The Enlightenment.doc

The Enlightenment-The Age of ReasonWhat is Enlightenment ? An intellectual movement originating in France in the second half of the 18th century It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State The Age of ReasonHistorical Context The first half of the 18th century: an age of relative peace, security and optimism 1750s: a period of turbulence(动荡), full of ideological(意识形态), political, social and economic revolutions1. 1776, the American War of Independence =ended British colonial rule2. 1789, the French Revolution=ended French monarchy3. 1760-1840, the Industrial Revolution in EnglandIntellectual originThe most important forerunners John Locke Isaac Newton Their theories fostered the belief in natural law and universal order and established confidence in human reason.French PhilosophyDenis Diderot a French philosopher and writer Chief editor主编of Encyclopdie He also wrote novels, plays, critical essays Encyclopdie an early encyclopedia published in France comprised 28 volumes, 71,818 articles, and 2,885 illustrations (1751-1772) Reasoned Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts Epitomized（概括，代表） the spirit of Enlightenment thought a quintessential （精华的）summary of thought and belief of the Enlightenment The three main branches of knowledge are: Memory/ History, Reason/ Philosophy, Imagination/ Poetry theology is ordered under PhilosophyJean-Jacques Rousseau 卢梭 Swiss-born philosopher, author, political theorist and composer One of the greatest figures of the French EnlightenmentThe Influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau On French Revolution He glorified human nature and attacked social inequality His ideas were influential at the time of the French Revolution Had a great influence on the leaders of the RevolutionThe Influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau On Education His writings have profoundly influenced modern educational theoryVoltaire 伏尔泰also called The Dictator of Letters French poet, dramatist, historian, philosopherImportant writings Lettres Anglaise哲学通信 Candide 老实人Lettres Anglaise哲学通信 “The first bomb dropped on the Old Regime” Written during years of exile in England In the style of 24 letters to friends Showed a contrast between English liberty and French arbitrary government Lettres Anglaise calls for Political, religious and philosophic freedomCandide老实人 The story of a naive and innocent young man who becomes gradually disillusioned A satire on the previous adventure novels of the age An attack upon the claims of unlimited optimismMontesquieu 孟德斯鸠 French Jurist 法理学家, satirist 讽刺作家, political and social philosopher An outstanding figure of the early French Enlightenment Most famous writingsPersian Letters 波斯人信札, a veiled attack on the monarchy and the ancient rgimeThe Spirit of the Laws 论法的精神, a discourse on government. Political thought advocated the separation of the legislative立法的, executive行政的 and judicial司法的 powers these three powers must be assigned to different individuals or bodies, acting independently The Influence of Montesquieus Political thought On the U.S. Constitution Montesquieus Political thought was relied on by the framers of the U.S. Constitution The government was set up according to the American ConstitutionEnglish literature Alexander Pope One of the greatest English poets of the eighteenth century Became Renowned for his translations of Homer Daniel Defoe 笛福A novelist and political journalist best known for his Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记Jonathan SwiftA political writer and poet best known for his satirical work Gullivers Travels格列佛游记German literature and philosophyMain Figures Wolfgang Von Goethe 歌德 Immanuel Kant 康德Goethe 歌德 Greatest of all German poets the outstanding figure of world literature Worldwide influence on literature Famous Writings The Sorrows of Young Werther 少年维特之烦恼 Faust 浮士德 The Sorrows of Young Werther loosely autobiographical his first major successFaust His masterpiece, most famous work Considered by many as the greatest German work of literature of all time. Heinrich Faust, a scholar Mephistopheles , devil Immanuel Kant 康德He is the key figure of the Germa classical philosophy, the founder of classical mentalism. 古典唯心主义的创始人 Waterhead of modern philosophy 德国现代哲学的思想之源 Nebular hypothesis 星云假说 Immense influence on the intellectual movements of 19th and 20th centuriesRococo Art an artistic style in France associated with architecture and interior decoration characterized by elaborate ornamentation style in minor arts: furniture, tapestries 织锦, clocks and ceiling chandeliers 吊灯 MusicMain Figures Johann Sebastian Bach（巴赫） George Friderick Handel（亨德尔） Joheph Haydn （海顿） Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart（莫扎特)Johann Sebastian Bach巴赫 suggested musical techniques, devices and methods open up new horizons for music Schumann said , “Music owes as much to Bach as Christianity does to its Founder.” （巴赫对音乐的贡献就如同基督教的创立者对基督教的贡献一样重要）George Friderick Handel 亨德尔 a contemporary of Bach his supreme genius was shown in one field alone, the oratorio（以圣经故事为主题的清唱剧） his crowning masterpiece, messiah 弥塞亚 Joseph Haydn 海顿 An Austrian composer in the Classical Period 1750-1820 Called the father of symphonies His representative works is London symphonies伦敦交响乐Mozart 莫扎特 An Austrian composer One of the most significant and popular composers of European classical music. Music works include symphonic, piano , operatic , and choral music. Many of his works are part of the standard concert repertory保留节目轮演 and are widely recognized as masterpieces of the classical style. The Significance of the Enlightenment1. Critical Spirit and Wide Circulation The ideas of social equality, hum