译林版必修四Unit 2 sports events grammar学案.doc

unit 2 sports events grammar学案情态动词一.情态动词的语法特征 1. 情态动词不能单独作谓语，须和行为动词或连系动词一起构成谓语。2. 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，但有现在时或过去时两种形式，其过去时也不一定表示过去，往往表示婉转的或不确定的语气。 3. 情态动词除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。4. 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词等形式。 二.情态动词的基本用法 can /could 1)表示能力，could主要指过去时间k two eyes can see more than one. could the girl read before she went to school? 2) 表惊异、怀疑等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。 where can (could) they have gone to? how can you be so careless? 3) 表示征求别人许可，相当于maycan/could i have a look at your new pen?he asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room. 注意：could也可表示请求，表委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语应用can。4) 表示推测，“也许，可能”，cant 表示“不可能”，绝对否定。 even a wise man can sometimes make mistakes. there is no light in the room. can she have gone to bed?it cant be true. she cant have gone to school-its sunday.5) could/ couldnt have done 本能够做而没能做/本不能够做而做了可能发生某事，实际上没有发生 i could have come earlier, but my car broke down half-way. you could have broken your leg.somebody must have opened the cagethe lion couldnt have escaped on its own.用作猜测, 可能做了某事 dont worrythey could have just forgotten to phone. she could have gone off with some friends.6)cannot tooto；can never tooto再也不为过; 越越好 cannotenough再也不够 cannot dobut do ; cannotbut do只能做one cannot be too careful. you cannot work too hard. i cannot thank you enough.may (might) 1)表允许，might语气更委婉。you may take whatever you like.may /might i ask for a photo of your baby? (在回答以may引起的问句时，用yes, please. / certainly. / please dont. / youd better not. / no, you mustnt.等，以免显得不客气否定回答为please dont.或no, you mustnt)i -may we leave now? -no, you mustnt. you havent finished your homework yet. 2) 表可能性（事实上）。might不表示过去，而是表示不确定性。 may not 可能不 he may/might be at home. she may/might not know about it. she may be staying at home.3)表祝愿 may your friendship last forever. may you have a happy new year.4)may/might as well + do “最好，倒不如 ”you may as well stay here over the night.this holiday isnt much fun. we might as well be back home.5) may / might (not) have done 本能够做而没能做/本不能够做而做了表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性稍大些。 i cant find my keys. i may / might have left them at the school yesterday.must 没有过去式，表示现在或将来 1) 表示义务。意为“必须”（主观意志）。we must do everything step by step.-must we hand in our exercise books now? -no, you neednt. / no, you dont have to.不必 2）表示推测。只用于肯定句，“想必、准是、一定”，否定推测用cant。shes wearing a diamond necklace. she must have a lot of money. it must be raining outside.it must have rained last night, for the ground is quite wet. that cant be the postman-its only seven oclock.3）表“硬要，偏要” my son must do the opposite to what we ordered.why must you always leave your dirty clothes in the bathroom.shall 1) 表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。shall i get you some tea? shall the boy wait outside? 2)表“命令、允诺、警告、决心、按规章制度、预言”等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。 you shall do as i say.(命令) you shall have my answer tomorrow.（允诺） he shall be sorry for it one day, i tell you. （警告） nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.（决心） each competitor shall wear a number.(规章)all shall die.（预言）should1) 表义务，责任。意为“应该”。you should be polite to the old. you shouldnt waste any time. 2) 表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。 the film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. they should be home by now. 3)表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等,“竟然, 怎么会”i wonder that a person like him should make such a mistake. why should you be so late today?4) should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气i should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。you are mistaken, i should say.依我看,你是搞错了 i should advise you not to do that.我倒是劝你别这样做。5) should have done / shouldnt have done本应该做而没有做/本不应该做而做了you should have done it today, for it is urgent i was really anxious about you. youshouldnt have gone home without a word. 竟然做过了某事 you should have been fooled by such a simple trick.ought to 表义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务等该做），口气比should稍重。you are his father. you ought to take care of him.you oughtnt to smoke so much. 3) 表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。 han mei ought to know his telephone number. theres a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.3) ought (not) to have done表示“责备”、“不满”，表示“本(不)应该” you ought not to have made fun of him. he is not the one you laugh at but learn from. 1will 1) 表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。 i will do anything for you. they will go their own way no matter what happens.2) 表征求意见，用于第二人称疑问句。 will you close the window? wont you drink some more coffee? 3) 表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。 fish will die out of water. the door wont open. 4）表示推测，用于第三人称 this will be the watch you have lost.would1)表过去的意愿。（would like 指现在）they would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 2)表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。 would you mind cleaning the window? 4) 表过去的习惯。every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. when i was a child, i would get up early and go fishing on sundays.need和dareneed和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，可用于各种句式。1) need用作情态动词。you needt telephone him now. need he take some money with him? i dont think you need worry. 2)need 用作实义动词。myou dont need to telephone him now. we need to see him off. the table needs painting (to be painted.). 3)neednt have done “本没必要做而做了” you neednt have waken me up; i dont have to go to work today.1) dare用作情态动词。(过去式dared)dare he tell them what he knows? she dare not tell the boss because she doesnt want to make trouble.2)dare用作实义动词, to有时可省略 he did not dare (to) look up. she doesnt dare (to) go and ask him, does she?（固定习语）i dare say hell come again. how dare you say im unfair? 【巩固练习】1. when a pencil is partly in a glass of water ,it looks as if_. abreaks b. has broken c. were broken d. has been broken2. the general ordered that the thief _ . a. be punished b. would punish c. would be punished d. should punish3. if only i _how to operate a computer as you do! a. had known b. would know c. should know d. knew4. it is surprising that he _at the meeting. a. was b. be c. is d. were5. if i_you, i_more attention to english idioms and phrases. a. was;shall play b. am;will play c. would be;would play d. were;w