国际英语_音标_详细笔记.doc

国际英语_音标_详细笔记清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供Oral practiceVowel（元音）Monophthong(单元音)/i:/ e, ee, ea, iebe me we he she evensee deed feel free tree three eat neat beat meal clean please reason teacher feature grief beliefa team leaderPlease read it. A friend in need is a friend indeed.（患难之交才是真正的朋友）/i/ i, e, u, o, yit sit bit fit big pig kick give pick live kiss miss ill fill sink think rich which fish wish cityvisit minute pretty begin belong delay desire remain return prefer explain eventa big dictionarybit by bit （渐渐地，一点点地）little by little（渐渐地，一点点地）pretty busy （很忙）sixty women/i/- /i:/sinseen fill-feel hill-heel sickseek pitchpeach lickleak rid-read itcheach slipsleep pippeep gringreen chickcheek/e/ e, ea, ie, a get yet wet neck check bed egg beg pen ten tell fell besttext next spend very ever neverseven question yellow forgetfrienddead heaven any many press the bellvery wellBetter late than never.（迟做总比不做好）All is well that ends well. （结局好一切好）East or west, home is best. （金窝银窝不如自己家的狗窝）Good, better, best, Never let it rest, Till good is better, And better best. （止于至善）/ acap map fat hat bad mad back lack gas catch match man hand bank thank lamp carry happyfamily Saturday /-/e/bagbeg gasguess matmet sadsaid badbed landlend sandsend packpeck hamhem panpen ladledA fact is a fact.（事实胜于雄辩）Dont let the cat out of the bag.(勿泄漏机密)/a:/ ar aarm art cart hard March armyparty market garden pardonlast chance class glass afterfather basketTwinkle, twinkle, little star,How I wonder what you are!Up above the world so high,Like a diamond in the sky;Twinkle, twinkle, little star,How I wonder what you are!/ o atop shop hot God lock song long stop clock copy coffee body sorry bottle orange doctor hospital October tomorrowwhat wash watchThe clock has stopped.Lost time is never found again.(时不再来)/:/ aw ou/au al oar o or a arsaw lawought bought daughtertalk wall hall board story lord horse born corn force forty water always almostquarter/-/:/ cockcork chockchalk dondawn stockstalk cotcaught not-naught/ u / u oo ou oput push bush pull bull fullfoot cook look book took football good childhoodshould could would womanGood wood, good foot, what a happy childhood!/u:/ o ou oo udo shoe who lose you youth group too food fool tooth choose moon noon soon cool June rule blue true / u ou oup cup mud such gun fun sunrough tough touch cousincome some son none one dose other mother color cover money honey dozen /-/cutcot lucklock gungone fundfond duckdock rubrob/-/a:/cutcart lucklark hutheart duckdark comecalm muchmarch/-/rugrag sucksack trucktrack mudmad huthat budbad bunban cupcap runran /:/ ur ir er or ear ourfur hurt nurse church curlsir shirt bird third birth girl firsther term certain person perfectword worth worstheard search early journeyFirst come, first served.The early bird catches the worm.(早起的鸟儿有虫吃)/ a er or arago again among above agree about ahead abroad asleep fever teacher winter worker daughter father mother writer soldier gather never other order paper danger doctor sugar Diphthong（双元音） /ei/ ay ey a aipay day way away today they date late shade take sake same game baby lady paper table changewait paid pain gain main tailNo pains, no gains. (不劳无获)Call a spade a spade.（实事求是）A penny saved is a penny gained.（省一文是一文）Haste makes waste.（欲速则不达）/eei/saidsay letlate penpain getgate menmain wetwait sellsail redrate ate-eightRain, rain, go away,Come again another day,Little Johnny wants to play.Rain, rain, go away./u/ o ou ow oaoh go so no hope home comb old cold hold thoughshow lowsoap boat coat /u/-/goatgot notenot hopehop ownon coatcot/u/-/:/rowraw sosaw coatcaught wokewalk bowlball coalcall/u/-/u:/wroteroot chosechoose blowblew coalcool soap-soupGo and open the window.Oh, dont go home alone.A rolling stone gathers no moss.（滚石不生苔）As you sow you shall mow.(种瓜得瓜种豆得豆)Hello, 我的名字叫Joe，吃的粮食靠grow,衣服全凭别人sew。我的爱好是摄photo,天天也听radio,音量不高也不low. Oh，天气又冷又snow，最好不要开window. 听到一段顺口溜，写下以便你follow:来是come, 去是go；点头yes, 摇头no;因为because, 所以so;不能连用你必须要know!/ai/ e i yeye tie die lie high ripe fight sight light might wide ride life knife ice sizeFriday either lion tire behind invite buy why type fly try Strike while the iron is hot.(趁热打铁)Great minds think alike.（英雄所见略同）Let by-gones be by-gones.（既往不咎）/au/ ow oubow cow now town down brown towerout doubt mouth south sound round about around louder Cow, cow,Friendly and brown,Let down your milk,For the hungry town./i/ oy oiboy toy joy loyal royal choice voice noise join coin oil soil spoil Oh joy, oh joy,A child with his toy,Shouting at the top of his voice,Making such a terrible noise,Oh joy, oh joy!/i/ ear eer ere ea eear tear dear fear near hear clear cheer deer beersphere sincere real really realize idea experienceDear, dear, beer is really dear.Shes really dearer than a dear.(她比亲人还亲)/e/ air ear are ereair pair fair hair repair bear tear wear dare care share Where theres a will, theres a way.(有志者事竟成)/u/ oor our urpoor moortour sure pure cure voiceless consonant(清辅音) voiced consonant(浊辅音)清浊对应辅音：/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ / / / / /t/ /d/ /tr/ /dr/ /ts/ /dz/ /p/ /b/peabe patbat parkbark capcab riprib cupcub roperobe taptab mopmob pay-bay pit-bit path-bathnip-nib /t/ /d/tie-die tip-dip type-dike time-dime heart-hard bet-bedheight-hide slight-slide fright-friedlatelaid setsad sightsidebroughtbroad eightaid at-addfeetfeed bitbid pot-pod/k/ /g/card-guard class-glass come-gum cold-gold curl-girl pick-pigclue-glue exercise-exams back-bag lock-log lack-lag peck-pegbackbag dockdog duckdugCut your coat according to your cloth.(量体裁衣)Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves. （小事留意，大事顺利）All that glitters is not gold.（闪光的未必是金子）A good beginning makes a good ending.（开头好结尾也会好）/f/ /v/free beautiful flowers football a funny film life half knifea vice minister live a good voice fiveleafleave safesave proofprove calfcarve lifelive fastvast feelveal ferryvery fanvan fewview fail-veil/s/ /z/sit stand rice juice seven sister serve house sciencesize houses busy lazy jazzassas ceaseseize looselose passparse sealzeal sinkzinc race-raise/ /thanks think Thursday thirsty throw thunder birthdaythis that they father mother brother anotherbreathbreathe teethteethe worthworthy northnorthern southsouthern bathbathe/-/f/thinfin threefree thirstfirst thoughtfought thrill-frill/-/s/thinsin thingsing thinksink thicksick thanksank thoughtsought thumbsome theme-seemMickey Mouse has a big mouth and steals away the cheese from the farmers house./ /fish dish a six-dish meal wash machine a washing machinemeasure pleasure casual leisure television garage/s/ /She sells seashells by the seashore.The shells she sells are seashells, Im sure.So if she sells seashells by the seashore, Then Im sure she sells seashore shells./t/ /d/teach itch touch reach rich China charming chillyjudge arrange jam jelly jazz enjoy join jeans/tr/ /dr/truck trumpet try trousers tree travel true truthdry driver drink drank dress draw/tr/-/t/treatcheat treescheese tripchip trainchain trace-chase/dr/-/d/dressedjest drugjug drudge-judge/ts/ /dz/cats sweets eats hats pets shirtshands heads beds birds goods reads friends其他单个辅音： /l/ /r/ /m/ /n/ / /w/ /h/ /j/ /l/在元音前：lock lake law like love life class glove在元音后：smile bell milk help health oil mile不发音calm calf half talk walk folk could would should/r/read write ride rain worry try dry truck rock free /r/-/l/reapleap ridlid rentlent racklack wronglong ratelate writelight royalloyal riplipraplap rag-lag/m/mother morning meeting may movie overcome music/n/nice seven night eleven sun moon million/n/-/l/knocklock knownloan snowslow snipslip number-lumber/long wrong sing singer ring drink drank drunk/i/ singing ringing hanging bringing /g/longer longest stronger strongest younger youngest angry anger finger hunger England language/k/bank sank thank rank ink sink drink monkey uncle/nd/ strange stranger danger /n/-/tontongue sinsing winwing kinking tantang banbang bunbung pinping thin-thing/w/waist wait wake walk want water wash week/v/-/w/vetwet vestwest veilwhale vainwane vealwheel ventwent viawire vilewhile vine-wine/h/hope hear a hear-say heart high help hospital host/j/yard year yell yellow yes yesterday youthearyear ateyet syes oakyoke hungyoung yetjet usejuice yourjaw A tongue twister (绕口令)/si / /s/ / s / / s /Can you sing the song she sang yesterday?Of course, I can sing the song she sang yesterday.The song she sang is often sung in our school.And I have just sung the song she sang yesterday. （基数词，序数词，动词，介词）一、 基数词，序数词序数词前一定要加“the”,序数词一般用于：日期【the 号（序数词）of 月】【第几】【名次】二、 动词1. be动词（am/is/are）主语be动词（原形）be动词（过去式）IamwasHe/she/itiswasWe/you/theyarewere2.助动词（do/does/did）问句答句Do+非第三人称单数动词原形?do/dontDoes+第三人称单数does/doesntDid+所有主格did/didnt问句答句What do you/they/we+动词原形？I/They/We+动词原形。What does he/she/itHe/She/It +(动词S).What did you/they/we/ he/she/itI/They/We/ He/She/It +动词过去式。3.情态动词（can,must,could,would,may,shall,would）情态动词后面都跟动词原形三、 介词 in+月、年the morning/afternoon/evening/a week表示时间 on+具体某一天（几月几日）/某个假期（Day） at+具体某点时间、某个假期（Festival）/the weekend instreet表示方位 onroad/left/right at thecrossing/stop/某个具体的地点in the tree(不是树上长出来的)on the tree(树上原来自己长出来的)表示时间： ago(以前) later(以后) before (在以前) after(在 以后)（名词,代词,形容词及副词的比较级）一、 名词1. 不可数名词:bread,juice,tea,coffee,water,chocolate,rice,paper(不可数名词相对应的be动词永远都是is/was)2、名词复数规则 （1）一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds (2)以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches (3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries (4)以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives (5)不规则名词复数： man -men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children foot-feet,.tooth-teeth fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 二、 代词 主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词非第三人称单数ImemymineWeusouroursyouyouyouryourstheythemtheirtheirs第三人称单数hehimhishissheherherhersitititsits1. 主格一般用在句中作为主语，一般用在动词前（除疑问句）2. 宾格多用于动词介词后面。3. 形容词性物主代词后面必须要跟名词。4. 名次性物主代词形容词性物主代词+名词三、 形容词及副词的比较级1. 形容词比较级用于两者比较，基本句式为：(A)主格be|+形容词比较级than+B(宾格)。2. 副词比较级 基本句式为：(A)主格动词|+副词比较级than+B(宾格)。3. 4. 比较级的用法：一般er 双写最后一个字母er，如thinthinner,bigbigger,fatfatter,hothotter, 不规则的比较级：good/wellbetter,many/muchmore,farfarther/further5. 一样的情况用asas,句式为：as 原级 as6. 注意：too,very+原级（特殊疑问词）七、特殊疑问词 单词 意思 用法 回答when什么时间问时间who谁问人whose谁的问主人where在哪里问地点which哪一个问选择why为什么问原因what什么问东西what time什么时间问时间what colour什么颜色问颜色what about怎么样问意见what day星期几问星期what date什么日期问具体日期what for为何目的问目的how怎么样问情况how old多大问年龄how many多少问数量how much多少问价钱how about怎么样问意见how far多远问路程（动词时态）八、 时态1. 一般现在时（关键词：often / usually / always / sometimes / every/ on (星期s） 非第三人称单数（I、We、you、they）动词原形 第三人称单数（He、she、it）(动词s)2. 现在进行时（关键词：now / look / listen） be+动词ing主语Be动词动词Iam（动词ing）He / she / itisWe / you / theyare动词加ing的变化规则 （1）一般情况下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking (2)以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting (3)如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing，如：run-running, stop-stopping 3. 一般过去时（关键词：just now, a moment ago, yesterday, last ,yesterday ,this morning,on/at ）(1)Be动词在一般过去时中的变化： am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasnt） are在一般过去时中变为were。（were not=werent） 带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。 (2)句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子 否定句：didnt +动词原形，如：Jim didnt go home yesterday. 一般疑问句：在句首加did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形。如：Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑问句：疑问词+did+主语+动词原形？如： What did Jim do yesterday? 疑问词当主语时：疑问词+动词过去式？如：Who went to home yesterday? (3).动词过去式变化规则： 一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：pull-pulled, cook-cooked 结尾是e加d，如：taste-tasted 末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i， 再加-ed，如：study-studied 不规则动词过去式：am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat 4. 一般将来时（关键词：tomorrow、next day(week, month, year)、soon、at once、this afternoon/evening/ the day after tomorrow（后天）等）1be going to do 将要做某事主语Be动词IamGoing to +动词原形He / she / itisWe / you / theyare2 will do 将要做某事时钟分30分 分 past 小时 半个小时30分half例子：12：20 twenty minute past twelve分30分 60分 to 小时1 一刻15分a quarter 例子：12：31 twenty nine minute to thirteen季节Sping（35）Summer（68）Autumn（911）Winter(122)时间March-mayJune,-augustSeptember-novemberDecember-february天气Warm rainyHot sunnyCool windyCold sonwy活动go rowing/fishingfly kitesGo swimmingeat watermelonsGo camping,go on an outing,go climbingMake snowmen,go skating/skiing,put on warm clothes春城：昆明（kun ming） 冰城：哈尔滨（harbing） 日光成：拉萨（lasa） 火炉：广州（guangzhou ） 澳大利亚（Australia）季节正好和我们相反，白天黑夜也相反 可数与不可数名词讲解英语中的名词按其表示的事物性质的不同可分为可数名词与不可数名词。这两种名词在用法上是有区别的，现归纳如下：一、可数名词有单数、复数之分，如：mapmaps；oniononions；bakerbakers不可数名词没有复数形式，只有单数形式。如：some water；a lot of bread二、单数可数名词表示泛指时，前面要用不定冠词a(an)；而不可数名词不能用a(an)。如：Li Hong is a driver.I am a teacher.李红是一名司机，我是一名教师。We cant see milk on the table.我们看不见桌上有牛奶。友情提醒在表示特指时，不可数名词和可数名词前都要用定冠词the，如：Pass me the ball，please.请把球传给我。The chicken on the plate is yours.盘子里的鸡肉是你的。三、可数名词表示复数意义时可用many等词修饰。如：many apples；a lot of tomatoes；a few pens不可数名词则要用much、a little等词修饰。如：much meat a little breadlittle water友情提醒这两类名词都可以被some、any、a lot of(lost of)等修饰。如：some eggs/paper(纸)。A lot of (lots of) knives/orange juice四、可数名词前通常可用具体的数词来修饰。如：three womenten babies不可数名词表示数量的多少时，必须与表示数量的名词连用，即“数词+表示数量的名词(可数名词)+of+不可数名词”。如：two glasses of milk 两杯牛奶five pieces of bread 五片面包五、可数名词作主语时，谓语动词的单、复数与主语的单、复数须保持一致。不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数形式。如：There is some rice in the bowl.碗里有些米饭。All the students are in the classroom.所有的学生都在教室里。友情提醒如果不可数名词前有复数名词短语修饰时，谓语动词须用复数形式。如：There are two bags of rice in the room.房间里有两袋大米。六、对可数名词的数量提问用how many；对不可数名词的数量提问要用how much，但对不可数名词前表示数量名词中的修饰语提问时要用how many。如：I can see two pictures on the wall. How many pictures can you see on the wall？There is a lot of pork in the basket. How much pork is there in the basket？I want three glasses of water. How many glasses of water do you want？七、另外，有些集合名词也是可数名词，但不同的是，它们以单数形式出现，表示复数概念，如people，police，family等；而有些可数名词本身就以复数形式出现，如clothes，glasses(眼镜)等；有的可数名词单、复数形式相同，如Japanese，sheep，Chinese等。如：The Chinese people are hardworking and brave.中国人民勤劳勇敢。The sports clothes are new.这些运动服是新的。I have one sheep. He has two sheep.我有一只羊，他有两只羊。一、国际音标及其制定背景音标是记录音素的标写符号，它是研究语音和记录语音必不可少的工具。根据使用范围的不同，可把音标分两种，一种是适用于某一种语言的，如汉语拼音只适用于汉语，俄语的斯拉夫音标适用于俄语，英语的韦氏音标适用于英语；一种是世界通用的，可以用来记录人类所有语言的语音系统，比如国际音标。国际音标的出现不是偶然的，它可以说是社会科学文化和语言学发展到一定阶段的产物，语言学本身的发展是国际音标产生的内因，自然科学与社会科学的发展是国际音标得以产生的外因。从十九世纪末到二十世纪中叶，在世界范围内的自然科学和人文科学领域，掀起了一场结构主义的革命。十九世纪的下半叶，门捷列夫创立了“化学元素周期表”，把当时人们已经认知的各种元素加以分类排列，从而发现了其中的规律。科学家们从元素周期表的排列得到了莫大的启发，利用这个周期表去探求新的元素。1897年，科学家发现了电子，通过一系列实验和研究，揭开了原子核的奥秘，认识到原子也是由一定的结构构成的，其核心部分（原子核）是由质子和中子构成的。这一系列的成就，促使人们去思考并进而认识到，任何客观对象，都存在着复杂的层次结构，其结构单位的排列与组合，是有一定的规律性的。而语言学本身在十九世纪也有了突飞猛进的发展。这时建立了历史比较语言学，对印欧语系的诸语言的历史进行比较，产