Postmortem with Strings(备课).doc

Postmortem with Stringsby Anita KunzWhat eventually led to the premature death of Mozart? Centuries after his demise, an unusual clinical pathology conference was held in Maryland to diagnose the genius death, at which Professor Faith Fitzgerald presented her peculiar diagnosis. How unusual was the conference? How did Professor Fitzgerald conduct the postmortem? Postmortem验尸Strings弦乐器premature提早的，过早的Demise消亡；死亡clinical临床的；诊所的pathology病理学diagnosis诊断（结论）；判断（结论）Mozart(born in Salzburg, 27 January 1756; died in Vienna, 5 December 1791)Son of Leopold Mozart（列奥波尔德）, he showed musical gifts at a very early age, composing when he was five and when he was six playing before the Bavarian（巴伐利亚的） elector and the Austrian empress. Leopold felt that it was proper, and might also be profitable, to exhibit his childrens God-given genius (Maria Anna, Nannerl, 1751-1829, was a gifted keyboard player): so in mid-1763 the family set out on a tour that took them to Paris and London, visiting numerous courts en route. Mozart astonished his audiences with his precocious（早熟的；智慧超前的） skills; he played to the French and English royal families, had his first music published and wrote his earliest symphonies. The family arrived home late in 1766; nine months later they were off again, to Vienna, where hopes of having an opera by Mozart performed were frustrated by intrigues（阴谋；诡计）. 奥地利作曲家莫扎特，不仅是古典主义音乐的杰出大师，更是人类历史上极为罕见的音乐天才，有“音乐神童”的美誉。他短暂的一生为世人留下了极其宝贵和丰富的音乐遗产。1756年1月27日生于奥地利萨尔茨堡粮食街9号，1791年12月5日卒于维也纳，终年35岁。 奥地利作曲家，3岁会弹钢琴，6岁开始作曲。欧洲维也纳古典乐派的代表人物之一，作为古典主义音乐的典范，他对欧洲音乐的发展起了巨大的作用。莫扎特一共创作了22部歌剧、41 部交响乐、42部协奏曲、一部安魂曲以及奏鸣曲、室内乐、宗教音乐和歌曲等作品。并且，莫扎特是欧洲当时唯一一个不接受贵族供养的音乐家。 莫扎特的主要代表作有：歌剧22部；以费加罗的婚礼(The Marriage of Figaro)、唐璜、魔笛最为著名；交响曲41部，以第三十九、四十、四十一交响曲最为著名；钢琴协奏曲27部，以第二十、二十一、二十三、二十四、二十六、二十七钢琴协奏曲最为著名；小提琴协奏曲6部，以第四、第五小提琴协奏曲最为著名；此外，他还写了大量各种体裁的器乐与声乐作品。 Discussion:How does Faith Fitzgerald analyze the cause of Mozarts death? What means does she resort to? What conclusion does she come at?2. What do you think of the historical clinical pathology conference? Analysis of the text:Part IPart II Para. 1An introduction to the hall to present the topicThe function of the hall: medical lectures and demonstrationsToday: an autopsyThe topicWhat led to the death of Mozart?Down on the brick floor of the University of Marylands Davidge Hall, a noted professor of medicine is about to perform a most unusual postmortem. 在马里兰州立大学戴威基大厅里砖铺的地面上，一位著名的医学教授正准备进行一次极为奇特的尸检。Although this domed amphitheater with its steeply rising seats has hosted medical lectures and demonstrations for more than 200 years, todays offering is exceptional, for the deceaseds remains are nowhere in sight. 虽然两百多年来，这座前后座椅间坡度很大的带圆顶的圆形剧场举办了各种医学讲座及演示，今天提供的 内容却不同一般，因为根本见不到死者的遗体。His body was consigned to a common grave, but his genius still resounds in concert halls the world over. 他的遗体被安葬在一个普通的墓地里，但他那才华横溢的音乐至今仍在世界各地的音乐厅中回荡。Domed Amphitheater圆形露天剧场decease 死亡autopsy尸体剖检；验尸a string quarter弦乐四重奏乐diagnose诊断；确诊maladies疾病range from to （在一定幅度内）变化，变动consigned to把委托给，交付，托管resound回响；鸣响Edgar Allan PoeAlexander the GreatPara. 2The many symptoms before Mozarts death the synopsis that follows Her introduction sounds a cautionary note for those who would haste to interpret the synopsis that follows.她的开场白给那些急于解释随后的研究的人提了个醒。A processgood healthillanasarcabouts of vomiting and diarrheacomadeathAt the height of his creative powers, and while enjoying a spell of good health, the subject fell suddenly and ferociously ill, succumbing to high fever, headaches, profuse sweating, and swelling of his hands and feet. Within a few days the swelling of his hand spread to his whole body a condition known as anasarca. The bedridden victim also developed a rash on his chest and belly; after a week of illness, he complained of generalized aches and pains and endured bouts of vomiting and diarrhea. He remained conscious and alert until the night of December 4, 1791, when he became delirious, lapsed into a coma, and died just after midnight. disquieted焦虑的；担心的Internist 内科医师cautionary警告的；提醒注意的synopsis提要；概要ferociously 凶恶的，凶猛的；残忍的；狂暴的succumb to屈服于profuse大量的；丰富的anasarca全身性水肿bedridden（因病或年老）卧床不起的rash疹，疹子bouts一段，一阵，一次diarrhea腹泻delirious神志不清的，谵妄的，说胡话的lapse into退步; 陷入coma昏迷Para. 3Controversy “Each of these diagnoses is argued with a passion disproportionate to the data,” Fitzgerald points out. 菲茨杰拉德指出，“这些诊断的每一种，争论时的热情要远大于对数据的关注。”“And of course, Mozart died of syphilis as well as everything else, because every great man dies of syphilis.” “当然，莫扎特死于梅毒，死因怎么说都行因为每个伟人都死于梅毒。”Celebrity名人，名流Ascribe to把归因于；把归咎于disproportionate to与 不相称syphilis梅毒 Para. 4An initial investigation into the cause of his deathFrom: 1 the death and burial entries 2 Press reportsTheir succor amounted to a blood-letting and a few cold compresses. 他们的救助方法无非是放血或用冷敷布降温。According to musicologist Neal Zaslaw of Cornell University, who sketches a brief Mozart biography, the death and burial entries in two church registers list the cause of death as “severe miliary fever,” a generic descriptor at the time for any syndrome marked by a seedlike rash. 康奈尔大学音乐理论家尼尔扎斯罗简述了莫扎特生平，据他所说，莫扎特死亡与安葬时，两座教堂载明的死因都是“严重的粟疹热”，在当时这是对出现籽状疹症候群的一种通用描述。Press reports of his passing supplied such colorful and sinister diagnosis as poisoning, venereal disease, and dropsy of the heart, the 18th-century term for fluid retention and severe swelling. 报纸上登载的关于其死亡的诊断则有声有色，不怀好意，认为是一种有毒的性病，还有心脏浮肿这在十八世纪用来指体液滞留及严重水肿。 Succor救助，帮助（尤指需要时）Amount to共计；意味着；发展成共计；意味着；发展成blood-letting放血尤指敌军之间的）武力冲突，流血事件，杀戮cold compress冷敷musicologist音乐学者miliary栗粒状的generic类的，属性的；一般的descriptor描述符syndrome综合征venereal性病的dropsy水肿,浮肿retention保持；保留Para. 5Views from persons who examined Mozart as a child:an early consumption of his vital essence “They believed that each individual is born with a finite store of vital essence which was consumed with the intensity they perceived in the young Mozart,” “他们认为，每个个体生来就存储有限的生命要素，当这种生命要素以他们认为的强度在年轻的莫扎特体内消耗时,”Formulate构想出，规划；确切地阐述Demise终止；消亡；死亡 Para. 6His death seemed to be a mystery waiting to be solved.Explaining why the Hall became a place where autopsies were conducted?From the sort of thing: the causes of Poes deathThe diagnosis death by rabies was topped off, appropriately enough, with a monologue from Poes story The Black Cat.用选自坡所著的故事黑猫中的一段独白，恰如其分地最终得出诊断结果：死于狂犬病。Rabies狂犬病Top off修剪的顶部; 给最后装饰加盖Monologue独白Jeopardy危险Para. 7Benefits brought by such diagnoses1 useful to the doctors-in-training who attend2 a thoroughness to the historical diagnostic procedureSo far, the diagnoses made by Mackowiaks medics tend to be familiar, if not mundane and thats part of what makes the conference not just interesting but useful to the doctors-in-training who attend. 到目前为止，迈考威艾克的医学同行们所作出的诊断，要是不算平庸的话，也是比较常见的这使得会议不仅有趣，而且对于与会的受训医生来说也很实用。 medics医学院学生，医生mundane乏味的；平淡无奇的；单调的infectious传染的；有传染性的internship n.实习医师，实习医师期residency（医生的）实习期Para. 8A detailed analysis of the causes of Mozarts deaththree possibilities: 1 liver disease2 kidney disease3 congestive heart failure.Compelling令人信服的；有说服力的Anasarca浮肿discount对（可能性，事实，人）不全信，对不予考虑jaundice黄疸（病） Para. 9Discount kidney diseaseWhy?Mozart had no history of renal dysfunctionMalformed畸形的Embryo胚胎Renal肾脏的；肾的Dysfunction功能障碍delirium谵妄；神志不清；说胡话Para. 10An analysis of why it is possibly congestive heart failurecongestive