词汇学terms结实考试专用.doc

Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms.Affective meaning expresses the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question. This meaning can be overly and explicitly conveyed simply by the choice of the right words as many have emotive content in themselves.Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to moodily meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes because none of them can stand as words in their own right.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.Antonymy can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. There are different forms of oppositeness. Language and semanticists classify antonymy into different categories using terminology.Argot refers to a specialized language that is used by a large group within a culture to define the boundaries of their group from others who are in a more powerful position in society. Association meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture.Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. Back formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes, so called because many of the removed endings are not suffixes but inseparable parts of the words.Bound morphemes Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical funcation. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.Concatenation, literally meaning linking together, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first signification by successive shifts of meaning until. It involves shifts of meaning.Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and form the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers in the same speech community.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word meaning, but social and cultural values that might occur in the mind of particular users of the language.Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. Cup from cuppa, pork from porc.Free morphemes Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with words, for example, man, and car.Hyponymy just as important as the general relationship of oppositeness between words is the relationship of inclusion, which is called hyponymy. It is a relationship which creates taxonomies or tree-like configurations, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates.Initialisms These are words pronounced letter by letter, hence the name.Jargon refers to a set of words or terms that are shared by those with a common profession or experience. Lexicology the study of meanings and origins of words.Motivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. It includes onomatopeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, and etymological motivation.Native words are not native in fact but words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. What is true of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language.Neologisms refer to newly-created words or expressions or words that have taken on new meanings.Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning.Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at centre and secondary meaning proceed out of it in every diction like rays. All the meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.Root A root is a basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.Semantic field A semantic field is a technical term in the discipline of linguistics to describe a set of words grouped by meaning referring to a specific subject. The term is also used in other academic disciplines, such as anthropology, computational semiotics, and technical exegesis.Semantic Loans A semantic loan is a process of borrowing semantic meaning from another language, very similar to the formation of calques. In this case, however, the complete word in the borrowing language already exists; the change is that its meaning is extended to include another meaning its existing translation has in the lending language.Slang words of this group belong to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words and informal ones available to everyone.Stem A stem may consist of a single root morphemes or of two root morphemes. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. Suffixes have