中国传统文化English.docx

Unit 1 Book 3中国传统节日 中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力与生命力的体现。Traditional Chinese FestivalsTraditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed according to the lunar calendar. January 1st on lunar calendar has been designated as the Spring Festival (generally referred to as guonian). There are several customs during the Spring Festival, such as praying for a good harvest, etc. The Spring Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival in China and symbolizes unity and prosperity. Some other significant Chinese festivals include the Lantern Festival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Double-seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eighth Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Each festival has its own unique origin and custom. These Chinese festivals that follow the lunar calendar are different from the 24 Solar Terms in the lunar calendar. They embody Chinas cohesion and vitality.Unit 3 Book 3中国画 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“画”特指国画。其绘画形式是毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。Traditional Chinese PaintingThe four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And painting particularly refers to traditional Chinese painting. Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on silk or xuan paper. In ancient China, it was called “ink-painting”. In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting” (abbreviated to “Chinese painting”). The subject matters of Chinese paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers. The drawing skills and techniques employed by the Chinese painters can be divided into two forms：fine brushwork and free-hand brushwork. The artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush and ink”. Chinese painting emphasizes using the shape to convey the feelings of the painter. Even though a painting is a finished product, it endlessly conveys a meaning. In terms of the artistic creation, traditional Chinese painting is a reflection of the aesthetic consciousness and artistic sentiment of the Chinese people.Unit 5 Book 3中国石窟 中国石窟主要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇高美与世俗情融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界所瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。Chinese GrottoesChinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture. In China, there are four major art landscapes of grottoes: the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui. Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhist grottoes are regarded as a profound and stunning general art gallery, which are composed of architecture, painting, sculptures, etc. The artistic achievements of Chinese grottoes have attracted the attention of the world, and have become important international cultural heritage.Unit 6 Book3中国古典文学名著 中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各异。而小说中的三国演义、水浒传、西游记、红楼梦则被称为中国四大古典文学名著，至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大名著能够了解中国传统人文社会、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、处事为人策略与智慧的重要途径。Chinese Classical LiteratureChinese classical literature includes poetry, prose, fiction and ci (new lyrics written to pre-existing tunes), fu(“descriptive poems” of prose poetry), qu (a freer form based on the new popular songs and dramatic arias), and many other styles. Its artistic expressions are various in technique. Four classics of Chinese literature are Romance of the Three kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to the West, and Dream of the Red Mansions, which have extensive and far-reaching significance both on a national and international level. Through reading “the four famous novels” carefully, you can experience traditional Chinese society and human culture and folklore customs. And it is an important way to absorb the quintessence of the traditional Chinese culture as well as to pick up strategies and wisdom on how to get along with others.Unit 7 Book 3中草药 中药主要由植物药（根、茎、叶、果）、动物药（内脏、皮、骨、器官）和矿物药组成。因以植物药为主，故也称中草药。中药的应用理论独特，认为中药有四气五味。“四气”指药性的“寒热温凉”，“五味”指药物的“辛酸甘苦咸”。中国人探索中草药已有几千年的历史，如今中医药及其诊疗方法已传播到世界各地。Chinese Herbal MedicineTraditional Chinese medicine mainly consists of plant medicine (roots, stems, leaves, fruits), animal medicine (viscera, skins, bones, organs) and mineral medicine. Chinese herbal medicine is based on plant medicine. According to the unique application theory of traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that it contains ”four natures and five flavors”. “Four Natures” refers to the properties of being “pungent, sour, sweet, bitter and salty”. It is said that Chinese people have been conducting research into herbal medicine for thousands of years. Nowadays traditional Chinese medicine and its therapeutic methods have extensively been spread to the far corners of the globe.Unit 1 Book 4剪纸 剪纸又叫刻纸、窗花或剪画。剪纸在纸的发明之前就已流行，当时人们运用金箔、绢帛、皮革等片状材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品。汉代（前206公元220），纸张的发明促使了剪纸的发展与普及。民间剪纸的题材多来源于现实生活，充满纳福迎祥的主题，表达对美好生活的向往。Paper-cuttingPaper-cutting (otherwise known as jianzhi) is also called kezhi, chuanghua or jianhua. Paper-cutting was popular even before paper was invented. When there was no paper, people carved on gold leaf, sick, feathers, and so on, with a carving technique known as hollow-cutting to make handicrafts. In the Han Dynasty (206BC220AD), the invention of paper promoted the development and popularity of paper-cutting. The folk themes of the paper-cutting are rooted in real life, filling with the themes of enjoying a life of ease and comfort, and expressing the desire for a happy life.Unit 3 Book4中国象棋 中国象棋早在战国时期（前475前221）就有记载，最初称为六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋（9601127）末期定型为近代模式。棋盘为九竖十横线画成的长方形平面，是中国封建社会制度和文化的缩影-有中军帐（九宫）、士位（士、仕）、文官（象、相）、武将（车、马、炮）、士兵（兵、卒）。是世界四大棋类（中国围棋、中国象棋、国际象棋、日本将棋）之一。Chinese ChessThe earliest records of Chinese chess can be traced back to the Warring States Period (475BC221BC). The early-stage Chinese chess was composed of six pieces carved out of ivory, and was therefore called “Six Boxing”. Its final form of play was fixed at the end of Northern Song Dynasty (960AD1127AD) after a long period of development. The chessboard is a rectangular board that is 9 lines wide by 10 lines long. Composed of marshal or general, advisors (scholar or official), civil officials (elephant or minister), military officers (chariots, horses, and cannons), and soldiers (soldiers or pawns), Chinese chess is Chinese social institution and culture in miniature. It is also one of the four most popular chess games in the world, the other three being the Chinese Weiqi, the game of chess, and shogi (or generals chess).Unit 5 Book 4中国书法 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“书”特指书法。它是用毛笔书写篆、隶、楷、行、草等各体汉字的艺术。中国书法在技法上讲究笔法、墨法、章法等，其艺术的和谐之美体现在字里行间。隶书的蚕头燕尾，楷书的中规中矩，草书的龙飞凤舞，行书的潇洒飘逸，可谓异彩纷呈，千姿百态。中国书法体现了中华民族豪爽大气、端庄含蓄的特点。Chinese CalligraphyThe four ancient Chinese artistic forms are called guqin, chess, penmanship and painting, and penmanship particularly refers to Chinese calligraphy. Chinese calligraphy is a kind of art using a brush to write seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script, grass script and other various writing styles of Chinese characters. The writing techniques of Chinese calligraphy are highlighted by the manner of using a brush, the way ink is used, the art of composition, and so on. Its harmonious beauty of art is reflected in between the lines. Chinese calligraphy exhibits its beauty in different poses, such as the uniqueness of official scripts “silkworm head and swallow tail”, the regular scripts requirement to “stick to the norm and rules”, the characteristic of grass scripts “flying dragons and dancing phoenixes”, and the distinctive “natural grace” of the cursive script. Indeed, Chinese calligraphy reflects the personality of Chinese peoples straightforwardness, d