句子成分及结构.doc

句子的成分: 构成句子的基本成分叫做句子成分。句子成分可分为主语,谓语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,同位语。它们可以由单词来担任,也可以由词组,以及句子来担任。 句子是阅读理解和听力理解的最基本的单位。主语:是一个句子中所要表达,描述的人或物，是句子的主体。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。 Two and two are/is four.二加二等于四。 Smoking is bad to health. =吸烟对身体有害。 The wounded has been taken to the hospital.伤员已经送到医院。 When to begin is not known yet.什么时间开始还不知道。 What I know is important.我所知道的很重要。 谓语:是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态（系表结构）。谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。 We dont know him very well.我们不太了解他。 She speaks English fluently.她英语讲得很流利。 Betty stayed awake at night on purpose.表语:是用来说明主语的性质, 身份, 特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词, 形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语或者表语从句来担任。 I am all right.我没事。 Its over.时间到了。 She is ten.她十岁了。 My work is teaching English.我的工作是教英语。 The dictionary is in the bag.词典在书包里边。 My question is how you knew him.我的问题是你如何认识他的。 宾语:是谓语动作所涉及的对象, 它是动作的承受者,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任，宾语一般放在及物动词或介词之后。 I saw a cat in the tree.看见树上有一只猫。I want to go shopping. He said that he could be here.他说他会来的。 Im concerned about my friends safety.有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，即双宾语 ,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语, 可以带两个宾语的动词有 offer, bring, give , show, send, pass, tell, lend, 等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面,但间接宾语前须加 to 。 My father bought me a book.我父亲给我买了一本书。 Give the rubber to me.把橡皮给我。 有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整, 它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据, 宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。 We all call him Lao Wang.我们都叫他老王。 Please color it red.请给它涂上红颜色。 定语:用于描述名词,代词,短语或定语从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语, 定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组或短语,定语要放在被修饰词的后面。 That is a beautiful flower.那是一朵漂亮的花。 The TV set made in that factory is very good. This is my book, not your book.这是我的书,不是你的书。 I have a lot of things to do.我有好多要做的事情。 Our country is a developing country.我们的国家是一个发展中的国家。 状语: 说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果、方式, 条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。状语可以由副词、分词、短语及状语从句来担任。 We went to the countryside last year.去年我们去了乡下。 We study hard for our country.我们为我们的国家而努力学习。 Im late because I missed the bus.由于误了车,所以我迟到了。英语句子结构五大基本句型S+V 主谓结构S+V+F 主系表结构S+V+O主谓宾结构S+V+O1+O2 主谓双宾结构S+V+O+C 主谓宾补结构1. S+V 主谓结构He runs quickly.They listened carefully. He suffered from cold and hunger.China belongs to the third world country.My ink has run out.2. S+V+F 主系表结构常见系动词;look, seem, appear, sound, feel, taste, smell, grow, get, become, turn,He is older than he looks. He seem interested in the book. The story sounds interesting.3. S+V+O主谓宾结构I saw a film yesterday.They bulit a house last year.They have taken good care of the children.You should look after your childer well.4. S+V+O1+O2 主谓双宾结构V是带有双宾语的及物动词，常见的须带双宾语的动词有：give, ask, bring, offer, send, pay, lend, show, tell, buy, get, rob, warn He gave me book/a book to me.He brought me a pen/ a pen to me.He offered me his seat/ his seat to me.Mother bought em a book/ a book for me.只有一种说法的：They robbed the old man of his money. He has warned me of the danger. The doctor has cured him of his disease.5. S+V+O+C 主谓宾补结构在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词，副词，介词短语，名词，不定式，现在分词，过去分词常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。They made the firl angry/They found her happy that day.I fou