Haze Time 雾霾时代.docx

Haze TimeAbstract: This passage is mainly about haze, including the definition of haze, the causes of haze, hazards of haze and ways to control haze. And it introduced the details of haze from four parts above. Briefly, Haze, as the name suggests that, it is fog and haze. And two main points composed the causes of haze, which are human activities and climatic factors. Meanwhile, there are also two main respects of the hazards of haze, that is，the harm to the human body and the hazards on the environment and traffic. Therefore, governing haze cannot alone be the task of environmental protection departments but the responsibilities of all people. All of us are supposed to take actions to control haze and protect our family.As we all know, last year, many cities in our country especially some big cities, such as our nations capital Beijing, industrial city Tianjing and so on, were covered by haze, so we went into a Haze Time in 2014. Unfortunately, haze was not eliminated thoroughly, and this year 2015 we are still puzzled by haze and something that it brings to us. Therefore, it is necessary for all of us to know about haze, to be familiar with it and to do something to control it.I will introduce it from four parts: what is haze, the causes of haze, hazards of haze and ways to control haze. 1. What is haze?Haze, as the name suggests that it is fog and haze. But there is a big difference between the fog and haze. Visual impairment caused by the composition of aerosol particles of dust in the air system, sulfuric acid, nitric acid called haze. Fog is an aerosol system which is composed of a large number of tiny water droplets or ice crystals in the air suspended near the surface. Fog and haze is a state air pollution, haze is excessive levels of suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere of a variety of general statements, especially PM2.5 (aerodynamic equivalent diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micron particles) is considered to be caused by haze weather culprit. With the deterioration of air quality, haze weather phenomenon increases, harm increase. China in many areas of the haze foggy weather phenomena are incorporated together as severe weather warning and forecast. Collectively, the fog and haze2. Causes of hazeThere are two main aspects that caused haze. One is humans activities, the other is climatic factors.(1) Humans activitiesIt is safe to say that there are too many aspects of humans activities which produced too much polluted air. For example, the first and foremost is automobile exhaust. Large diesel vehicles are the felon of emissions of PM10, including large buses, each unit of the bus, as well as large transport trucks. Of course, Exhaust gas emissions in industrial production are another aspect. Such as metallurgy, furnaces and boilers, electrical and mechanical manufacturing, as well as a large number of automotive paint, building materials production and combustion exhaust gas from the furnace. The last but not the least is the exhaust gas generated by heating coal in winter in the north of our country.(2) Climatic factorsActually there is a difference between fog and haze. Fog refers to the atmosphere weather phenomenon due to the suspension of condensation, when visibility is less than 1 km. However, the formation of haze is primarily a large number of particles suspended in the air and weather conditions joint action, causes are three:Firstly, it is the increase in the lateral static wind phenomenon.The buildings of the city are building higher and higher, which results in the phenomenon that blocking and friction make wind reduce significantly over time. Static wind phenomenon increased, the atmosphere is not conducive to the spread dilute aerosols, tend to accumulate in the city and surrounding suburban areas.Secondly, the inversion occurs in the vertical direction.Inversion like a lid covering over the city, this inversion phenomenon of high-altitude temperatures higher than the temperature at low altitude, makes some constraints of the vertical motion of the atmosphere at low altitude, therefore it is not easy to diffuse to the high altitude but limited at low altitude and near the ground.Thirdly, the increasing organic pollutants in the air suspended particles. With population growth and industrial development of cities, motor vehicles soared, leading to a significant increase in pollutant emissions and suspended solids.3. Hazards of haze3.1 Harm to the human body(1) The impact on the respiratory systemThe composition of haze is very complex, involving hundreds of atmospheric chemistry particulate matters, among which the harmful to our health is mainly less than 10 microns in diameter aerosol particles such as mineral particles, sea salt, sulfate, nitrate, organic aerosol particles, gas and other fuel and cars that can go directly to and adhered to the human respiratory tract and alveoli. Especially sub-micron particles will be deposited separately in the upper and lower respiratory tract and alveoli, causing acute rhinitis and acute bronchitis and other diseases. For the patients of bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other chronic respiratory diseases, fog and haze can make the disease more seriously or acute exacerbation. In the long run, people who always live such kind of environment will induce lung cancer.(2)The impact on the cardiovascular systemHaze days can affect human cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases very serious and will hinder normal blood circulation, leading to cardiovascular disease, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, which may induce angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure, so that chronic bronchitis appears pulmonary heart disease.In addition, fog weather has relatively low pressure, which makes people produce a feeling of irritability, and blood pressure will naturally be higher. A further aspect is that temperature of the fog often low, some patients of hypertension, coronary heart disease in a warm room suddenly went cold outdoors with vascular expansion and contraction, and the blood pressure also increase and lead to stroke, myocardial infarction. Therefore, patients with heart cerebral blood must take medication carefully.(3) The fog and haze formation can also weaken near ultraviolet, so that the air active infectious germs enhanced, and increased infectious disease. (4) It is not conducive to childrens growth. Because of reducing of sunlight, child is lack of ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D deficiency is generated, greatly reducing the absorption of calcium, which can cause severe rickets to infants, and children will grow slowly. (5) The affect to mental healthExperts point out that continued foggy day are affected on the persons mental and physical, psychologically, foggy day give people dull, repressed feelings, which will stimulate or exacerbate mental state of depression. In addition, because fog and low pressure leads to low light, some people will have the spirit of idleness and depression phenomenon in the foggy day.(6) The impact on reproductive capacityStudies have shown that long-term exposure to high concentrations of air pollution in the crowd, the sperm during IVF success rate may be lowered. The researchers also found an association of toxic air and the reducing of reproductive capacity among men.3.2 The hazards on environment and traffic(1) The impact on traffic safetyWhen in the fog and haze day, the air quality is poorer, and the visibility is lower, which is easy to cause traffic congestion and traffic accidents. In everyday driving and walking people should observe the road, to avoid danger.(2) Cloudy weather yields more cancer.When a serious shortage of light in fog and haze day, the ultraviolet close to the bottom of the horizon significantly reduced, making it difficult to kill bacteria in the air, thereby greatly increasing the probability of infectious diseases. The academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, Zhong Nanshan, director of the Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases has pointed out in a forum that, the past 30 years, our public smoking rates continue to decline, but the rate of lung cancer increased by 4 times. This may have a certain relationship with the increase of the haze days. Not only wrapped fog, very low visibility will affect human health, sometimes cloudy and foggy weather will have the same problem.(3) The affection on the ecological environment.Fog and haze have a major impact on road, rail, aviation, shipping, power supply system, the growth of crops etc. Fog, haze will result in decreased air quality, ecological impacts, and do greater harm to human health.4. Ways to control hazeGoverning haze is not an easy thing, but it is not no way, we pay for whatever we did, the best way is to reduce the amount of fuel use of motor vehicles.Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau Director at the vehicle emission management even clerk accepted the First Financial Daily correspondent telephone interview, also said that a quarter of PM2.5 in Beijing is imported, and three-quarters is produced in the Beijing region. Among them, the contribution rate of automobile exhaust is more than 22%. Therefore, vehicle exhaust is the focus of Beijing PM2.5 Prevention attack objective.Reducing pollution sources, reduce air pollution is to solve the root of the haze. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences researcher Wang Dragon said. Beijing Economic and Information Technology Committee, deputy director Li said, according to Emergency Plan about Beijings Heavy Air Pollution Day emission reduction in key enterprises in Beijing a total of 58 enterprises stop producing, completely cut off the sources of pollution; 41 enterprises reduced production load, reduced pollution of supply and demand, achieved more than 30% of pollution reduction; strong United Cement, Pinggu cement Plant etc. achieved full shutdown, the cement industry has achieved more than 30% of the emission reduction task.To minimize dust contact between downtown car wheels and the road surface frequency and area, flowerbeds and curbs should be made lower than automobile traffic road, so rain whey and pollution watering will flow flower garden soil under the middle of the road. Unfortunately, we rarely observe this dust pollution prevention granule design in 350 cities in our country.Similarly, in order to maximize the isolation of dust brought by the outside vehicles and construction vehicles, we can set up water cleaning the tires of the vehicle outside the city with dust (coal cars and other long-distance trucks, etc.) in the city pass toll stations side, chassis links clean up prevention mechanism established to cover the city at the time of construction vehicles entering the street and cleaning tires, chassis part, but many cities are often only a fine mechanism terminal into the city and not into the city after the time. Visibly, the lack of urban infrast