80,000 in retail sales, primarily to sporting goods stores. “We were ecstatic,” Ireland says, “but we were still in the red. Its expensive to start your own business, and you never have overnight success. It builds and it grows.”第一年，Ireland的公司取得了8万的零售额，主要提供给体育用品店。Ireland说：“我们高兴极了，不过我们依然负债。成立一家公司需要很多钱，而且不可能一夜成功。它需要构筑和成长。The big growth spurt started when Kmart came calling. After seeing the socks practically walk out of the store, Kmart offered Ireland her own clothing line. The brand soon expanded from apparel to accessories, then to home furnishings. It now also includes kitchen and garden products, lamps and lighting extras and jewelry, in partnership with Elizabeth Taylors House of Taylor Jewelry. 公司突破性的成长始于Kmart的电话。在真实的看到Ireland的袜子在商店里脱销后，Kmart给了Ireland一条属于她自己的服装生产线。她的品牌从服饰扩展到到装饰品，再到家居用品，到现在的厨房和花园用品、灯具、照明配件，还有首饰，这是与Elizabeth Taylors House of Taylor Jewelry的合作项目.Today, Kathy Ireland products are sold in 19 countries and the company numbers 37 employees, many of them from the same dedicated team that Ireland started with in her modeling days. “I never had a family business, but today we have a business family.”如今，Kathy Ireland的产品已销售至19个国家，公司有37名员工，他们中的大部分来自一个同样热诚的团队Ireland做模特时的团队。Ireland说道：”我从来没有一个家族企业，但是我现在的公司就是我的家。“Ireland is no figurehead, though; not only is she the chief executive but, as chief designer, she also ensure that every product and every piece of advice offered on the firms website exemplifies the companys mission of finding solutions for families, especially busy moms.”Ireland不是领袖人物，她也不是CEO，她是首席设计师。同时，她还要保证每一个产品、公司网站上的每条建议都表达了公司的宗旨：为家庭寻找解决方法，特别是忙碌的妈妈们。But the desire to start her own company, coupled with the kind of loyalty she had in her longstanding team members, wasnt enough to jump-start the business. “The aha moment, the moment when I knew we had something, was when our mission statement crystallized,” says Ireland. She had just become a mom, and once she saw her little guy, Eric, face to face, it all started to gel. Things she had taken for granted taking a shower, going to a store no longer fit so easily into her day. The vision of finding solutions for busy moms really hit home.但要想让推动公司发展，仅靠创建自己的公司的愿望，靠一直跟随她的员工的忠诚，是不够的。Ireland说：”只有在我们的公司宗旨得到具体的实施时，我才觉得我们确实做到了什么，那是我最高兴的时刻。Ireland已经是一个妈妈，当她和她的小宝贝Eric面对面时，所有一切都清楚了。曾经她认为很自然的事，像冲个澡，逛逛超市，不在是她生活中理所当然的了。为忙碌的妈妈们寻找解决方案才是最重要的。From then on, the business took fight. Says Ireland, “I always knew I wanted to be a mom. Being able to be a mom of service to other moms thats my passion.” 从那时起，她的事业才算是起飞了。Ireland说道：“我一直想当个妈妈。当一个能帮助其他妈妈的妈妈是我的夙愿。”Unit4 cant we talk?A married couple was in a car when the wife turned to her husband and asked, “Would you like to stop for a coffee?” “No, thanks.” he answered truthfully. So they didnt stop. The result? The wife, who had indeed wanted to stop, became annoyed, because she felt her preference had not been considered. The husband, seeing that his wife was angry, became frustrated. Why didnt she just say what she wanted?一对夫妇坐在一辆车里，这时妻子转过头问她丈夫：“你想停下来喝杯咖啡吗？”“不，谢谢。”他诚实地回答道。于是他们没有停下来。结果呢？那位确实想停下来喝杯咖啡的妻子变得恼火起来，因为她觉得丈夫不考虑她的偏好。而丈夫看见妻子生气了，他也变得沮丧起来。为什么她不干脆说她想停下来喝杯咖啡呢？Unfortunately, he failed to see that his wife was asking the question, not in order to get an instant decision, but rather to begin a negotiation. And the woman didnt realize that when her husband said no, he was just expressing his preference, not making a ruling. When a man and a woman interpret the same interchange in such conflicting ways, its no wonder they can find themselves 1)leveling angry charges of selfishness and obstinacy at each other.不幸的是，他没有领会到，他妻子刚才问那个问题，不是为了让他立即决定，而是想和他商量商量。而那个女人没有意识到当她丈夫拒绝时，他不过是在表达他的偏好，并不是在下命令。当男人和女人对同一段对话的理解如此背道而驰，难怪他们会针锋相对地互相指责对方自私、顽固了。We cannot 2)lump all men or all women into fixed categories. But the seemingly senseless misunderstandings that haunt our relationships can in part be explained by the different conversational rules by which men and women play. Here are some of the most common areas of conflict:我们无法把所有男人和所有女人统一归类到固定的范畴里。但困扰两性关系的那些表面看来毫无意义的误解之所以存在，一部分原因可能在于男人和女人运用的交谈准则不同。以下是一些最常见的会发生冲突的领域：Independence vs. Intimacy“独立”对“亲密”Since women often think in terms of closeness and support, they struggle to preserve intimacy. Men, concerned with status, tend to focus more on independence.When Joshs old high-school friend called him at work to say hed be in town, Josh invited him to stay for the weekend. That evening he told Linda they were having a 3)houseguest. Linda was upset. How could Josh make these plans, without discussing them