人教版必修一unit 4 earthquakes单元知识点学案.docx

unit 4 earthquakes单元知识点学案一、教材分析本单元的中心话题是“地震”。本课的内容主要涉及了1976唐山大地震的震前预兆、地震发生时的情况、震后的破坏和伤亡情况以及震后的救援工作。对于地震，学生应该不陌生，有相应的知识构架，特别是在雅安和玉树地震后，人们对地震还心存余悸，所以本课在自然知识的讲解方面应该不会有太大困难。本文重点在于培养学生语言知识能力之外，也要鼓励学生遇到困难时勇于面对，树立“一方有难，八方支援”的社会责任感。二、重、难点知识点提示重点：重点掌握本课的核心词汇和常用表达。难点：1. 如何使学生养成科学的阅读习惯，提高阅读理解能力和语言水平。2. 通过描述地震灾害的常用语，学生能够简单地描述地震发生的原因，如：震级，震感，海啸，世界末日等。三、重点知识点讲解：考点（一）重点单词1. ruin n废墟；毁灭vt.毁灭；使破产eg. 476 ad saw the ruin of roman empire.公元四七六年罗马帝国灭亡。my wife was ruining her health through worry.忧虑严重损害了我妻子的健康。【归纳】be/lie in ruins成为废墟fall into ruin成为废墟come to ruin毁灭，落空eg. the city is now in ruins. 那个城市现在成了一片废墟。the storm laid the village in ruins. 暴风雨使这个村子成了一片废墟。【辨析】ruin/destroy/damageruin一般指对物体或生命彻底的破坏，但往往是非暴力的，也不是一次打击的结果。常指对美好的或希望中的事物的破坏。destroy指彻底的损坏，常含不能或很难修复的意思。可接人，也可以接物。damage损坏、毁坏，指部分损坏，降低某物的价值。通常接物。harm一般指伤害有生命的东西，常指伤及人的健康、权利、事业等。【练习】选词填空ruin，destroy，damageher heart was slightly _as a result of her long illness.his life was _by drink.the earthquake almost _all the bridges in this area.【答案】 damaged ruined destroyed2. injure vt.损害，伤害eg. hundreds of people are injured when the train go off the rail.火车出轨时，数百人受伤。often does games cause knee joint to injure?经常运动会造成膝关节损伤吗？【归纳】injury n伤，伤口，伤害injured adj.受伤的；受委屈的the injured伤员 eg. the company sent the injured back home by air.公司用飞机将伤员运送回家。【辨析】wound/injure/hurt/harmwound指外伤，如枪伤、刀伤、剑伤，尤指在战斗中受伤。injure“损害；受伤”，指由于意外或事故而受伤，着重指容貌、机能的损坏。hurt指肉体上，也可指精神上的伤害。也可为“疼痛；痛苦；伤心”。harm肉体上，也可指精神上的伤害，可能会带来不便。【练习】 选词填空：injure，wound，hurt，harmthe soldier was _in the arm in the war.she was _slightly in an accident during the work.i was very much_at his words.this bright light will do great _to your eyes.【答案】 wounded injured hurt harm3. rise / raise / lift【辨析】rise 普通用词，指具体的抽象的事物由低向高移动。raise及物动词，多指把某物从低处升到高处。lift语气比raise强，指用体力或机械的力举起或抬起某物。【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空1). she _ her eyes from her work.2). _ me up, mummy-i cant see.3). the plane was then able to _ and it cleared the mountains by 300 feet.【答案】1). raised2). lift3). rise4. congratulate / celebrate 【辨析】congratulate对他人祝贺为目的，侧重以言语表示祝贺。celebrate通常指举行盛大隆重的仪式庆祝或纪念有意义的日子或某件事情。侧重指以行动来庆祝生日、节日等。【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空1). i _ you on your success.2). we held a party to _ our success.【答案】1). congratulate2). celebrate5. bury vt.埋葬；掩埋；隐藏；使沉浸；使专心eg. whenever he is free，he will bury his nose in a book.他一有空就埋头看书。dogs like to bury bones.狗喜欢藏骨头。【归纳】bury sth.in. 把埋到里，be buried in / bury oneself in 埋头于；专心于；沉浸于eg.the envelope was buried in some papers on my desk.那只信封被我桌子上的一些文件盖住了。she buried herself in her work.她埋头于工作。【练习】一句多译由于他埋头读书，所以他不知道外面下雨了。(使用连词because)_(使用现在分词burying作状语)_(使用过去分词buried作状语)_【答案】 because he buried himself in the book，he didnt know it was raining outside./because he was buried in the book，he didnt know it was raining outside. burying himself in the book，he didnt know it was raining outside. buried in the book，he didnt know it was raining outside.zxx.k6. judge n裁判员；法官vt.断定；判断；判决eg. dont judge her work too subjectively.评论她的作品不要过于主观。a judge must give an objective opinion.评判员必须发表公正的意见。【归纳】 judgement n判断；看法；判决in ones judgement依某人判断；依某人看来 judge sb./sth.to ben./adj.判断是as far as sb.can judge据某人判断judge.by/from.根据判断judging from/by根据判断(该短语为固定表达，不管它与句子主语是主动关系还是被动关系都只用这种形式，在形式上不与逻辑主语一致。)eg. judging by her accent，she must be a southerner.从她的口音判断，她准是南方人。i see your judgement is not with me.我明白你的看法和我的不一样。【练习】用judge的适当形式填空his uncle used to be a _._by/from her letter，she is having a wonderful time.in my _，he is right.【答案】 judge judging judgement考点（二）重点短语1.as if仿佛；好像eg. he walks as if he is drunk.他走起路来好像他真的醉了。it looks as if theyre looking for something.他们看起来好像在找什么东西。【归纳】as ifas though用在seem，look等系动词之后引导表语从句，也可引导方式状语从句。as if引导从句有时可用虚拟语气从句表达的情况与过去事实相反时，从句谓语要用过去完成时。从句表达的情况与现在事实相反时，从句谓语要用一般过去时。但是如果从句表达的是客观事实，则从句谓语要用陈述语气。as if也可与动词不定式连用，意为“似乎要做某事”。 eg. i was so happy that i felt as if i could fly.我高兴极了，我觉得我好像能飞起来。he acted as if nothing had happened.他表现地就像什么都没发生似的。she left the room hurriedly as if (she was) angry.她匆忙离开房间好像生气的样子。he stood up as if to leave.他站起来似乎要离开。【练习】 1.dont handle the vase as if it _ made of steel.ais bwerechas been dhad been【解析】 句意：“拿花瓶时不要当它是钢做的一样。”as if引导的方式状语从句或表语从句中常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的情况；又由dont handle.可知此处应为与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，所以应用动词的过去式were，故b项正确。【答案】 b2.完成句子看起来好像要下雨。it looks _it _going to rain.那个孩子跟我们谈起话来像个成年人似的。the child talked to us _he _a grownup.【答案】 as if；is as if；were2. at an end结束，终结eg. my holiday is at an end and i must go back to work tomorrow.我的假期结束了，明天我得回去工作了。everything between them was at an end.他们间一切都结束了。【归纳】1.at the end of既可作时间状语也可作地点状语，表示“在末，在的尽头；在的末梢”。2.by the end of用作时间状语，表示“到末为止；不迟于”，强调最后时限，常和过去完成时态或将来完成时态连用。3.in the end用作时间状语，表示“最后；终于”，不可与of连用。4.come to an end“结束”，为动词短语。eg. there is a post office at the end of the street.这条街走到头有一个邮局。by the end of next year，they will have finished work on the new stadium.到明年年底，他们将建成这个新体育馆。in the end she decided on buying the green hat.最后，她决定买那顶绿色帽子。【练习】介词填空 everything will be all right_the end. we will have learned english for 5 years _the end of this year. my brother waited for me_the end of the street. the war was _an end.【答案】 1.in 2.by 3.at 4.at3. a (great) number of许多；大量的eg. a number of boys have been absent some time during the term.这学期有许多男学生有时候缺课。a number of students in our school enjoy listening to music.我校许多学生喜欢听音乐。【辨析】a number of/the number ofa number of意为“若干；许多”，接名词复数。用作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。number前可加large，small，great等词。the number of意为“的数量”，其后接名词的复数或具有复数意义的名词。用作主语时，谓语动词一般要用单数形式。eg. the number of pages in this book is two hundred.这本书的页数是二百。【拓展】关于“许多”“若干”的短语：a large/good/great number ofa good/great many 可数名词复数a good fewquite fewmany a more than one 单数可数名词单数谓语动词a great/good deal ofquite a little 不可数名词a lot/lots of 可数名词复数或不可数名词【练习】用be动词的适当形式填空a number of students _(be) in the dining hall now.yes.the number of the students _(be) about 400.【答案】 are；is4. one third of 三分之一eg. threefifths of the students in our class are girls.我们班五分之三的学生是女生。twothirds of the work has been finished.三分之二的工作已完成。【拓展】 分数ofn.作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应由of后面的名词决定。 类似的用法还有：some of，plenty of，a lot of，most of，the rest of，all of或百分数ofn.等。 若of后面接population这一名词，且谓语为系表结构时，be动词的单复数应由表语来确定。eg. ten percent of the population are minors here.这儿有百分之十的人口是少数民族。three fifths of the fresh water used by citizens is from the reservoir.市民们所用淡水的五分之三是来自这个水库。【练习】用所给助动词的适当形式填空a lot of students _(be) waiting outside.a lot of money_(have) been wasted.two thirds of the globe _(be) covered with water.【答案】 are has is考点（三）重点句型1. what do_you_think will happen before an earthquake？你认为地震前会发生什么？考点：do you think在本句中为插入语，经常位于疑问词后，在这种情况下，原句为陈述语序。插入语放在句尾时，原句应保持原语序，即疑问词做主语或主语定语时，语序是正装的；疑问词做宾语等时，原句是倒装的。eg. who do you think will be fit for the position?你认为谁会适合这一职位？what explanation do you suppose the teacher could give？你认为老师会给我们什么样的解释？how long did you say she would stay here？how long would she stay here，did you say?你说她将在这里呆多久？【归纳】i think，i hope，im afraid，i believe，you know等用作插入语时，用在陈述句中，前后通常用逗号分开，也有不用逗号的现象。eg. the diet，i think，will do good to your health.z*xxk我想这种饮食对你的健康有好处。【练习】完成句子你认为她多大了？_she was?你猜是谁打坏了窗户？_broke the window?你认为我们应该做些什么来阻止此类行为？what _do to stop such actions?what _to stop such actions，_？【答案】 how old did you think who do you guess do you think we should；should we do；do you think2. all hope was not lost.不是所有的希望都破灭了。考点：部分否定。不定代词all与否定副词not连用，表示部分否定。eg. not everyone likes him.并不是每个人都喜欢他。all of us dont have such experiences.并不是我们每个人都有这种经历。【归纳】 除all之外，英语中的both，each，every，everybody，everything等具有总括意义的代词与否定词not连用，构成部分否定，表示“不都，并非都”的意思。 英语中的no，none，never，nobody，nothing，neither，no one，nowhere，no more，no longer，no way，not.either等表示否定意义的词(词组)与肯定式谓语一起使用构成全部否定。 【练习】翻译句子并非每个人都诚实。_答案都不对。_【答案】 not every man is honest./every man is not honest. none of the answers is right.3. the man was sleeping downstairs when the earthquake happened.那个人正在楼下睡觉，正在这时地震发生了。考点：该句中when为并列连词，意为“就在这时、突然”，相当于and then/just at this time。eg. we were talking when the teacher came in.老师进来时，我们正在说话。we were having dinner when you phoned us.你给我们打电话时，我们正在吃饭。【归纳】when的这种功能常用于以下结构： .be doing.when正在这时 .be about to do.when正打算做这时 be just going to do.when正要这时 had just done.when.刚做了这时 be on the point of doing.when正要这时eg. we were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。he was on the point of starting out when harran cut in.他正预备出发，就给哈伦打断了。【练习】 1.tom was about to close the window _his attention was caught by a bird.awhen bif cand dtill【解析】 句意：汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。在句式“.be about to do”当中应用when，表“这时，突然”，作为从属连词，引导状语从句。【答案】 a2.完成句子_(我正在街上走着)，when i heard my name called.i was just about to go shopping _(这时天开始下雨)【答案】 i was walking alone the street when it began to rain4.as you know，this is the day the quake happened.years ago.如你所知，年前的这一天正是唐山发生地震的日子。考点： as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰this is the day.years ago整个句子。eg. the diaoyu islands belong to china，as is well known.众所周知，钓鱼岛属于中国。as you can see，were still working.如你所见，我们仍在工作。she is late，as is often the case.她迟到了，这是经常的事。【归纳】as作为关系代词，既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。as引导限制性定语从句时，通常用于the same.as.和such.as.句型中。在定语从句中as可用作主语、宾语和表语。as 引导非限制性定语从句时，意为“正如”，后边的谓语动词多是see，know，expect，say，mention，report等。eg. i dont like such books as he recommends.我不喜欢他推荐的那些书。i want the same car as he drives every day.我想有一辆他每天开的那样的轿车。as is reported，they failed in sending up a satellite.据报道，他们发射卫星失败。【练习】 1.the air quality in the city，_ is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.athat bit cas dwhat【答案】 c2. 完成句子正如所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。_，he got the first place again in this midterm examination.众所周知，发光的并非全是金子。all that glitters is not gold，_.【答案】 as is expected as is known语法：限制性定语从句(that，which，who，whose)一、定义及分类定义在主从复合句中，对某一名词或代词起修饰作用的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分类关系代词(who；whom；whose；which；that；as)关系副词(when；where；why)句中作用连接主从句指代先行词在从句中充当成分分类限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句二、引导限制性定语从句的关系代词指代对象指代人指代物主语who，that，aswhich，that，as宾语whom，thatwhich，that定语whosewhoseeg. the man who/that is talking with my father is a teacher.正和我父亲说话的那个人是教师。guilin is a city which/that has a history of 2,000 years.桂林是一座有2000年历史的城市。the man (whom) you met just now is my father.你刚刚遇到的人是我父亲。nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in.没有人要这个屋顶已坍塌的房子。【注意】 (1)关系代词that既可指人也可指物。有时可与关系代词which/who/whom互换，但是当which，whom放在介词的后面作宾语时，不能与that互换。(2)在从句中作宾语或表语时who与whom一般可互换，但是若紧跟在介词后面作宾语时只可用whom。whom在从句中不作主语。(3)关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略。(4)关系代词在从句中作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词。(5)whose引导定语从句时，可与then.of which/whom及of which/whomthen.互换。(6)as引导定语从句，可构成the same.as，such.as结构。三、关系词只能用that而不用which的情况1当先行词为all，everything，nothing，anything，little，much等不定代词以及先行词被这些词修饰时。all that can be done has been done.一切能做的都已经做了。2先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。this is the largest ship that i have ever seen.这是我曾经见过的最大的船。3当先行词被the only，the very，the last修饰时。this is the very book that i am looking for.这正是我要找的那本书。4当先行词既指人，又指物时。we often talk about the persons and things that we remember.我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。5当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为避免重复而用that。who is the boy that shook hands with you just now?刚才和你握手的男孩是谁？6当先行词在从句中作表语时。shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海已不再是过去那个样子了。【练习】 .单项填空1this is the very plan for the summer holiday_was suggested by his cousin.awhich bthat cwhen dit1【答案】 b2i dont like stories _have unhappy endings.athat bthey cwhose dwho2.【答案】 a【解析】 关系代词在从句中作主语，且指物，故用that。3those _want to see the film please write down your names here.athem bwhat cwhose dwho3.【答案】 d【解析】 当代词those用作先行词且指人，并在从句中作主语时，关系代词通常使用who。4the visitors say that theyll never forget the days _they have spent visiting hainan province.