心理学 Psychological Learning Behavior.doc

LEARNINGn Learning: Any relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge produced by experiencen Classical conditioning:AKA: Pavlovian Cond; Respondent Cond.n discovered in early 1900s by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologistn Pavlovs procedure consisted of 3 phases:n phase 1 (before conditioning)n Food in mouth salivationn Ring a bell no salivationn phase 2 (the process of conditioning): n ring bell + place food in mouth (repeat several times)n phase 3 (after conditioning): n ring bell (without food) salivationUCS (food) UCR (salivation)CS (bell) CR (salivation)n Do salivating dogs have anything to do with YOUR life?n e.g., acquisition of phobias and conditioned emotional responsesn Freud: n CC model:UCS (dog bite) UCR (fear)CS (sight of dog) CR (fear)n vicarious conditioning-association that derives from hearing or seeing others reactionsUCS (snake bite) UCR (fear)CS (sight of snake) CR (fear)n Post-traumatic stress disordern person experiences very frightening eventn later anything that resembles event causes fear reactionUCS UCR (fear)CS CR (fear)n Stimulus generalization: stimuli similar to CS may also trigger a CRn but CR gets weaker to stimuli that are less and less similar to original CS n conditioned responses over timen repeated pairings of a CS and UCS strengthen the CRn repeated nonpairings (CS without UCS) gradually weaken the CRn so how should one treat disorders like phobias and PTSD?n spontaneous recovery: n what are the treatment implications of spont. recovery?n classical conditioning is selectiven preparedness theory: humans are predisposed to develop some phobias and not othersn why? n conditioned taste aversion (Garcia et al.)n practical application of taste aversion: sheep herders UCS UCRCS CRn Operant Conditioning (OC)AKA: instrumental cond., Skinnerian cond.n operant conditioning=a form of learning in which behaviors come to be controlled by their consequencesn OC and CC are differentn CC: behavior controlled by stimulus (or event) that precedes itn OC: behavior controlled by stimulus (or event) that follows itn Edward Thordikes dissertation question:n did animals learn by a flash of insight“ ?-or-n did animals learn by “trial and error” ?n law of effect=the consequences (effects) of a response determine whether the tendency to perform it is strengthened or weakenedn Operant conditioning: Basic principlesn acquisition of a behaviorn shaping: rf of closer and closer matches (successive approximations) to the desired responsen chaining: linked series of actions that lead to rfn discrimination: learning which particular responses are rewarded (animal attends to discriminative stimuli)n Operant conditioning is selectiven instinctive drift (Breland & Breland, 1961)n Applications: Moving from rats to peoplen behavior modificationn Cognitive factors in learningn Traditional black box view: n Contrary evidence:n Classical cond. n CS works best when it precedes UCS and serves a signaling functionnnnnn Contiguity or predictive value? (Rescorla, 1978)n conclusion: n Blocking (Kamin, 1969)n Why?n Operant cond. n Latent learning (Tolman et al., 1930) n Traditional: reward increases the probability of desired responses (maze learning)n Tolman: n ran 3 grps of rats in mazen Grp 1: receive rf throughoutn Grp 2: receive no rf throughoutn Grp 3: receive no rf for 10 days, then get rf starting on day 11n conclusion: n Insight learning (Wolfgang Khler)n involves 3 stagesn 1. trial and error activity (e.g., tries shorter stick)n 2. period of study and reflectionn 3. insight-generated solutionn Observational Learning (Bandura)n Banduras classic study: n 2 gps of childrenn Grp 1: watch film of adult model aggressing towards Bobo dolln Grp 2: watch neutral filmn afterwards, children taken to room containing Bobo dolln Grp 1: n Grp 2: n support for black box theory?n Banduras follow-up study:n effects of rewarding the aggressor (Bandura)n nursery school boys/girls divided into 4 groups1. no model 2. non-