生物学专业英语.doc

专业英语9句子翻译:1、While these problem tend to have multiple roots, their biological bases may yield to biological solutions , and these solutions , in turn , will help ease the associated pressures on society.这些问题的根源是多方面的，它们的生物学基础可以用生物学来解决，而这些问题的解决反过来将有助于减轻对社会的压力。2、In studying the living world , you are embarking on adventure of discovery that will not only excite your imagination and enrich your appreciation of the natural world ,but will provide a basis on which you can contribute intelligently to the difficult choices society must make in the future .在研究生物世界过程中，你正从事着冒险的探索，它不仅激发你的创造力，丰富你对自然世界的鉴别能力，而且为你将来对人类错综复杂社会作出理智的贡献打下基础。1、The criterion of movement is thus neither necessary possessed by all life forms-nor sufficient-possessed only by life forms , even though it is a common attribute of many kinds of organisms .虽然运动是许多生物一个共同的特征，但运动的标准既不是所有生命的必要条件，也不是生命形式所仅有的。2、The order of the subunits making up the DNA contains , in code ,the information that determines what an individual organism will be like ,just as the order of letters on this page determines the sense of what you are reading .组成DNA的亚单位的顺序，即密码所包含的信息，决定了生物个体将来的模样，就像这一页书的字母的顺序决定了您正在阅读这篇材料的意义一样。1、Our atmosphere has since changed as living organisms began to harness the energy in sunlight to split water molecules and form complex carbon molecules, giving off gaseous oxygen molecules in the process .自从生物开始利用太阳能分裂水分子，形成复杂的碳分子，并在这个过程中释放气态氧分子，从此我们的大气层发生了变化。2、On earth today , we are shielded from the effects of solar ultraviolet radiation by a layer of ozone gas（O3）in the upper atmosphere, and it is particularly difficult to imagine the enormous flux of ultraviolet energy to which the early earths surface must have been exposed.今天，在地球上我们受到大气上层的臭氧层的保护，免受太阳紫外线辐射的影响，而早期地球表面直接暴露在强大的紫外线能流通量下，这是特别难以想象的。1、The idea of evolution-the notion that kinds of living things on earth changed gradually from one form into another over the course of time-provides a good example of how an idea , an educated guess , is developed into a hypothesis , tested , and eventually accepted as a theory.进化的思想地球上各种生物在时间过程中由一种类型逐渐变成另一种类型的见解为一种思想、一种推测如何发展成为一种假说，并被检验，最终成为一种理论而被接受提供了很好的例子。2、He presented his idea in such convincing detail that they could logically be accepted as explaining the diversity of life on earth , the intricate adaptation of living things , and the ways in which they are related to one another.他提出的思想是如此令人信服的详细，以致这些见解合乎逻辑地被接受用来解释地球上生命的多样性、生物的复杂适应变化，以及一种生物与另一种生物之间关系的方式。1、Two phyla , arthropodaa gigantic group that includes crustaceans , spiders , and insectsand chordateour own phylum , which includes the vertebratesdominate animal life on the land . 生物分类上的庞大类群节肢动物门，包括甲壳纲动物、蜘蛛纲和昆虫纲的一个庞大类群以及脊索动物门我们人类本身所属的门，即脊椎动物在陆地动物种类上占了优势地位。2、The ability of animals to moveand to move more rapidly and in more complex ways than the member of other kingdomsis perhaps their most striking characteristic , one that is directly related to the flexibility of their cells .动物能运动的本性甚至比其他生物王国的成员的运动速度更快，运动方式更复杂也许是他们最显著的特征，这是与它们细胞的柔韧性有关。1、The eggs of arthropod develop into immature forms that may bear little or no resemblance to the adults of the same species ; most members of this phylum change their characteristics as they develop from stage to stage , a process called metamorphosis .节肢动物的卵发育到幼龄阶段（非成熟阶段），其形态与它的成熟阶段的形态很少相似，或者根本不相似；这一门的大多数种类，当它们从一个阶段发育到另一个阶段的时候，其特征也发生变化，这个过程成成为变态。2、The fundamental differences in the derivation and structure of their mouthparts indicate that the chelicerates and the mandibulates represent different evolutionary lines among the arthropods and that neither group gave rise to the other .起源上和口器结构上的根本差异，表明螯肢动物和有颚动物代表了节肢动物当中两条不同的进化路线，同时表明这两类动物在起源上相互之间是没有联系的。1、The hollow dorsal nerve cord of most vertebrates is protected within a U-shaped groove formed by paired projections from the vertebral column .大多数脊椎动物凹陷的背神经索由脊柱的成对的凸出物形成的U形沟所保护。2、This relationship has in the past sometimes been recognized by designating the agnathans as a distinct group of vertebrates , more different from the other classes than the other classes are from one anther .在过去，这种进化关系一直把无颔类作为脊椎动物一个独特的类群，其他纲动物间有差异，但它与其他纲动物的差异更明显。1、In all but a few mammals 除少数种类以外，在所有哺乳动物当中。2、These animals occur only in Australia and New Guinea ; recently , a 110-million-year-old fossil jaw similar to that of a platypus was discovered in Australia , indicating that monotremes have inhabited that part of the world for a very long time .这些动物仅出现在澳大利亚和新几内亚；近几年在澳大利亚发现1.1 亿年的类似于鸭嘴兽的颚的化石，这表明单孔目动物在地球上的这部分陆地栖居了相当长的时间。3、One evolutionary line of mammals , the bats ,has joined insects and birds in the only group of living animals that truly flies ; another ,the Cetacea , together with the Sirenia , or manatees , has reverted to an aquatic habitat , like that from which the ancestors of mammals came hundreds of millions of years ago.哺乳动物的一条进化线，蝙蝠，把仅有的真正会飞翔的动物种类昆虫和鸟连接起来；另一进化线，鲸鱼目的动物与海牛目动物或海牛，已经回复到水栖境，据此，哺乳动物的祖先很可能在几亿年前就出现在地球上了。1、The three main tissues systems in a mature vascular plant include the dermal tissue system , which , like skin , protects the plant from water loss and injury to internal tissues ; the ground tissue system , which provides support and stores starch; and the vascular tissue system , which conducts fluids and help strengthen the roots , stems , and leaves.成熟的维管束植物的三个主要组织系统包括：表皮组织系统，该系统像皮肤那样防止植物水分的流失，保护内部组织免受损害；基础组织系统，该系统对植物提供支撑并贮藏淀粉；维管束组织系统，该系统使流体在植物体内流动，帮助增强根、茎、叶的生长。2、Collenchyma tissue is tougher than parenchyma because individual collenchyma cells often have a cylindrical shape and thick primary walls,and they connect end to end in long,stringy fibers such as those just beneath the epidermis of a celery stalk .厚角组织比薄壁组织坚韧强硬得多，这是由于单个厚角组织细胞常常具有圆柱形的、厚的初生壁，它们头尾连结成很长的丝状纤维，正如芹草茎皮下的纤维那样。1、Angiosperms such as the pear experience a unique double fertilization : one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form the diploid embryo , while the other fuses with two polar nuclei to form the triploid nutritive tissue, or endosperm , that will nourish the embryo within the seed.像梨树那样的被子植物，经历唯一一次的双重授精; 一个精子的细胞核与卵核融合形成二倍体胚胎，而其他精子的细胞核与两极核融合形成三倍体的营养组织或胚乳，它们将供给种子内的胚胎的营养。2、By “enlisting” animals to disperse seeds , immobile plants are spared the energy they would need for self-propelled motion , and yet their offspring still have a fair chance to become rooted a good distance away from the adult and away from direct competition for sunlight , water , and minerals . 借助动物传播扩散种子，不会运动的植物就节省了为自身扩散所需的能源，它们的后代也有同等的机会在远离母代的地方植根，避免同种对阳光、水分以及矿物质的直接竞争。1、All of these elements are needed in large quantities , and they are the ones apt to become deficient in the soil ;because they are often added in large quantities ,they are also important sources of pollution in certain situations . 所有这些元素是大量需要的，同时也是土壤中最易缺失的；由于经常大量地施入农田，因此在某种情况下这些元素也成为重要的污染源。2、Compost also serves to build up the humus content of the soil, although it may or may not be rich in the nutrients that the plants require , depending on the original source of the compost . 虽然堆肥在作物所需营养成分中也许是丰富的或贫乏的，这依赖于堆肥的来源，但它也是土壤的腐殖质成分。1、ATP adenosine triposphate 腺苷三磷酸。2、In photosynthetic bacteria these membranes are the cell membranes ; in plants and algae all photosynthesis is carried out by the evolutionary descendants of photosynthetic bacteria ,the chloroplasts , and the photosynthetic membranes are contained within the chloroplasts.在光合作用细菌当中，这些膜是细胞膜；在植物和藻类当中，所有的光合作用都是由光合作用细菌的进化后代叶绿体来进行的，叶绿体本身含有光合作用膜。3、The excited electron is shuttled along a series of electron-carrier molecules embeded within the photosynthetic membrane to a transmembrane proton-pumping channel , where the arrival of the electron induces the transport of a proton inward across the membrane .被激发的电子沿着光合作用膜内的一系列装载电子的分子被运送到一条横跨膜的质子泵通道，电子到达这里时，导致质子穿过这层膜往里输送。1、Most cells derive all their power from the kind of organelles called mitochondria , whereas plant cells contain a second kind of bacteria-like powerhouse , chloroplasts , in addition to their mitochondria . 大多数细胞从那些成为线粒体的细胞器中得到能量，而植物细胞除了线粒体外，还含有第二类像细菌那样的能源库，即叶绿体。2、Many of these organelles are created by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum , which close off compartments within which different activities take place .许多细胞器是由细胞质内的内质网膜产生的，它使产生不同活动的各个室相互隔绝。1、Reproduction is essential to life : Each living thing exists solely because its ancestors succeeded in producing progeny that could themselves develop , survive , andif lucky and well adapted to the environmentreach reproductive age .繁殖对生命来说是极其重要的，每种生物能够继续存在，仅仅是由于它通过繁殖后代，而这些后代本身又能继续发育、存活，如果幸运和很适应环境的话，能活至繁殖年龄。2、Olfactory cues include the odor signals that mammals produce and the pheromones that insects generate-chemicals given off by one individual that affect the behavior of others of the same species.嗅觉提示包括哺乳动物产生的气味信号和昆虫产生的激素，这些由一个个体释放出来的化学物质，影响同种其他个体的行为。3、This kind of synchronized release into the environment is a prelude to external fertilization , a process that takes place in many water-dwelling species in which eggs and sperm are deposited directly into the surrounding water , meet by chance ,and fuse .这种同时释放配子到外界环境的现象是体外受精的一首序曲，是发生在许多水栖种类的一个过程，在这过程中，卵子和精子直接排到水环境中，通过偶然相遇而结合。1、 Different blastomeres contain different components of the egg cytoplasm ;these components dictate different developmental fates for the cells in which they are present. 不同的分裂球含有不同的卵细胞质成分；细胞中存在的这些成分支配细胞不同的发育命运。2、 Because yolk-rich cells divide much slowly than those which are poor in yolk ,holoblastic cleavage of these eggs results in a very asmmetrical blastula ,with large cells containing a lot of yolk at one pole and a concentrated mass of small cells containing very little yolk at the other.由于卵黄丰富的细胞分裂慢很多，因此这些卵的分裂产生一个非常不对称的囊胚，它的一头是含有许多卵黄的大细胞，另一头是聚成一团的含有很少卵黄的小细胞。1、If , as you look at your own arm ,you can see brown moles or freckles or overall dark skin pigment ,then you are observing the results of embryonic pigment cell that crawled from the neural crest near your spinal across your back and down your arm .如果当您看一下您自己的手臂，您会看见褐色的胎块或斑块或全部暗色的皮肤色素，这样您就观察到胚胎色素细胞从您的脊椎附近的神经嵴爬过您的背，一直下沿到您的手臂。2、A cell can carry out its particular functions in large part because of the distinctive proteins it contains-proteins that break chemical bonds in food molecules ; or proteins that cause a cell to contract ;or proteins that change form when struck by light.一个细胞能实行它的特殊功能，很大部分原因是它含有与众不同的蛋白质，即破坏食物分子化合键的蛋白质，引起细胞收缩的蛋白质，或受光线照射而改变形状的蛋白质。1、In light of their chemical nature and total inability to exist independently from other organisms , earlier theories that viruses represent a kind of halfway house between life and nonlife have now largely been abandoned.根据它们的化学本质以及离开其他生物完全不能独立存在这样的性质，早期认为病毒是生命与非生命之间的一类生物代表的理论，现在已被放弃了。2、In general , viruses posses only these nucleotide sequences associated with the enzymes that are necessary for them to replicate their own nucleic acids , capsids , and envelopes ,and thus make possible the invasion of new host cells.总的来说，病毒仅仅具有那些与酶有关的核苷酸序列，这些酶是病毒复制自己的核酸、壳体以及囊壳所必需的，这就使得病毒入侵新的寄主细胞成为可能。1、Bacteria can be characterized properly only when they are grown on a defined medium ,because the characteristies of these organisms often change ,depending on their growth conditions and the substance with they are in contact.细菌只有当它们长在一种规定的培养基上才能表现其特征，这是由于这些生物的特征常常根据生长条件和所接触的基质而变化。2、Bacteria are used now ,for example ,in the production of acetic and vinegar ,various amino acids and enzymes ,and especially in the fermentation of lactose into lactic acid ,which coagulates milk proteins and is used in the production of almost all cheese ,yogurt ,and similar products.例如，细菌现在应用于醋酸和醋、各种氨基酸和酶的生产，尤其在乳糖发酵成乳酸、使乳蛋白凝结需要细菌。1、This distinct kindom of organism consists of approximately 100000 named species ,but mycologists ,the scientists who study them ,believe several times that many may exist.这个特别的生物王国由约10万种已定名的种类组成。但从事研究真菌学家相信，自然界中存在的真菌种类术可能是上述种数的几倍。2、Because so many are harmful and because so many are beneficial, fungi hold great importance for all of us.由于真菌的害处是如此之多，同时由于它的益处又是如此之多，因此真菌对于我们所有的人来说是极其重要的。1、These deep-sea denizens are 100 times more efficient at capturing sunlight than are the red algae found in shallow waters, and they rely on reddish accessory pigments called phycocery-thrins that absorb light in the blue-green range-the only wavelengths that can penetrate to great depths.这些深海的植物，其捕捉光能的效率是生长在浅水中的红藻的100倍，它们依靠称为藻红蛋白的带红色的补充色素来吸收蓝-绿范围的光，这个光波范围能穿进深海。2、Brown algae range from golden brown to black, while they also contain chlorophylls a and c, it is the golden-brown carotenoid pigment called fucoxanthin that colors the enables them to collect the blue and violet wavelengths of light that penetrate medium-deep water.褐藻的颜色从金褐色到暗褐色以至黑色都有。当含有叶绿素a和c的时候，就变为墨角藻黄色的类胡萝卜素色素，他使植物（藻类）显出颜色，并使他们能够吸收穿进中层深度海水的蓝色和紫色光波。1、 Science was young then, and it was not obvious that the number were important. They were .They almost always are.那时，遗传学这门学科还很年轻，数量的重要性还不明显。其实数量不但在过去重要，而且几乎总是重要的。2、 This result suggested that, for the entire sample, the 3:1 ratio Mendel observed in the F2 generation was really a disguised 1:2:1 ratio, with one-quarter true-breeding dominant individuals to one-half not-true-breeding dominant individuals to one-quarter true-breeding recessive individuals.这个结果表明，对于整个样本，孟德尔在F2代所观察到的3:1这个比例确实是一个被伪装掩盖的1:2:1比例，即四分之一纯种的显性个体比二分之一非纯种显性个体比四分之一纯种隐性个体。1、arg gene 精氨酸编码基因；arg mutant 精氨酸编码基因突变2、For each enzyme in the arginine biosynthetic pathway, Beadle and Tatum were able to isolate a mutant strain with a defective form of that enzyme, and the mutation always proved to be located at one of a few specific chromosomal sites, a different site for each enzyme; that is, each of the mutants that Beadle and Tatum examed could be explained in terms of a defect in one(and only one)enzyme, which could be localized at a single site on one chromosome.对于精氨酸生物合成途径中的每种酶，比德尔和泰德姆能够根据它缺陷形式分离出一个突变品系，突变总是出现染色体特定的几个位置中的一个位置上，不同的酶其突变的位置不同。也就是说，比德尔和泰德姆检验过的每一个突变体，可以根据一种酶上的一个缺陷来解释，它可以定位在一条染色体的单一位置上。3、It was not evident, for example, whether or not a particular kind of protein has a consistent sequence of amino acids that would be the same in one individual molecule as it would be in another of that same kind of protein.例如，一类特定的蛋白质是否具有一致的氨基酸序列还是不明白的，同类蛋白质的单独一个分子与另一个分子的氨基酸序列也许是相同。1、Messenger RNA(mRNA)carries from DNA the information , or message ,for manufacturing proteins during the translation phase ,while both ribosomal RNA(rRNA) and transfer RNA(tRNA) assist in the translation of mRNAs to protein.信使RNA(mRNA)在翻译阶段期间从DNA那里携带为制造蛋白质的信息，与此同时，核糖体RNA(rRNA)和传递RNA(tRNA)也帮助mRNA翻译给蛋白质。2、Both replication and transcription result in a new nucleic acid molecule with a base sequence specified by the old molecule, but in DNA replication, the new strand is DNA, while in DNA transcription, a strand of DNA is copied into a new strand of RNA.复制和转录都产生一个新的核酸分子，它具有由旧分子所确定的碱基系列，但是在DNA复制时，产生新的DNA股，而在DNA转录时，DNA股被复制到新的DNA股上。1、Geneticsts were able to decipher which codon corresponds to each amino acid by adding artificial messages to an extract of bacterial cells containing all factors necessary for translation and monitoring to see which amino acid was present in the resulting polypeptide.通过把人工信息加入到含有翻译和监控所需全部因子的细菌细胞的提取物，研究所产生的多肽中存在哪种氨基酸，遗传学家能够译解与每个氨基酸相对应的密码子。2、Every cell contains tens of thousands of ribosomes, located wherever proteins are being synthesized, be it in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell or in the nucleoid of a prokaryotic cell.每个细胞含有成千上万的核糖体，在蛋白质合成的地方，如真核细胞的细胞质或原核细胞的核仁区均可发现。摘要:1. 油藏微生物的代谢特征和生态结构调控(Microbial metabolic characteristics and ecological controlling in Petroleum ReservoirA review)Abstract : Petroleum reservoir has a variety of microbes with diverse metabolic characteristics and great variation. These microbes play an important role in geochemical cycle.Research on their metabolism and ecological relationships enables the understanding mechanism in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery(MEOR).Based on the present researches,we review the microbial metabolic characteristics and ecological relationships in oil reservoir2. 塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地胡杨林土壤细菌多样性分析Abstract :Objective The aim of study was to investigate bacterial diversity of Populus Euphratica forest in the hinterland of Taklimakan desert.All the isolateds were be used as inoculants for silage and biofertilizer. MethodsStrains were isolated by culture-dependent method.Gram staining,NaCl tolerance,enzyme activity (including amylase,esterase,cellulase) were determined by strand methods. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences were constructed by using the neighbour-joining.ResultsA total of 27 strains were obtained.Phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene showed that all isolates fell into one of the following four bacterial lineages:Actinobacteria(16 strains),Proteobacteria (4 strains),Firmicutes(6 strains) and Bacteroidetes(1 strains).Gram staining indicated that 5 strains were gram-negative and the others were gram-positive.Among these,15 strains showed amylase activity,9 strains showed esterase activity and 9 strains showed cellulase activity.All strains growth occurred at in presence of 2% NaCl,22 strains growth occurred at in presence of 5% NaCl and only 1 strain tolerated up to 15% NaCl.ConclusionThe bacterial population diversity is abundant in soil of Populus Euphratica Forest in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert.3.以C3 水稻原种(WT) 和C4 玉米为材料Physiological Performance of Transgenic Rice Expressing C4 GenesAbstract : In this study , the activities of C4 photosynthetic enzymes (including PEPC , PPDK and ME ) , the gas exchange parameters and water use efficiency (WUE) under different light intensities and temperatures , and the metabolic index of active oxygen were determined in transgenic rice carrying PEPC , PPD K and ME genes ( PKM) , taking the C3 type untransformed rice(WT) and maize (a C4 plant ) as controls. The result showed that the light-saturated photosynthetic rate of PKM was intermediate between