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合同英语翻译的用词特点2010-07-15 18:03近来翻译的合同居多,以前有老姐在身边时多少有些不太用脑,反正翻译好后有老姐帮着改的,现在老姐不在身边了,一切都得靠自己了,当拐杖不在时自己才会学着怎么去学习,注意,用心。现将翻译合同的应注意的用词贴上来,自己细心钻研,大家也一起共勉,在这里谢谢这位用心的同道前辈-苏菲用词特点(formal term)合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate).具体体现在下列方面:1. May, shall, must, may not (或shall not)的使用: May, shall, must, may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但合同中用这些时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。 May旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么); Shall 约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候); Must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么); May not(或 shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。 May do 不能说成 can do; Shall do, 不能说成 should do 或 ought to do; May not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用 shall not, 但绝不能用can not do 或 must not例如:在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说 The parties hereto (=to this contract) shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiation. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的shall和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may 也很妥当。如果may 和shall调换位置会怎么样?前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好像一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。2.正式用语(formal term)合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。例如:因为的短语多用by virtue of,远远多于due to一般不用because of;财务年度末一般用at the close of the fiscal year,而不用in the end of the fiscal year;在.之前一般用prior to,而不用before;“关于”常用as regards,concerning或relating to,而不会用about;“事实上”用in effect,而不用in fact;“开始”用commencement,而不用start 或begin;“停止做”用cease to do,而不用stop to do;“何时开会并由某某主持”的表逑为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.其中“召开”不用hold 或 call,而用convene;“主持”不用chair或be in charge of,而用preside;“其他事项”用miscellaneous,而不用other matters/events;“理解合同”用construe a contract或comprehend a contract,而不用understand a contract;“认为”用deem,用consider少,不用think或believe;“愿意做”用intend to do或desire to do,而不用want to do,wish to do.三、用词专业(technical terms)合同用词不以大众是否是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让百行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为 defect, remedy, force majuere/act of God, jurisdiction, damage and/or loss.另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as (下文称为),whereas(鉴于),in witness whereof (以资证明), for and on behalf of(为了并代表),hereby(特此),thereof (其=from it, of it)等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有:“赔偿”用indemnities,而不用compensation;“不动产转让”用conveyance,而不用transfer of real estate;“房屋出租”用tenancy;而“财产出租”用lease of property;“停业”用wind up a business或cease(名词是cessation) a business, 而不用end/stop a business;专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用royalities;还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文grace;“当事人在破产中的和解”用composition;以实物出资为investment in kind;“依照合同相关规定”一般说pursuant to provisions contained herein或as provided herein等,不说according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract;“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为Neither party hereto may assign this contract;其中hereto表示to the contract,选用Neither party to the contract较少。3.同义词、近议词、相关词的序列 FOR value received (上开价金已收到),the undersigned(下述签名者) does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over toall his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated, 19 by and between the undersigned and , a copy of which is annexed hereto.在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over, right 和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如:This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中 “made and entered into”和by and between两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:句中for and in consideration of,covenants and agreements三组同义司和近义词并列。The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的on the terms和subject to the conditions是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是terms and conditions再例如:Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from(从.时起) the effective date,一句中的release和discharge意思几乎相同。并列的词还有:ships and vessels;support and maintenance ;licenses and permits; charges, fees, costs and expenses; andy and all; any duties, obligations or liabilitities; the partners,their heir, successors and assigns(受让人);control and mangement of the partnership; applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rule.4.拉丁词,在国外合同中,拉丁词仍然是很常见:比例税率:用 pro rate tax rate 要比 proportional tax rate多从事慈善性服务的律师:pro bono lawyer,不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance委托代理人:多用agent ad litem.一、理解法律文件中的专门用语,英语中某些副词如here及where在法律文件中往往当作前缀,与另一个词构成法律词汇中的专门用语。在法律文件中用这些词,可以避免重复,避免误解,避免歧义,使行文准确、简洁。以这种方法构成的词主要有:hereafter, hereby, herein, hereof, hereto hereunder, hereupon, herewith, hereinbefore, hereinafter, thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupo, therewith, whereas, whereby, wherein, whereof, whereon, etc.这些词各有各的含义,笔者只能捡其中几个细说:比如:1.Hereby:by means of;by reason of this 之意,即特此,因此兹等意。常用于法律文件、合同协议的正式文件的开头语,在条款中需要强调时也可用。举原文说明,如:The Employer hereby vovenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects herein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.文中:hereby 意为by reason of this,特此的意思;convenants 是动词,意为make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同;completion of the Works 是工程的竣工,Works 与 Work 在工程承包合同文件中常指工程而不是工作之意;therein 意为 in the Works在本工程中;the Contract Price 指合同总价,指工程的总造价;such.as 是关系代词,相当于that, which,把要限定的词置于such与as 之间使要限定的名词十分明确,避免合同双方在理解上发生争议。under意为 in accordance with根据,按照之意,决不能译成“在.之下”;the provisions of the Contract: terms ad conditons of the contract 合同条件、条款之意。在对文中专业性词汇作了解释之后,就不难理解这一段的含义了,也就是读懂了。于是可以把原文译为:业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同总价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。2.Hereto: to this,上文已提及的,比如表示“本合同双方”可以说the Parties hereto,这里的hereto表示to this Contract本协议附件4,可以译为Appendix 4 hereto,这里的hereto表示to this Agreement.读下面的原文,可以进一步理解hereto 在文中的作用。All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiaitons, be seetled by the Parties hereto.Should, through negotiation, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this commission shall be applied. The award(裁决) of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne(bear 分词)by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.文中:两次出现的hereto,都是限定Parties, 表示the Parties to this Contract 本合同的双方。the performance of this Contract 履行本合同through amicable negotiations 通过友好协商should表示如果发生什么情况,代替省掉的ifshall then be submitted for arbitration 应提交进行仲裁the Chinese International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission Beijing 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京)the arbitration rules of this Commission仲裁规则the award of the arbitration 仲裁裁决unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。这样,扫除了上述专业词汇的障碍,可把原文译为:对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议,本合同双方应友好协商解决,如协商无法解决争议,则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京),依据仲裁规则仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的,对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担,但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。3.Herein:in this此中,于此。表示上文已提及的.如遇到“本合同(中)的.”,“本法(中)的.”等行文时,用该词。比如,“本法(中)所称的不正当竞争.”,可以译为unfair competition mentioned herein.此中的herein 意为in this law又如“本协议(中)的内容”,可译为the contents herein,此中的herein 意为in this Agreement.看下面两段文字,可以加深领会herein及其它几个专门用语。Unfair competition mentioned in this law refers to such acts of business operations as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereinafter called Goods including services).注:上文中出现了3个法律文件中的专门用语:hereof: of this 关于此点。在本中之意,表示在上文已提及的。出现本合同的.,“本文件的.”时,使用该词。如“本合同条件,条款.”可译为the terms,conditions and provisions hereof.,此中的hereof表示of this Contract;又如“本工程的任何部分”可译为 any parts hereof,此中的hereof意为of this Works. 文中:hereof 意为 the provisions of this law;herein,在文中的意思是(Business operators mentioned) in this law;hereinafter: later in the same Contract以下:在下文,一般与to be referred toas, referred to as called等词或词组连用,以避免重复;unfair competition 不正当竞争mentioned in this law 本法所称;contravene the provisions hereof 违反本法规定;damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators 损害其它经营者的合法权益;disturb the socio-economic order扰乱社会经济秩序。原文可译为:本法所称的不正当竞争,是指经营者违反本法规定,损害其了经营者的合法权益,扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。本法所称的经营或营利性服务(以下所称商品包括服务)的法人、其他经济组织和个人。4.Therein:in that, in that partcular context, in that respect.在那里;在那点上,在那方面等之意,表示上文已提及的,“合同中的.”“工程中.”等可用此词。如“修补工程中的缺陷”,可以译为“the remedying of any defects therein”此中的therein 表示in the Works; 又如“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”可译为material or plant for incorporation therein,此中的therein 也表示in the Works.现用一小段原文来加强 therein 这个字的印象:Temporary Works means all temporary works of every kind (other than the Contractors Equipment) required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein. 文中:therein 是指in the Works 工程中的temporary works:临时性工程,是指为永久性工程服务的工程,永久性工程建成后应予以拆除。建造临时工程的费用,按国际FIDIC合同条件规定,应由承包人负责。defects:缺陷,指工程施工出现的问题,即工程本身存在问题,而不是因业主使用不当造成的。The execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein. 工程施工、竣工和修补工程任何缺陷。请注意原文中的两个and 的译法。一般一项工程分为两个阶段:第一阶段包括工程设计、施工、竣工;第二阶段是修补工程缺陷。由此可见,第一个and是指第一阶段的两个工程程序,第二and 是为了区分工程的两个阶段,用词、结构无误,表达意思明确。这段原文可译为:临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或有关的所有各种临时工程(但承包人的设备除外)。4.Whereas:considering that,鉴于,就.而论(法律用语)。此词常用于合同,协议书的开头段落,引出合同双方要订立合同的理由或依据。请持下面三小段:Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the right to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology; Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contact Products; The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows:文中:两个whereas都作“鉴于”解。to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of patented Technology:将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方。the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract:双方授权代表under the terms, conditions and provisions sepcified as follows:就以下条款。消除了这些专门词汇的拦路虎之后,原文即可译成:鉴于乙方有权并同意将专利技术的合同产吕的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方;鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同的产品;双方授权代表经友好协商,同意就以下条款签订本合同;为了维护法很的权威性,在拟订合同法时常、法律文件中常常使用这些平时罕见的,法律文件专用的正式词汇,因此在阅读或翻译或拟订合同时,必须学会运用、处理这些词汇。二、合同中常用的专门用词及词组1.关于shall与should shall 在合同中使用频率最高的词,在合同文件中shall表示强制性承担法律或合同所规定的义务,在表达“应该”或“必须”做某事时,应用“shall”而不能用must或should,但有时可用will,力度比shall弱。should在法律文件中往往作if解,只表示“如果”之意。如:the board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, call and preside over the board meeting.文中:两个shall,都表示有责任做,应该做之意。should:if 表示如果board meeting: 董事会会议preside over:主持,原文可译为:董事会会议应由董事长召开、主持;如董事长缺席,原则上应由副董事长招集、主持。2.Uness otherwise:除外。比 if not 和 otherwise 表达正式。该词由两个同议词 unless 和otherwise 组成,otherwise有代词作用,后面一般跟动词的过去分词限定,意为:除非另.:如“除非合同另有规定”可译为unless otherwise specified in the Contract,又如“除非信用证另有规定”可译为unless otherwise specified in the Letter of Credit.如:There articles shall apply to documetary credits(跟单信用证),including stand by leeters of credit(备用信用证),to the extent to which the credits in question shall be applicable, and shall be binding on (有约束力的) the parties to the Contract, unless otherwise expressly agreed by the Parties thereto.文中:unless otherwise,表示除非合同双方另有约定these articles 指本条文apply to 适用,适用于in question: under consideration, being discussed about即“在考虑中的或议论中的”某事、某问题、可译成“这”或“该”,比如“该事项”可译为the matter in question,这是合同中长用的专用词组。比如:Party A agrees to acquire from Party B and Party B agrees to transfer to Party A the Patented Technology, 用了in question 就可以省略“在前名中的.”这样一句话,十分简捷鲜明。例句可译为:甲方同意从乙方获得乙方同意向甲方转让的合同产品的专利技术。这种技术应与乙方最新产品的技术完全一致。shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract:对合同有关方面均具有约束力,原文可译为:本条文适用于一切跟单信用证,并包括在其适用范围内的备用信用证,对合同有关方面均具有约束力,除百另有约定。3.In accordance with: under, pursuant to 这三个词组都作“根据”,“按照解,是法律文件中常用的词组,比according to 正式,试看例文:例1:On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract.文中in accordance with the date of shipment:根据装运日期FOB=Free on board:船上交货。按照1999年9月国际商会公布的2000年国际贸易术语解释通则的规定,采用此术语,卖方将货物在合同指定的装运港装到买方的船上,即完成交货。卖方承担货物越过长船舷以前的风险和费用;买方承担其后的风险和费用。采用此术语时,在FOB后面常要注明装运港名称,如FOB Shanghai.book shipping space:洽定舱位。原文可译为:按照FOB条件,由买方负责根据合同规定的装运日期洽定舱位。注意:文中的买方或卖方,为合同的专门词汇,都要大写。中译英时需注意这一点。例2:When ,under the laws and pproval from he releant authorities, a limited liability company is converted into a company limited shares, the total amount which shares are converted into shall be equivalent to the amount of the companysnet assets.文中:under the laws:依法,按照法律a limited liability company:有限责任公司a company limited by shares:股份有限公司be equivalent to:相当,相当于the amount of the companys net asset:公司净资产额,原文则可译为:有限责任公司依法经批准变更为股份有限公司时,折合的股份总额应当相等于公司净资产额。4.Provided that:但规定,规定;但是,等意。对合同的某一条款需要作进一步规定时或在作规定时语气转折时常用此词组。在中译英时,要学会使用词组,有时中文字面上并未见“但规定”,或“进一步规定”的字辞,但内含此义,可先将中文作“语内译”,若含有上述两义,应运用provided that词组。例:An irrevocable credit(不可撤销信用证)shall be deemed to constitute a definite undertaking of the issuing bank. Provided that if the stipulated documents are presented nd are complied with the terms, conditons and provisions of the credit, and if the credit provides for sight payment, the payment shall be mae or shall be guaranteed to be made.文中:provided that 对信用证的承诺性作了进一步规定。be deemed 被认为,被称为,视为等,是法律文件中正式用语,比be believed, be considered正式。如:In the absence of such indication, the credit shall be deemed to be revocable.可译为:如无该项表示,信用证应视作是可撤销的。shall be deemed to constitute a definite undertaking of the issuing bank:应被认为构成开证行的确定承诺。irrevocable 是revocable加否定前缀构成,不可撤销之意。the credit provides for sigh payment:即期付款信用证,原文可译为:不可撤销信用证,应被认为构成开证行的规定承诺。(但规定)如提交了规定的单据并符合信用证条款,并系即期付款信用证时,则 进行付款或保证该款的照付。除上述法律文件中常用词组外,还有若干,如in respect of, in respect thereof (关于上文已提及的事项);in the even of, in the enent that(如果;如果.发生,比when正式);in case, in (the)case of (如果;万一,一旦,);be liable for; be liable to(应付有责任);in testimony whereof: in witness whereof (以此为证,特立此证);know all Men by these presents(根据本文件;特此宣布);undersigned:法律文件末尾的签名者,若前有定冠词the,是指文件签署者的自称:now therefore,(特此;因此,一般与whereas连用同,其后常跟hereby.译成“兹”,“特此”)。三、读懂合同的法律文件的句子结构合同文件及其他法律文件中的英文句子具有结构严谨、句子较长的特点,这是为了使表达的内容准确、严密、清楚、易解(无歧义)而特别设定的句式。其中主要是状语的定位问题,主句的状语和从句的状语都各居各位,也是为了不定语相混淆。认真研究句构,掌握其中的规律,无论是中译英,还是英译中,或是拟草款,都能得心应手。1.主句中的状语位置由于法律的语文特点,法律文件中的英语句子的状语有其自已的规则,其位置与基础英语中的频度副词(如often,sometime,never等)的位置相同,一般放在助词之后,行为动词之前。比如复合句,主句的状语位置应放在shall之后,动词之前,如:在讲解hereto这个问题时举的例句中,就有through amicable negotiations 这个状语插入到shall 与 be settled 之间,修饰be settled.又如:the securities regulatory authorities under the State Council shall, in accordance with law, implement centrlized and unified regulation and supervision of the securities market nationwide. the securities regulatory authorties under the State Council may, where necessary, establish agencies that shall perform the regulatory functions as authorized.(国务院证券监督管理机构根据需要可以设立派出机构,按照授权履行监督管理职责)。如果把第一句中的插入状语移动到句末,即nationwide 之后就有可能把其误解成market nationwide 的定语或是状语,但修饰动词implement的势力很弱,可用一个很简单的例子来说明这一点,如:I fed the white dog there. there 放在句末就有可能产生两种句意:其一:I fed the white dog which was there.其二:In that place I fed the white dog.因此为了避免发生这样的歧义,使表
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