译林版高中英语选修8学案：词汇详解 Unit3　.doc

互动课堂疏导引导一、词汇详解1.calculate vt.&vi.计算;核算;预测；推测【典型例句】benefit is calculated on the basis of average weekly earnings.补助金按平均周收入计算。youll need to calculate how much time the assignment will take.你需要算一算要花多少时间才能完成分配的任务。it has been calculated that at least 47,000 jobs were lost last year.据估算，去年至少丧失了47，000个工作。conservationists calculated that hundreds of species could be lost in this area.自然资源保护主义者预测，数百万计的物种可能会从这个地方消失。the scientist could not calculate when the spaceship would reach the moon.科学家不能算出太空船何时到达月球。【知识小结】【相关链接】calculated adj精心策划的；蓄意的be calculated to do打算做；故意做；可能做calculating adj.精明的；精于算计的（常含贬义）calculation n.计算；推测；算计；慎思；考虑calculate on依靠；依赖活学巧用1.1）完成句子（1）i calculated _（我们在下午六点到达）.答案:we would arrive at 6:00 p.m.（2）did she calculate the cost?yes,_（她估计那要花一百英镑）.答案:she calculated that it would cost 100(3)have you finished _（你估计完没有）?答案：calculating yet(4)if you want to borrow money from george,you cant _（指望他晚饭前脾气会好）.答案：calculate on his/him being in a good temper before dinner2)单项填空that was a _ threat:she meant to annoy you.a.calculatingb.calculatedc.calculationd.calculate提示:本题不要根据经验做，认为-ing形式的形容词修饰物，-ed形式的形容词修饰人。做好本题要弄明白calculating与calculated的意思区别：calculated“精心策划的；蓄意的”，常形容物；calculating“精明的；精于算计的”,常用来修饰人。答案：b2.range vi.（在一定的范围内）变化，变动；（从到）之间的各类事物；（按一定位置或顺序）排列；排序vt.徘徊；漫步n.一系列；范围；区域；山脉；射击场；牧场；乳牛场【典型例句】v.the damages range between $1 million and $5 million.损失在100万到500万元之间。she has had a number of different jobs,ranging from chef to swimming instructor.她做过许多不同的工作，从厨师到游泳教练。he ranges far and wide in search of inspiration for his paintings.他四处漫步，寻找绘画的灵感。n.most of the students are in the 1720 age range.大多数学生都是在17至20岁的年龄范围内。the child was now out of her range of vision.这孩子已经走出了她的视线。【相关链接】in/within range (of sth.)在可及的范围内out of range (of sth)超出的范围range yourself/sb.against/with sb./sth.一起（或与他人结伙）反对range over sth.涉及;包括ranger n.园林管理员；护林人2.1）完成句子(1)he shouted angrily _（他看见谁，就对谁吼）.答案:at anyone within range(2)the cat stayed well（这只猫离孩子们远远的）答案: out of range of the children(3)the whole family seemed_（一家人好像在合伙对付他）.答案: ranged against him2）单项填空（1）our conversation _ many subjects.a.ranged onb.ranged overc.ranged ford.ranged in提示：本题考查range的短语。range over指“（思想或言论）涉及；包含”。答案：b(2)the children ranged _ the forests and _ the mountains.a.over;throughb.in;throughc.over;ind.through;over提示：over“在上方”；through“穿过内部”；in“在中间”；本句句意为：“孩子们在森林和山中漫游。”答案：d3.float vt.&vi. （使）漂浮；漂流；（票据等）在流通n.漂浮物；木筏；救生圈【典型例句】vi.the boat floated down the stream.船顺流漂行。the smell of new bread floated up from the kitchen.厨房里飘出新鲜面包的香味。vt.there wasnt enough water to float the ship.水不够深，船浮动不起来。they are trying to float the logs down the river.他们在设法使圆木顺流往下漂。【相关链接】floating adj.浮动的；流动的；不固定的float about/around（通常用于进行时）（思想等）传播；流传活学巧用3.1）汉译英（1）一群鸭子缓缓游过。_答案:a group of ducks floated by.（2）美妙的乐声从窗口传出。_答案：beautiful music came floating out of the window.2）单项填空if an idea,etc._ ,it is talked about by a number of people or passed from one person to another.a.float aboutb.floats aboutc.is floating aboutd.are floating about答案：c4.peaceful adj.和平的；安静的；爱好和平的；不爱争吵的【典型例句】they hope for a peaceful settlement of the dispute.他们希望和平解决争端。its so peaceful out here in the country.这里的郊外一切都是那么宁静。he had a peaceful life.他过着平静的生活。the aims of the organization are wholly peaceful.这个组织的宗旨完全是追求和平。【相关链接】peace n.指和平；平静；安宁（的状态或形势）peacefulness n.指和平、平静、安宁的性质peaceable adj.不惹事的；和平的；安宁的（同peaceful）peacekeeping adj.维护和平的peace-loving adj.爱好和平的peace maker调解人；调停人活学巧用4.单项填空（1）my father loves _ and quiet of the country.a.peaceb.peacefulnessc.stilld.calm提示：句意为“我父亲喜欢乡村的和平宁静”。此时应指和平的状态。而peacefulness项指性质。c、d两项为adj.,排除。答案:a（2）do you know the persons who help settle the quarrels?no.they call themselves _ persons.a.loving-peaceb.peace-lovingc.peace-lovedd.loved-peace提示：句意为：“你知道那些帮助解决争吵的人吗？不认识，他们是自称爱好和平的人”。“爱好和平的”应为peace-loving。答案：b5.weep vi.&vt. （因悲伤）哭泣；流泪；（指液体）流出；渗出（通常用进行时）n.哭泣；落泪【典型例句】v.i could have wept thinking about id missed.我想到所失去的东西本可痛哭一场。i wept to see him looking so sick.看到他病成那个样子我怆然泪下。his legs were covered with weeping sores.他的双腿有多处红肿流脓的伤口。n.sometimes you feel better for a good weep.有时候，你痛痛快快哭上一场就会觉得好受些。【相关链接】weep away在哭泣中度（时、日）weep oneself to sleep哭着睡着了weeping adj.（树木）有下垂枝条的weepy adj.悲伤欲哭的；眼泪汪汪的n.催人泪下的电影（或戏剧）5.1)单项填空（1）he wept _ the painful news.a.onb.forc.atd.to提示：句意为：“听到这个令人悲痛的消息，他哭了。”at在此处表示“听到”。答案：c（2）in the old society,many poor people _.a.weepb.weptc.wept awayd.wept off答案：c（3）the little boy wanted to see his mother very much,and at last he _.a.wept to sleepb.wept himself to sleepc.wept sleepingd.wept slept答案：b2)完成句子the wound _（在出血）.答案：is weeping6.abstract adj. 抽象的；不明确的v.摘录的要点n.（声明、演讲等的）摘要；抽象艺术品【典型例句】adj.some modern art is abstract;that is,the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes.有些现代艺术是抽象的，即画家不努力像我们用眼睛看到的那样描绘物体。beauty is abstract but a house is not.美是抽象的，而房屋不是抽象的。v.abstract the most important points from a long report.从一篇很长的报告中摘出最重要的要点。salt can be abstracted from sea water.从海水中可提取盐。n.please write an abstract of this scientific article.请给这篇科学文章写一段摘要。【知识小结】abstract可用作形容词、名词和动词。用作形容词时，意为“抽象的”，用作名词和动词时，意为“摘要”。in the abstract就一般而言，在理论上动词abstract后跟名词或者代词等作宾语或者abstractfrom从中提取活学巧用6.1）完成句子（1）将一本书做成摘要。make _ _ of a book.答案：an abstract（2）橡胶是从树木中提取的。rubber is _from trees.答案：abstracted2)单项填空we will consider this problem _.a.in generalb.in the abstractc.in commond.a and b提示：in general“一般地，大体上的”；in the abstract“就一般而言；在理论上”；in common “共同的，共有的”。句意为：“我们将从理论上考虑这个问题”。答案：b3）句型转换we can abstract chairman maos works.we can _ _ _ _ chairman maos works.答案：make an abstract of7.distribute vt. 分发；分送；分配；使分布；散布【典型例句】vt.they had distributed the lands among the peasants.他们把土地分给农民。this species of butterfly is widely distributed over our country.这种蝴蝶在我国分布很广。the teacher distributed the pupils into three groups.老师把学生分成三组。【知识小结】distributeto/among在中分发distribute into 把分成distribute over 在范围内分布【相关链接】distributionn.分配；分布；分发；经销distributorn.批发商distributiveadj.经销的；分销的活学巧用7.1）完成句子（1）they textbooks _ free of charge（教科书是免费分发的）.答案：were distributed（2）this plant _ china.（这种植物遍布全国）.答案：is distributed over/throughout2）单项填空the organization distributed food and clothes _ the earthquake victims.a.tob.amongc.overd.a and b提示：本句句意为“这个机构向地震灾民分发了食品和衣服”。答案：d（2）being a _ can make you wealthy.a.distributionb.distributorc.distributed.distributive提示：句意为“成为一个批发商能使你富有”。答案：b8.negotiate vt. 洽谈；协商；顺利通过；做决定vi.协商；谈判【典型例句】vt.they finally negotiated a peace treaty.他们最终谈判达成了一个和平条约。the army negotiated a deep river.军队成功地渡过了一条深河。vi.the school will not negotiate with the parents.校方将不与家长会谈。【用法小结】negotiate with sb. for/about sth.就某事和某人进行谈判。【相关链接】negotiable adj.可协商的；可讨论的；流通的negotiation n.谈判；协商活学巧用8.单项填空（1）we negotiated _ the school master _ the tuition increase（增长）.a.on；withb.with；ofc.with；aboutd.with；to提示： “就某事而向某人谈判”用negotiate with sb. about/for sth.。答案：c（2）these days they _with them about the project.a.negotiateb.negotiatedc.have negotitatedd.have been negotitating提示：“这些日子以来”持续干某事，最适合的时态是现在完成进行时。答案：d9.adore vt. 崇拜；敬重；热爱；口极喜欢【典型例句】people adore him for his noble character.人们因他人格高贵而敬重他。we adore our sisters and brothers.我们爱自己的兄弟姐妹。she adores going to the theater.她就是爱看戏。i adore chocolate.我非常喜欢巧克力。【知识小结】adore一般不用于进行时adore （doing） sth.活学巧用9.单项填空（1）she adores _ with children.a.to workb.workingc.workedd.work提示：adore doing sth.“热爱干某事”。答案：b（2）its obvious that she _ him for a long time.a.adoredb.has adoredc.is adoringd.has been adoring提示：本题考查时态。据“for a long time”一段时间段后须跟完成时，而adore不用于进行时。答案：b10.appetite n.食欲；胃口；欲望；爱好【典型例句】exercise gave her a good appetite.运动使她胃口大增。at the moment she had no appetite for gossip.此时此刻她无心闲聊。the public have an insatiable appetite for bad affairs.公众对丑事总是喜闻乐道。【知识小结】appetite作“胃口”讲时，可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词;作“欲望”讲时用作可数名词。have an appetite for“有的欲望”。活学巧用10.1）完成句子（1）he suffered from _（食欲不振）.答案：loss of appetite（2）i have _（有去看她的欲望）.答案：an appetite for seeing her2)单项填空dont spoil（影响）your appetite _eating between meals.a.byb.forc.atd.on提示：句意为“不要在两餐之间吃东西，以免影响你的胃口”。by表示方式、手段。答案：a11.explore vt. 探测；探险；vi.探索；考察【典型例句】vt.they explored this desert region in 1923.他们于1923年在这荒漠地区探险。the conference explored the possibility of closer trade links.大会探讨了在贸易上进一步加强联系的可能性。vt.as soon as we arrived on the island we were eager to explore.活学巧用11.1）单项填空would you like to _ with me? a.exploitb.explorec.exploded.export提示：句意为：“你愿意和我一起去考察吗？”exploit“利用”；explode“爆炸”;export“出口”。答案：b我们一来到岛上就急不可待地考察起来。【相关链接】exploratory adj.探索性的；探测的；勘探的explorer n.探险者；考察者exploration n.勘探；探索2）完成句子（1）the city is best _（最好是徒步考察这个城市）.答案：explored on foot（2）she _ with her toes(她用脚趾探查沙的情况).答案：explored the sand12.abandon vt. 放弃；丢弃；中止；使放纵；使听任n.放纵；放任【典型例句】vt.the crew abandoned the burning ship.水手们离弃了燃烧中的船。the broken bike was found abandoned by the river side.人们发现那辆损坏的自行车被扔在河边。he finally abandoned his reformist ideas.他终于放弃了自己的改良主义思想。she abandoned herself to despair.她陷入绝望之中。n.he signed cheques with careless abandon.他无所顾忌地乱开支票。【相关链接】abandoned adj.被离弃的；放荡的；堕落的abandonment n.离弃；抛弃；放弃；中止abandon oneself to使放纵;使听任活学巧用12.1）单项填空（1）we found a little baby _ at the street corner.a.abandoningb.abandonedc.abandonmentd.to be abandoned提示：本题考查宾语补足语。小婴儿是被遗弃的。答案：b（2）dont abandon yourself _the football match.a.to watchb.to observec.to watchingd.to observing提示：to为介词，“看”球赛为watch,observe意思是“观察”。答案：c2）单句翻译因为下雨，他们只好放弃比赛。_。答案：they had to abandon the match because of rain.13.scratch vt.抓；刻；挖n.抓；抓痕adj.匆匆组成的【典型例句】vt.he pretended to scratch his ear.他假装搔耳朵。his arms were scratched by thorns.他的手臂被荆棘划破了。the cat scratched a hole in the ground.猫在地上扒了一个洞。we scratched the paint off the wall.我们刮掉了墙上的油漆。n.her hands were covered in scratches.她的手上满是口子。【相关链接】scratch about/around for sth.艰难地搜寻；寻找scratch sth.out画掉；勾掉；删除from scratch从头开始up to scratch达到令人满意的程度活学巧用13.单项填空（1）she scratched herself _ a nail.a.tob.onc.atd.with提示：scratch sb./sth.on“在上划了一下”。答案：b（2）his name was scratched _ because of his cheating.a.atb.offc.outd.from提示：scratch sth.out“画掉；勾掉；删除”。答案：c（3）they have run out of their energy and they _ for food in the wood.a.scratched overb.searched aboutc.searched overd.scratched about提示：scratch about/around“艰难地搜寻；寻找”。答案：d（4）your work hasnt been done enough,and the boss isnt _.a.satisfactoryb.satisfiedc.to his satisfactiond.up to scratch答案：b14.reservation n. 保留；（住处、座位等的）预订；（印第安部落地,居留地；存疑；疑惑，同reserve）【典型例句】we have made reservations for three rooms at the hotel.我们已在这个旅馆预订了三个房间。most indians live on reservations established by the federal government.大部分印第安人生活在联邦政府建立的保留地上。there are a lot of indian reservations in arizona.亚利桑那州有许多印第安保留区。they accepted the proposal without reservation.他们无保留地接受了这个建议。i have some reservations about the truth of his statement.我对他的话的真实性有点怀疑。【相关链接】reserve v.保留；预订n.储备（物）自然保护区without reservation/reserve无条件地；无保留地；不客气；坦率地with reserve预备的；贮备的活学巧用14.1）完成句子（1）ill call the restaurant and _（预订座位）.答案：make a reservation（2）i have _about his ability _.（我非常怀疑他有没有能力胜任这项工作。）答案：reservations,to do the job（3）they support the measures _（毫无保留地）.答案：without reservation/reserve2）单项填空id like to _ a table for three for eight oclock.a.bookb.reservec.orderd.a and b提示：book 与reserve都可指“订座；订桌；订房间”。order一般指“订购；订货；要求提供服务”。答案：d15.bargain n.协议；买卖；便宜货vi.讨价还价；达成协议；指望；预料【典型例句】clement made a satisfactory bargain with him.克莱门特和他作了一次满意的交易。these toys are a real bargain at such low prices.这些玩具的价格这么便宜，真划得来。she bargained with the fishmonger over the price.她与鱼贩讲价钱。they bargained on a two-year term.他们讲定以两年为期。【知识小结】bargain with sb.about/over/for sth.就某事和某人讨价还价【相关链接】in/into the bargain另外；而且；也bargain sth.away做亏本交易；贱卖bargain for/on sth.（常用于否定句）预料到，料想到活学巧用15.单项填空（1）volunteers learn a lot and enjoy themselves _.a.in the bargainb.in addition toc.as well asd.either提示：本句句意为“志愿者在学到很多东西的同时还能得到乐趣”。a、b、c、d四个选项都可表示“也”，但b、c两项后须带宾语，either用于否定句句末。答案：a（2）we _ for this sudden change in the weather,so we didnt take umbrellas.a.hasnt bargainedb.isnt bargainingc.hadnt bargainedd.wouldnt bargained提示：本题考查时态。“我们还没有预料到天气的突然变化”，应该发生在“我们没有带伞”这个动作之前。答案：c16.be admitted to 获准进入；被录取【典型例句】no one but ticket-holders was admitted.只有持票者方可入内。he was admitted to beijing university last year.去年他被北京大学录取。【相关链接】admit doing承认admit to承认;通向admit of容许；有余地活学巧用16.单项填空the appointment is now generally admitted _ a mistake.a.to beb.to have beenc.beingd.to being提示：本句句意为“现在公认那次任命是一个错误”。本句句式为be admitted to do,该句式只用于被动语态。答案：b17.cloth u布；织物；衣料c （作某种特殊用途的）布；桌布【典型例句】she bought five yards of cloth for her little daughter.她给她小女儿买了5码布。please wipe the surface with a damp cloth.请用一块湿布擦拭表面。how beautiful the table cloth is!这块桌布多么漂亮呀！【相关链接】辨析cloth,clothing,clothes，cloth布；布料clothing是服装、衣服的总称，如“服装业”the clothing industry,“一件衣服”an article of clothing。clothes具体的衣服的总称，可与many、few等词连用，但不能与数词连用，指一套衣服时用a suit of clothes。17.单项填空（1）in order to buy a suit of _ ,i searched many _ shops.a.cloth；clothesb.clothes；dressc.clothing；clothesd.clothes；clothing提示：一套衣服“a suit of clothes”,服装店应为“clothing shop”。答案：d（2）i havent a _ to wear to attend the evening party.a.clothb.clothingc.dressd.clothing提示：dress表示“礼服”。答案：c18.make out辨别出；填写；写出；理解；听清【典型例句】i could hardly make out anything in the thick fog.在浓雾中我几乎什么也看不见。the teacher has made out a list of reference books.教师已开出了一份参考书单。we cant make out what he is saying.我们不懂他在说什么。【相关链接】make it成功；达到目的makeout of 用制成make up组成；构成；虚构make for走向；有利于活学巧用18.单项填空（1）i could hear voices but i couldnt _what they were saying.a.make upb.make outc.make for d.make of提示：句意为“我能听到声音但听不清他们说得什么”。答案：b(2)constant arguing doesnt _ a happy marriage.a.make upb.make outc.make ford.make of提示：句意为：“争吵不断不可能使婚姻幸福”。make for “有利于”。答案：c19.string n. 线；细绳；带子；一串；一行；弦v.（用线、绳）扎；缚；（用线）穿；伸直【典型例句】n.i need a piece of string to tie this parcel up.我需要一根细绳把这包裹扎起来。a string of accidents happened at that corner.在那个转角发生了一连串的事故。the monk wears a string of beads.和尚戴着一串念珠。there are four strings on a violin.小提琴有四根弦。v.these girls are stringing pearls.这些女孩正在串珍珠。we strung the line from pole to pole.我们把绳拉在两根竿子之间。【相关链接】string sb.along哄；愚弄string sth.out延长;拖长时间活学巧用19.1）完成句子（1）he wrapped the package in brown paper and _（用绳子捆上）.答案：tied it with a string（2）the key is hanging _（钥匙拴在门边的带子上）.答案：on a string by the door（3）she _ on a silver chain（她把贝壳串在一条银链子上）.答案：had strung the shells2）单项填空they seem determined to string the talks _ for an indefinite period.a.offb.onc.outd.away提示：本句句意为“他们好像一心要把谈判无限期地拖下去”。string out为固定短语“延长”。答案：c20.pattern n. 花样；式样；图案；模范；榜样vt.给加上花样；仿造；模仿【典型例句】n. i dont like the pattern on the fabric.我不喜欢那块布料上的图案。they like new patterns of family life.他们喜欢新的家庭生活方式。v. we patterned our road system on theirs.我们的公路系统是照他们的系统设计建造的。he patterned himself after his teacher.他以他的老师为自己仿效的榜样。she bought a dress patterned upon a parisian model.她买了一件仿照巴黎流行式样而做的衣服。【相关链接】pattern sth. on/about sth.模仿；仿效patterned adj.有图案的；带花样成的patterning n.固有行为方式的形成，（形状、色彩的）排列活学巧用20.单项填空（1）i like this kind of _ wallpaper.a.patternb.patternedc.patterningd.patter提示：本题考查词汇，“带图案的壁纸”，带图案的应为adj.。答案：b（2）the new method is patterned _ japans.a.tob.onc.aboutd.b and c提示：句意为“这种新办法是模仿的日本的”。pattern on/about “模仿”;而且该短语常用于被动语态。答案：d（3）this system sets _ for others to follow.a.the styleb.the patterningc.the patternd.the design提示：set examples/patterns“树立榜样”。答案：c21.stick n.枝条；棒；棍；手杖；棒状物c(+of)v. 伸出；粘住；刺；戳；容忍；忍受；困住【典型例句】n. grandpa still walks without a stick.爷爷走路仍不拄拐杖。i bought the child some sticks of candy.我给孩子买了几根棒棒糖。v. they stuck the notice on the wall.他们把通知贴在墙上。a fish-bone stuck in his throat.他喉咙里卡了一根鱼刺。i cant stuck such people.我无法容忍那种人。