人教版选修七Unit 2 Robots language points课时作业（4）.docx

unit 2 robots language points课时作业第一节：阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的a、b、c、d四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。afeeding america: by the numbers *41,200,000americans are food insecure.(meaning they dont know when and how theyll get their next meal )want to do something?one way to stem the tide of hunger is via neighborhood food banks. they need three things: money, your time, and food. if you plan on donating food, here are the items food banks need most:l applesaucelboxed meals13million american childern face hunger-thats1 in 6 kids1.5millionveterans receive food stamps.27% of households with incomes above the federal poverty levelare food insecure.lcanned beans llcanned chicken llcanned chililcanned fish (tuna, salmon) lcooking oilslcrackersldried herbs and spicesllnutslpeanut butterlwhole-grain cereal(note: avoid items with glass packaging because they can be broken in transport. pop-top ansare a plus-no opener needed.)18.7%of mississippians are food insecure.(highest rate of all states)5.4 millionsenior citizens currently face food insecurity in america. lack of transportation, functional limitations, and health problems are major factors8.7%of hawaiians are food insecure.(lowest rate of all states)$1 donated to feeding america will buy 10 meals for people facing hunger in america.* trusted media brands-readers digests parent company-has become an official media partner of feeding america, the nations largest hunger-relief charity.see how you can help our efforts at .1.according to the passage, which of the following is tere?a. those americans who live above the poverty line wont go hungry.b. 13 million american children are food insecure for lack of transportation.c. among all the states in the usa, food insecurity in mississippi is severest.d. neighborhood banks have no additional requirements for food packaging.2.what is the authors purpose in writing the passage?a. to warn readers against dangers of insecure food.b. to urge readers to help the poor out of poverty.c. to inform readers of the severe food shortage in america.d. to advocate readers contributing to food relief in america.bchimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. but beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct(本能) to help one another. chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children. who are able from a young age to gather their own food.in the laboratory, chimps dont naturally share food either. if a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at randomhe just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. chimps are truly selfish.human children, on the other hand, are naturally cooperative. from the earliest ages, they desire to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. the psychologist michael tomasello has studied his cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. he finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.there are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. one is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. a third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知) skills, at least when compared with chimps. in tests conducted by tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.the core of what childrens minds have and chimps dont is what tomasello calls shared intentionality. part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. but beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. they actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.3.what can we learn from the experiment with chimps? a. chimps seldom care about others interests. b. chimps tend to provide food for their children. c. chimps like to take in their neighbors food. d. chimps naturally share food with each other.4. michael tomasellos tests on young children indicate that they _. a. have the instinct to help others b. know how to offer help to adults c. know the world better than chimps d. trust adults with their hands full5. the passage is mainly about _. a. the helping behaviors of young children b. ways to train childrens shared intentionality c. cooperation as a distinctive human nature d. the development of intelligence in childrencexposing living tissue to subfreezing temperatures for long can cause permanent damage. microscopic ice crystals (结晶体) cut cells and seize moisture (潮气), making donor organs unsuitable for transplantation. thus, organs can be made cold for only a few hours ahead of a procedure. but a set of lasting new antifreeze compounds (化合物)similar to those found in particularly hardy (耐寒的) animalscould lengthen organs shelf life. scientists at the university of warwick in england were inspired by proteins in some species of arctic fish, wood frogs and other organisms that prevent blood from freezing, allowing them to flourish in extreme cold. previous research had shown these natural antifreeze molecules (分子) could preserve rat hearts at -1.3 degrees celsius for up to 24 hours. but these proteins are expensive to extract (提取) and highly poisonous to some species. “for a long time everyone assumed you had to make synthetic (人造的) alternatives that looked exactly like antifreeze proteins to solve this problem, ”says matthew gibson, a chemist at warwick who co-authored the new research. “but we found that you can design new molecules that function like antifreeze proteins but do not necessarily look like them. ”most natural antifreeze molecules have a mixture of regions that either attract or repel water. scientists do not know exactly how this process prevents ice crystal formation, but gibson thinks it might throw water molecules into push-pull chaos that prevents them from tuning into ice. to copy this mechanism, he and his colleagues synthesized spiral-shaped molecules that were mostly water-repellentbut had iron atoms at their centers that made them hydrophilic, or water-loving. the resulting compounds were surprisingly effective at stopping ice crystals from forming. some were also harmless to the roundworm caenorhabditis elegans, indicating they might be safe for other animals. “these compounds are really cool because they are not proteinsthey are other types of molecules that nonetheless can do at least part of what natural antifreeze proteins do, ”says clara do amaral, a biologist at mount st. joseph university, who was not involved in the research. gibsons antifreeze compounds will still need to be tested in humans, however, and may be only part of a solution. “we dont have the whole picture yet, ”do amaral adds. “its not just one magical compound that helps freeze-tolerant organisms survive. its a whole suite of adaptations. 6. what will happen if organs are kept for a long time in temperatures below zero?a. they will have ice crystal formation inside. b. they will not suffer permanent damage. c. they will have longer shelf life. d. they will be fit for transplantation. 7. what can we learn about natural antifreeze proteins?a. they look like gibsons antifreeze compounds. b. they are composed of antifreeze molecules harmless to other species. c. they are spiral-shaped and have iron atoms at their centers. d. they can be found in organisms living in freezing cold weather. 8. how are antifreeze molecules prevented from ice crystals?a. by creating compounds both water-repellent and water-loving. b. by extracting the proteins from some hardy animals. c. by making synthetic alternatives like antifreeze proteins. d. by copying spiral-shaped molecules mostly water-resistant. 9. whats the main idea of the passage?a. push-pull chaos might prevent water molecules from turning into ice. b. the final solution to preserving donor organs has been found recently. c. chemicals inspired by arctic animals could lengthen organs shelf life. d. gibsons antifreeze compounds can do what natural antifreeze proteins do. d august 1990, bostondear maya shao-ming ,to me, june 6, 1990 is a special day. my long-awaited dream came true the minute your father cried, “a girl!” you are more than just a second child, more than just a girl to match our boy. you, little daughter, are the link to our female line, the legacy of another womans pain and sacrifice 31 years ago.let me tell you about your chinese grandmother. somewhere in hong kong, in the late fifties, a young waitress found herself pregnant by a cook, probably a coworker at her restaurant. she carried the baby to her life. i like to think that my motheryour grandmotherloved me and fought to raise me on her own, but that the daily struggle was too hard. worn down by the demands of the new baby and perhaps the constant threat of starvation, she made the painful decision to give away her girl so that both of us might have a chance for a better life.more likely, i was dropped at the orphanage steps or somewhere else. i will probably never know the truth. having a baby in her unmarried state would have brought shame on the family i china, so she probably kept my existence a secret. once i was out of her life, it was as if i had never been born. and so you and your brother and i are the missing leaves on a family tree.do they ever wonder if we exist?before i was two, i was adopted by an anglo couple. fed three square meals a day, i grew like a wild weed and grasped all the opportunities they had to offerbooks, music, education, church life and community activities. in a family of blue-eyed blonds, though, i stood out like a sore thumb. whether from jealousy or fear of someone who looked so different, my older brothers sometimes teased me about my unpleasing skin, or made fun of my clumsy walk. moody and impatient, burdened by fears that none of us realized resulted from my early years of need, i was not an easy child to love. my mother and i conflicted countless times over the years, but gradually came to see one another as real human beings with faults and talents, and as women of strength in our own right. lacking a mirror image in the mother who raised me, i had to seek my identity as a woman on my own. the asian american community has helped me regain my double identity.but part of me will always be missing: my beginnings, my personal history, all the delicate details that give a person her origin. nevertheless, someone gave me a lucky name “siu wai.” “siu” means “little,” and “wai” means “clever.” therefore, my baby name was “clever little one.” who chose those words? who cared enough to note my arrival in the world?i lost my chinese name for 18 years. it was americanized for convenience to “sue.” but like an ill-fitting coat, it made me uncomfortable. i hated the name. but even more, i hated being chinese. it took many years to become proud of my asian origin and work up the courage to take back my birth-name. that, plus a little knowledge of classroom cantonese, is all the chinese culture i have to offer you. not white, certainly, but not really asian, i try to pave the way between the two worlds and bridge the gap for you. your name, “shao-ming,” is very much like mine“shao” means “little.” and “ming” is “bright,” as in a shining sun or moon. whose lives will you brighten, little maya? your past is more complete than mine, and each day i cradle you in your babyhood, generously giving you the loving care i lacked for my first two years. when i pat you, i comfort the lost baby inside me who still cries for her mother.sweet maya, it doesnt matter what you “become” later on. you have already fulfilled my wildest dreams.i love you,mommy 1