阅读理解专题之一细节理解1.doc

阅读理解专题之一 细节理解题考点提示：细节题主要考查考生对文章（或某一段落）中某一特定事实信息的捕捉和理解能力，通常包括直接细节理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问或用与此相类似的词填空。说明文和叙述文的思考题有相当于部分是此类题）及细节理解题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换，依靠主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系进行加工或整理后方能得出结论，此类试题在高考试题中占大多数。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。 解题方略：1、常见命题方式有：1） 常用who, what, when, where, why和how等特殊疑问词提问。a When/Where did the story happen?b Which of the following statements is (not) correct?c Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?d Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?e All the statements are true except.2） 是非题。三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)：a Which of the following is true except? b Which of the following is mentioned except c Which of the following is truefalse？3） 排列顺序 4） 说明因果关系 5） 看图判断 6） 计算题等。2、选项的特点：1）正确选项的特点：正确选项一般都会在原文的基础上进行改写。常用方法就是同义词替换或释义，即把文中的语言（词汇或结构）改头换面，来表达相同的意思。2）干扰项的特点：是原文的信息，但不是题目要求的内容；符合常识，但不是文章内容；与原句的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；在意思上与原文大相径庭，甚至完全相反；部分正确，部分错误。3、做细节题时要将自己精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈Z形扫视，直到找到细节出处（即定位），待找到含细节句子时，就要放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。 细节专题一：排序题此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点，然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。例1：In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women did not walk about on the beach(沙滩)in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking the bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence(便士) to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者). When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine stoped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in.（1996NMET）In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them? a. Changing into bathing clothes b. Getting out of the bathing machinec. Paying 2 pence d. Getting into the bathing machinee. Being taken down the beach f. Getting into the waterA. e, d, a, b, f, c B. c, d, a, e, b, f C. c, d, e, a, b, f D. d, a, e, b, f, c分析答案B 题目要求找出利用bathing machine游泳的程序，显然，租用一个bathing machine是要先付钱的，所以 c就是第一个动作，下水 f 应该是最后一个动作了。这样用排除法就可以排除 A和 D 项。再看 B和C项，从第一段倒数第三句可知先a后e，故选 B。细节专题二：计算题计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案了。例2：Degree We offer a wide choice of bachelors degrees (学位) for international students, which includes: Arts, Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education are only for New Zealand citizens, for further information: degwaikato.ac.nz. Tuition Fees(学费)Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tuiwaikato.ac.nz. Accommodation(住宿)You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: accwaikato. ac.nzHealthThe Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holidays with four doctors and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: healwaikato.ac.nz. SportsThe Centre is a great place to have sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can help you work out a training plan and keep you active. The sports hall has volleyball, basketball and indoor football courts and a swimming pool as well. There are also a large number of sports clubs at Waikato. For further information: sport waikato.ac.nz（2005安徽卷）You have to pay at least _ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000分析B此题为计算题。我们从所选的这些事实来看，文章中所说的Tuition Fees 每年需要from $5,000 to $6,000，而a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month，一年需要$1200,另外的other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person经过计算可以知道一年需要$1800，加起来一年至少需要$8000。细节专题三：图形题与地理位置描述题在有图形试题的阅读理解中，有的图形出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图形中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。地理位置描述题则需要根据文中描述的细节筛选答案。例3：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峡), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast. There are ten islands with a total land area of 75 square miles and a total population of 123,000. The three largest islands, Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, have long been known for the fine breeds(品种)of cattle that are raised on them and named after them. In earliest known history the islands were considered part of Normandy, which was part of France, but the ruler of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and from then on the islands were looked upon as British land. English control was unbroken until World War II, when the Germans held the islands for five years. Although people on the islands speak both languages and they are considered English, their customs are more French than English.（2000年北京春季）Which of the following maps gives the right position of the Channel Islands? Br = Britain Fr = France Ch = Channel Islands 分析C这是一道识图题。从第一段：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峡), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast.可以推断选项C正确地表达了The Channel Islands的位置例4：This huge dam is in the Black Canyon. It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road， which is on the top of the dam. This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside. This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936. Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States. Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.Hoover Dam lies _. A. between Arizona and Nevada B. in the Black Canyon C. between New York and San Francisco D. both A and B根据This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.知道选项B正确；根据Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.知道选项A也正确。所以选D。细节专题四：说明因果关系例5：Martha had been working for Miller Laboratories for two years, but she was not happy there. Nothing significant had happened in the way of promotions or salary increases. Martha felt that her supervisor, a younger and less experienced person than her, did not like her. In fact, the supervisor often said unpleasant things to her.: Martha is unhappy in her job because _.A. she has not advancedB. the work is not significantC. her supervisor is younger than she D. there is too much work with little payment这是一道同义转换理解题。根据Nothing significant had happened in the way of promotions or salary increases.可知，Martha不高兴的原因是她没有得到重用和增加工资。所以选A。例6：Any cell in the body has the potential to become malignant(恶性的), thus, cancer can, in fact, affect the heart. Cancer arises from mutations(突变) in the DNA of a cell. Usually a cancerous cell undergoes several mutations before it becomes a deadly, invasive cancer. Most of these mutations occur when the cell is dividing and replicating its DNA. The only way for a cell to reproduce a mutation is to divide and pass those mutations on to its daughter cells. With regard to the heart cells, however, they just go right on pumping and doing their job and dont replicate to make new heart cells unless there has been some injury. With so little cell division going on in the heart there is very little chance for mutations to occur and get passed on to daughter cells. Heart cells have little chance to become cancerous because _.A. there is little cell division in the heartB. they are never exposed to carcinogensC. they are replacing themselves all the timeD. they pass mutations on to daughter cells这也是一道同义转换理解题。根据With so little cell division going on in the heart there is very little chance for mutations to occur and get passed on to daughter cells.可以知道，心脏细胞癌变可能小是因为心脏细胞几乎不分裂。所以选A。细节专题五：是非题要求考生确立文章中的事实，通常问题不直接与文章中的事实对号入座，而是提出似是而非甚至完全错误的事实让考生去判断。答此类题时，不要根据自己读文章的最初印象马上加以判断，必须找到与问题相应的文章部分，认真理解，找出正确肯定的事实。例7：One word that sums up（概括）our age better than any other whether “our age” is “the technological age” of western countries or the “modernizing age” of China is the word CHANGE. But has change not always been present?True, but never before at such a breakneck speed. Today it is more than just change. It is unprecedented change. In such a world, reading provides the best tool we have for keeping up and for avoiding future shock in a world continually being remade.: Which of the following is not true? A. Western countries and China are being remade. B. Reading will help understand our age. C. The present age and future world are continually changing.D. Reading is the best tool provided by our age.选择题中，A、B、C项均与文意吻合一致。D项是一个似是而非的选择答案。文中的Reading provides the best tool for us（阅读对我们来说，是最好的工具。）和选项中D. Reading is the best tool provided by our age.（阅读是我们时代提供的最好工具。）意思不符。例8：Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991，Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years. However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station.Which of the following is NOT true?A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.选择题中，A、C、D项均与文意吻合一致。B项文中并没有说被谁带过去，由Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old可知B不正确。细节专题六：特殊疑问句题例9：Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510miles southwest of its nearest neighbor, St. Helena, and 1,950miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral（葡萄牙海军上将）of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.Coming in a close second - and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.On Easter Sunday,