作文——内容第一讲.doc

第一讲：书面表达的要求及写作步骤书面表达一般要求考生根据所给情景，写出一篇100字左右的书面材料，情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等；提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲等。对于PETS二级考生，一般应具备以下能力：（1）写出他人易读懂的文章；（2）语法、词汇、拼写、标点较准确；（3）使用一定句型、词组，清楚表达自己的意思。 目前考生作文中的主要问题有：1文章的外伤 （1）字数不够。有一定数量考生的作文未能达到100字的最低线。 （2）文章跑题。有少数考生的作文跑题。 （3）拼写错误。不少考生的拼写能力较弱，拼写错误影响了作文的质量及写作思路。 （4)卷面较乱，书写不整齐。 （5)体例不正确。 2文章的内伤 （1）语言质量较差：如时态错、用词错、表达错、主谓不一致等。 （2）文章比较空洞单调，没有具体内容和实例。 （3）没有句型的变化和词汇的变化，表达比较单一。 （4）受母语的干扰，汉语式的英语表达较多。其实，写好书面表达，避免出现这样的错误并非难事，首先让我们看看书面表达题的评分标准：第五档完全完成了试题规定的任务。覆盖所有的内容要点。应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。完全达到了预期的写作目的。（2125分）第四档完全完成了试题规定的任务。虽漏掉1、2个次重点，但覆盖所用的主要内容。应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。语法结构和词汇方面应用基本准确，一些错误主要是因为尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致。应用简单的语句连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。达到了预期的写作目的。(1620分)第三档基本完成了试题规定的任务。虽漏掉一些内容，但覆盖所有主要内容。应用的语法结构或词汇能满足任务的要求。有一些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。应用简单的语句连接成分，使全文内容连贯。整体而言，基本达到了预期的写作目的。(1115分)第二档未适当完成试题规定的任务。漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容，写了一些无关内容。语法结构单调，词汇项目有限。有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解。较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺少连贯性。信息未能清楚地传达给读者。(610分)第一档未完成试题规定的任务。明显遗漏主要内容，写了一些无关内容，原因可能是未理解试题要求。语法结构单调，词汇项目有限。较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响对写作内容的理解。缺乏语句间的连接成分，内容不连贯，信息未能传达给读者。(15分)0分未能传达给读者任何信息：内容太少，无法评判：写的内容均与所要求的内容无关或所写内容无法看清。 从评分标准看,评分时主要参考的内容为：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性以及上下文的连贯性，拼写、标点也不能忽视，根据这些内容，我们总结出以下步骤： 1.审清题意，确定写作要求，这是写好书面表达题的前提。 以大纲书面表达题为例。要求考生根据所提供的画面写出字数在100词左右的一封短信，旨在考查学生的观察能力和实际运用语言的能力。 假定你是李华。你和几个朋友约定星期天去人民公园野餐。你们的英国朋友Peter也应邀参加。请你根据下面的示意图，给他写封短信，告诉他进公园后如何找到你们。注意：(1)词数100词左右。 (2)开头语已为你写好。* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *June 1st Dear Peter， Were so glad youre coming to join us on Sunday. Here is how you can find us2确定格式。考生需熟练掌握大纲要求掌握的各种体裁的格式。如果试卷已提供了格式，考生只需填进相关内容即可。有些内容题中没有提供，则需考生自己根据题目要求编写，如姓名、职务、时间地点等。 3.确定要点。 书面表达题的评分依据之一是内容要点，因此在审清题意的基础上，要确定内容要点。 我们来看大纲书面表达题的内容要点。 (1)从公园正门进，朝前走，再过桥。 (2)向右拐，朝前走，绕过(或爬过)小山。 (3)湖边有个树林，就是野餐地点。 注意，在确定内容要点时应把握好，切勿把非要点添上去反而弄巧成拙，画蛇添足，被扣分。 4.组织语言。 将短文要点组织成语言，这是构成短文的基础。以大纲题要点示范。 (1)When you enter the Peoples Park,please walk along the road and cross the bridge. (2)Turn right, walk a while and you will come to a hill. Walk around to the other side of the hill. See a lake. (3)Therere trees beside the lake. We are going to have the picnic in the small woods. 5将语言点组成句子。 利用恰当的联接词将上述要点联成句子，再形成短文，在完成这一步前，考生须注意尽量用你最熟悉的词汇和句型，根据短文内容确定句子的主谓语，该采用的时态、语态，句子与句子之间的有机联系，段落与段落之间的过渡，尽量使句子表达清楚、正确，使短文具有一致性和连贯性。6通读全文，检查复核，确保字数不超过规定数，体裁正确，要点没有遗漏；语言表达准确又流畅，也无拼写、标点等小错误。参考范文： Dear Peter，Were so glad youre coming to join us on Sunday. Here is how you con find us. Well have our picnic in the Peoples Park. You know where that is, dont you? After you enter the park by the main gate, walk straight on till you come to a stream. Cross the stream and turn right. After walking for a while youll come to a hill. Walk round to the other side of the hill. There you will see a lake. Well have our picnic there in the small woods by the lake. Im sure youll have no trouble finding us. Do come!Li Hua 第二讲：分类一、 常见应用文书信1. 基本格式 April 3, 2006Dear XX, 称呼Best wishes! 结束语 Sincerely yours, 签名 XX2. 注意的几个问题：（1）日期写在右上角，年份必须是放在最后；（2）称呼应与左边线对齐，后面的标点一定是用逗号；（3）结束语Yours Sincerely, Sincerely yours, Yours Faithfully, Faithfully yours, Yours Truly, Truly yours，第一个字母要大写，结束语后要用逗号（4） 署名一般低于结束语一两行，从信纸中间偏右的地方开始（注意：考生在答卷时不要使用自己的真实姓名）；（5）如果是要求写电子邮件，在前面所讲的基本格式前面还要加上以下内容：From: 任意一个电子邮箱地址To:任意一个电子邮箱地址Subject: Greetings / Invitation / Thanks 二、记叙文记叙文通常要求描写一段经历、一件事或者描写个人情感、观感等。记叙文包括六大要素：时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果。这种作文经常用的是时间顺序法，即按照事情发展的先后顺序进行讲述。在写记叙文的时候注意以下几点：1在记叙文的开头应该交代时间、地点和人物；事件和原因放在文章中叙述，结果要在文章结尾交代；2在描写一件事情、经历或讲故事时，注意选择细节。如果细节太多，读者会觉得乏味；细节太少，读者有时会不知所云。所以选择那些对主题有关的细节；3可以用第一人称，也可以用第三人称；4要特别注意叙述的时间着眼点。叙述过去的人和事要以过去时为基点；叙述现在的人和事要以现在时为基点。5可适当使用一些表示事件发生的先后顺序的词语，是讲述更有条理性。如first“第一”，second“第二”，third“第三”，then“然后”，finally“最后”，consequently“结果”，at last“最后”，in the morning / afternoon / evening“在早上/ 下午/晚上”，last week / month“上个星期/月”，yesterday / today / tomorrow“昨天/今天/明天”等。三、议论文议论文是针对某一观点阐述自己的看法，并且通过摆事实，将道理说明自己看法的依据是什么。写作中应注意以下几点：1议论文要求论点明确，不要空洞或泛泛而谈；2论据充分有力；3论证严密，采用的方法有因果法、举例法、比较法等；4议论文短文篇章的组成：一般是Introduction - Body Conclusion三段式文章，即于第一段中引出话题，从而提出主题，中间用一段到两段的篇幅采用举例、列举或比较的方式论证或说明自己的观点，于结论处重述主题、或归纳总结照应首段，或提出问题的解决方式等。基本结构模式：第一段：Topic Sentence（主题句） 提出中心论点或话题第二段：Supporting Sentence1（主要扩展句1） Supporting Sentence1（次要扩展句1） Supporting Sentence2（次要扩展句2） 采用举例、列举或比较的方式第三段：Supporting Sentence2 （主要扩展句2） 论证或说明自己的观点 Supporting Sentence1（次要扩展句1） Supporting Sentence2（次要扩展句2）第四段：Conclusion Sentence （结尾句）重述主题、或归纳总结照应首段，或提出问题的解决方式五、各种体裁作文练习练习1短信Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to tell your American friend a day in your life. You should write at least 80 words, and base your letter on the Chinese outline below:1日常活动2主要工作（职业活动）3社交生活练习2记叙文Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a story about what happened to you or some else. You should write at least 80 words, and base your story on the Chinese outline below:1事件发生的时间和地点2人物3事件的经过练习3说明文（科普）Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a passage on Energy Sources. You should write at least 80 words, and base your passage on the outline below. Energy Sources1. 能源包括不可再生能源（nonrenewable energy sources）和再生能源。 2. 如今人类面临能源短缺（energy shortage）的严重问题。 3. 必须采取一些措施尽可能地节约能源（save energy as much as possible）。 练习4议论文Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a passage to state your views on the topic: The Internet. You should write at least 80 words, and base your writing on the Chinese outline below:The Internet1. 因特网的好处。2. 因特网的弊端。3. 我的看法。 练习5 短信Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an E-mail to your former classmates. You should write at least 80 words, and base your E-mail on the Chinese outline below:1了解对方最近的学习情况2你的学习情况3请对方说说提高英语水平的经验Key：练习1Feb.23, 2008Dear Bob,How is everything with you? Ill tell you something about my daily life in this letter and hope you will find it interesting.I usually get up early and go to work at 8 oclock. I have lunch in the office. And I come back home at six. As a secretary, I deal with phone calls, and faxes during work hours. I also do the paper work for the manager.After work, I like to do shopping with friends or watch TV at home. Sometimes, I also like to chat on the Internet.Best wishes!Yours,Michelle练习2One morning last week, I ate breakfast in a small restaurant not far from my home. Unfortunately, I found that I did not have any money with me. I had forgotten my wallet at home. I tried to explain this to the manager of the restaurant, but he did not believe me and wanted to call the police. I tried to call my wife, but she was not at home. Just then, I saw a former classmate walking past the restaurant, and I asked him to pay for my breakfast.练习3Energy SourcesEnergy sources are providing power for our life and social activities. Energy sources include nonrenewable energy sources like oil, coal and wood and renewable energy sources like wind, solar and thermal energies.With the rapid growth of world economy, we are using greater amount of energy than ever. Energy sources are becoming less and less. Today mankind is facing a very serious problem of energy shortage.Something must be done to find new energy sources and save energy as much as possible in our daily activities. Human beings cant sustainably develop on this earth unless we successfully solve the problem of energy sources.练习4The InternetThe internet has many advantages: giving us information in a great volume and at very fast speed and providing us a platform to communicate, entertain ourselves and learn knowledgeour wonderful distance education is a good example. However, the internet has some disadvantages. Some people distribute bad or unhealthy news or pictures online which may have bad effects on the society. Some teenagers may get addicted to the web, playing QQ or online games all day long, affecting their lessons and health.I think we should take advantage of the internet to serve our economy and daily life. On the other hand, we should make necessary laws and regulations to avoid its shortcomings and educate our kids to surf the web appropriately and wisely. 练习5Date：01/30/2008To：Jack WangDear Jack, How is everything with you? I am so sorry for not having written to you for such a long time. I have heard that you are pursuing your Master degree abroad. Have you been used to the life abroad? And how about your study? After graduating, I also continued my studying while working. And now, I have been the graduate student studying English Literature at Sichuan University for two years. This semester I am preparing my thesis. In addition, I will feel very grateful if you can talk about your experience or your advice on how to improve English.With best wishes Sincerely yours,Tom第四部分 附录附1：书信开头常用语及结束语一、开头常用语 1. Your letter of the 4th this month was duly received. I have the pleasure to tell you that你这个月4号的信已经按时收到。我很高兴告诉你2. How are you getting along these days? I miss you very much.你近来过得如何，我十分想念3. I have been so busy recently that I could hardly find any time to write.我最近很忙，未能抽出 时间给你写信。二、结束语1. Looking forward to your early reply. 期望你尽早的回复。2. With kind regards to your family. 向你家人表示良好的祝愿3. Please give my compliments to your family. 请代我向你的家人问候。附2：议论文写作常用逻辑衔接词在写作中特别强调衔接词在写作中的正确运用。衔接词是指在文章中用来说明上、下或前、后句间关系的词或词组，是连接句与句、段与段的纽带，是使文章具备连贯性的主要工具。在作文中恰当地使用衔接词可以保证作文段落结构清晰、逻辑合理、过度自然流畅。根据衔接词本身在文章中起到的作用，主要分为以下四类：（一）表示“起”的词或词组：用于开篇引出扩展句at first 最初first / firstly首先，第一点at present 现在，当今for one thing(for another)首先其次now 现在on the whole总起来来说in general 一般说来generally speaking 一般说来first of all 首先，第一In the first place首先，第一on the one hand(on the other hand)一方面（另一方面）（二）有关“承”的常用词语：用来承接上文Furthermore 而且，此外in addition 此外In other words换句话说moreover 而且，此外Second / secondly 第二third / thirdly第三For another其次what is more而且，此外（三）有关“转”的常用词语：用来表示转折，表示不同或相反的意见However然而，无论如何nevertheless不过，仍然Though / although 尽管but但是On the contrary相反地conversely 相反地（四）有关“合”的常用词语：用于小结上文或结束本段落的内容Above all最重要的是as a consequence 因此In sum总之，简而言之in summary简要地说At last最后to sum up总而言之In conclusion总之，最后all in all总之In a word总之finally最后On the whole总体来说therefore因此As has been noted如前所述as I have said如我所述附3：热点话题1关于自己各方面的话题。（1）自己的家的描述：（p15）A. 可能用到的词汇：be located, in the south / north / east / west of the city, have three rooms, in addition to, kitchen, bathroom, living room, first / second / third room, is used for, have meals, relax, read, watch TV, bedroom, sleep, belong to, spacious, furniture, comfortable, warm, like, be satisfied with.B. 提示：可为说明文文体。基本时态用一般现在时。可采用三段式作文，在首段提出你家的位置，然后在第二段描述家的房间，比如说有几间屋子，以及各自的用途，最后在结尾处表达你对自己家的态度。（2）你的家乡：A. 可能用到的词汇：in the southwest / north / south of China beautiful city, be famous for, climate, pleasant, people, friendly, charming girls, fashion, leisure, food, delicious, most popular food, hot pot, Long Chaoshou, Zhong dumpling, Dan Dan noodle, and so on, traveling, , traffic, convenient, like.B. 提示：可为说明文文体。基本时态用一般现在时。采用三段式。在首段提出你的家乡的位置，总体的形象，也可以提出以什么为特色，然后在第二段分别介绍家乡的人，特色食品，交通，气候等，最后在末段表达你对家乡的态度。（3）童年的梦想（理想的工作）/ 对未来工作的设想（P39）：A. 可能用到的词汇：as a child, wanted to be / dreamed, doctor / teacher / police, cure patients (cultivate the youth, impart knowledge / solve criminal cases, do justice), help others, social status, feel happy, be needed by others / society, now, but, come true, do my best, contribute, like, be fit forB. 提示：可为说明文文体。基本时态用一般过去式，可能涉及到现在要用一般现在式或者是现在进行式。在首段提出你童年的梦想是什么，然后在第二段说明原因，最后可说明现在梦想是否实现，或者说明你现在的状况。（4）爱好（比如听音乐，跳舞，爬山等）：A. 可能用到的词汇：like / enjoy listening to music (dancing / mountain climbing), relax yourself, make friends, bring people closer, kill free time, be away from job pressure, seek for interests in life, enjoy my life (keep healthy, inhale fresh air, find beautiful scene) pop / classic / country / blue / music B. 提示：可为议论文或者是说明文。基本时态用一般现在时。在首段点题指出你的爱好，然后分析你喜欢这个爱好的原因，最后再次点题，说明这个爱好对你有益。（5）喜欢的电视节目：A. 可能用到的词汇：a great variety of, programs, meet different needs and states, satisfy different peoples interests, for example / instance, weather forecast, serials, films, sports, and so on, however, favorite, news, be worth mentioning, for one thing (first), important events, at home and abroad, for another thing (second), timely, reliable, finally (at last), save time, reading through, news paper, current affairs, in short (in a word), become, daily life.B. 提示：可为议论文文体。基本时态为一般现在时。采用总分总三段式的结构。在首段点题指出你喜欢的电视节目。然后在第二段分析你喜欢这个节目的原因，最后再次点题指出这个节目成为你日常生活的一部分。（6）喜欢的交通方式：A. 可能用到的词汇：modern city, means / ways, transportation, such as, subway, taxi, bus, car, airport, and so on, however (but), favorite, by bike, first, be good for, keep healthy, good form of, physical excise, second, money-saving, price of gas, higher and higher, third, be beneficial for, protect the environment, “green” form of transportation, therefore (all in all), like best, although, disadvantages.B. 提示：可为议论文文体。基本时态为一般现在式。采用总分总三段式结构。在首段提出尽管有许多交通方式，但是你喜欢.，在第二段说明你喜欢的原因，最后在末段照应首段。2. 对金钱、爱情的看法：A. 可能用到的词汇：believe / think, there is no love without money, dont agree, important, but / however, cannot buy everything, for example, if there were no love without money, the poor, would have no love, the rich, would have