剑桥雅思长难句总汇(1).doc

注：C1-剑桥雅思第一册，T1-第一套题，P1-第一篇阅读，依次类推1. The quest for a practical match really began after 1781 when a group of French chemisits came up with the Phosphoric Candle or Ethereal Match, a sealed glass tube containing a twist of paper tipped with phosphorus.(C1T1P1)2. An even more hazardous device, popular in America, was the Instantaneous Light Box-a bottle filled with sulphuric acid into which splints treated with chemicals were dipped.(C1T1P1)3. The first matches resembling those used today were made in 1827 by John Walker, an English pharmacist who borrowed the formula from a military rocket-maker called Congreve.(C1T1P1)4. It wasnt until 1900 that the Diamond Match Company bought a French patent for safety matches-but the formula did not work properly in the different climate conditions prevailing in America and it was another 11 years before scientists finally adapted the French patent for the US.(C1T1P1)5. The commitment has now been clearly defined in The World Zoo Conservation Strategy, which-although an important and welcome document -does seem to be based on an unrealistic optimism about the nature of the zoo industry.(C1T1P2)6. Of course it is difficult to get accurate data but, to put the issue into perspective, I have found that , in a year of working in Eastern Europe, I discovered fresh zoos on almost a weekly basis.(C1T1P2)7. This establishment, which for years was protected by the local council (which viewed it as a tourist amenity), was finally closed down following a damning report by a veterinary inspector appointed under the terms of th Zoo Licensing Act 1881.(C1T1P2)8. Even assuming that the WZCSs 100 core zoos are all of a high standard -complete with scientific staff and research facilities, trained and dedicated keepers, accommodation that permits nomal or natural behaviour, and a policy of co-operating fully with each other-what might be the potential of conservation?(C1T1P2)9. This seems an extremely optimistic proposition from a man who must be aware of the failing and weakness of the zoo industry-the man who, when a member of the council of London Zoo, had to persuade the zoo to devote more of its activities to conservation.(C1T1P2)10. And indeed since social scientists have considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work and politics, it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holiday-making.(C1T2P3)11. Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that, for young children, too, the difficulty lies not in the inference processes which the task demands, but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure.(C2T1P3)12. When these are changes in ways which do not at all affect the inferential nature of the problem, then five-year-old children solve the problem as well as college students did in the Kendlers own experiments.(C2T1P3)13. Then he helped the child to understand that there was no “magic” about the specific marble which, during the second stage of the training, the experimenter handed to him so that he could pop it in the hole and get the reward.(C2T1P3)14. We may conclude, then that children experience very real difficulty when faced with the Kendler apparatus, but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that they are incapable of deductive reasoning.(C2T1P3)15. The prime objective of the benchmarking process was to compare a range of service delivery processes across a range of criteria using teams made up of employees from different departments within the hotel which interacted with each other.(C2T2P1)16. British industry, in particular, has in recent decades often been criticised for its linguistic industry-for its assumption that foreign buyers will be happy to communicate in English and that awareness of other languages is not therefore a priority.(C2T2P2)17. It is now much more readily appreciated that marketing efforts can be delayed, damaged or disrupted by a failure to take account of the linguistic needs of the customer.(C2T2P2)18. Ports take advantageof the need for breaking up the bulk material where water and land transport meet and where loading and unloading costs can be minimised by refining raw materials or turning them into finished goods.(C2T2P3)19. Many of the nurses had not realised the impact their behaviour was having on the organisation and their colleagues but there were also staff members who felt that talking to them about their absenteeism was “picking” on them and this usually had a negative effect on management-employee relationships.(C2T3P1)20. While emissions from new cars are far less harmful than they used to be, city streets and motorways are becoming more crowded than ever, often with older trucks, buses and taxis, which emit excessive levels of smoke and fumes.(C2T3P2)21. A report from Mintel, the market research organisation, says that despite recession and financial pressures, more people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products and a “green wave” has swept through consumerism, taking in people previously untouched by environmental concerns.(C2T4P1)22. Mintels 1994 survey found that 13 per cent of consumers are “very dark green”, nearly always buying environmentally friendly products, 28 per cent are “dark green”, trying “as far as possible” to buy such products, and 21 per cent are “pale green”-tending to buy green products if they see them.(C2T4P1)23. Among green consumers, animal testing is the top issue-48 per cent said they would be deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animals-followed by concerns regarding irresponsible selling, the ozone layer, river and sea pollution, forest, destruction, recycling and factory farming.(C2T4P1)24. When children were given words and pictures, those who seemed to ignore the picture and pointed at the words learnt more words than the children who pointed at the pictures, but they still learnt fewer words than the children who had no illustrated stimuli at all.(C2T4P2)25. The genetic inheritance a baby receives from its parents at the moment of conception fixes much of its later development, determining characteristics as varied as whether it will have blue eyes or suffer from a life-threatening illness such as cystic fibrosis.(C2T4P3)26. Errors in the genetic recipe for haemoglobin, the protein that gives blood its characteristic red colour and which carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, give rise to the most common single-gene disorder in the world: thalassaemia.(C2T4P3)27. However, it wasnt until the discovery of the reaction principle, which was the key to space travel and so represents one of the great milestones in the history of scientific thought, that rocket technology was able to develop.(C3T1P1)28. It is strange that the rocket was generally ignored by writers of fiction to transport their heroes to mysterious realms beyond the Earth, even though it had been commonly used in fireworks displays in China since the thirteenth century.(C3T1P1)29. The British rocket differed from the Indian version in that it was completely encased in a stout,iron cylinder, terminating in a conical head, measuring one metre in diameter and having a stick almost five metres long and constructed in such a way that it could be firmly attached to the body of the rocket.(C3T1P1)30. In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lung cancers, smoking is associated with cancers of, amongst others, the mouth, stomach and kidneys, and is thought to cause about 14 per cent of leukemia and cervical cancers.(C3T1P2)31. Leaving aside the philosophical question of whether anyone should have to breathe someone elses cigarette smoke, the report suggests that the smoke experienced by many people in their daily lives is enough to produce substantial adverse effects on a persons heart and lungs.(C3T1P2)32. They argue that those scientists are underestimating the damage done by passive smoking and, in support of their recent findings, cite some previous research which points to passive smoking as the cause for between 30,000 and 60,000 deaths from heart attacks each year in the United States.(C3T1P2)33. He was arguing in favour of the position taken by Karl Popper in The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1972,3rd edition) that the nature of scientific method is hypothetico-deductive and not, as is generallly believed, inductive.(C3T1P3)34. It is essential that essential that you, as an intending researcher, understand the difference between these two interpretations of the research process so that you do not become discouraged or begin to suffer from a feeling of “cheating” or not going about it the right way.(C3T1P3)35. It is in the light of an expectation that some observations are held to be relevant and some irrelevant, that one methodolgy is chosen and others discarded, that some experiments are conducted and others are not.(C3T1P3)36. Hypotheses arise by guesswork, or by inspiration, but having been formulated they can and must be tested rigorously, using the appropriate methodology.(C3T1P3)37. Once you have arrived at your hypothesis, which is a product of your imagination, you then proceed to a strictly logical and rigorous process, based upon deductive argument-hence the term “hypothetico-deductive”.(C3T1P3)38. The closest we ever get to this situation is when something happens by accident; but even then the researcher has to formulate a hypothesis to be tested before being sure that, for example, a mould might prove to be a successful antidote to bacterial infection.(C3T1P3)39. This is much more holistic-involving guesses, re-workings, corrections, blind alleys and above all inspiration, in the deductive as well as the hypothetic component-than is immediately apparent from reading the final thesis or published papers.(C3T1P3)40. It is the difference, for example between the academic papers with which Crick and Watson demonstrated the stucture of the DNA molecule and the fascinating book The Double Helix in which Watson described how they did it.(C3T1P3)41. Australias native dung beetles are scrub and woodland dwellers, specialising in coarse marsupial droppings and avoiding the soft cattledung in which bush flies and buffalo flies breed.(C3T2P1)42. Of the 26 species that are known to have become successfully integrated into the local environment, only one, an African species released in northern Australia, has reached its natural boundary.(C3T2P1)43. If it were not for the dung beetle, chemical fertiliser and dung would be washed by rain into streams and rivers before it could be absorbed into the hard earth, polluting water courses and causing blooms of blue-green algae.(C3T2P1)44. A number of species are available from the CSIRO or through a small number of private breeders, most of whom were entomologists with the SCIROs dung beetle unit who have taken their specialised knowledge of the insect and opened small businesses in direct competition with their former employer.(C3T2P1)45. If it is not clear, through role signs of one sort or another, which role is currently the operational one, the other party may not react in the appropriate way-we may, in fact, hear quite another message if the focal person speaks to us, for example, as a teacher and we hear her as an executive.(C3T2P3)46. Through its collections, the Departments specific interest is to document how objects are created and used, and to understand their importance and significance to those who produce them.(C3T3P1)47. Again, a series of acquisitions might represent a decades fieldwork documenting social experience as expressed in the varieties of clothing and jewellery styles, tents and camel trappings from various Middle Eastern countries, or in the developing preferences in personal adornment and dress from Papua New Guinea.(C3T3P1)48. The provision of information about non-Western aesthetics and techniques, not just for designers and artists but for all visitors, is a growing respongsibility for a department whose own context is an increasingly multicultural European society.(C3T3P1)49. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment.(C3T3P2)50. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has suppported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies-some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000-thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans.(C3T3P2)51. H