英汉翻译技巧.doc

翻译常用的几种技巧 第一节 重译法 定义: Repetition既然在翻译中被称为一种技巧，自然就不是一般所说的不必要的重复，而是一种必不可少的方法。可以这样确定它的定义: 在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语, 否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。 重译法的作用: 一是为了明确; 二是为了强调。三是为了生动。 一, 为了使译文明确或强调某些内容, 就要设法消除任何可能出现的误解。要消除这些误解, 在某些文体中，特别是在合同、条约等正式的应用文体中，要少用代词而重复使用名词。 譬如下面的译例, 在译文中要重复使用“日本”等名词而尽量通免使用代词“它”.因为这一段文字引自一涉及中国，苏联和日本三国关系的条约引文中的 both contracting parties指China和The Soviet Union, 所谈之事关系重大如果用“它”太多，那么“它” 是代表China，Japan 呢，还是代表The Soviet Union 呢？不同的人会有不同的理解，因此翻译下句中代词it时应重译其前面的名词. “Both contracting parties undertake jointly to adopt all necessary measures at their disposal for the purpose of preventing the resumption of aggression and violation of peace on the part of Japan or any other state which would collaborate with Japan directly or indirectly in act of aggression. In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war, the other contracting party will immediately render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal.” “缔约国双方保证共同尽力采取一切必要的措施，以期翻止日本或其他直接间接在侵略行为上与日本相勾结的任何国家之重新侵略与破坏和平。一旦缔约国的一方受到日本或与日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭，因而处于战争状态时，缔约国的另一方即尽其全力给予军事及其他援助.” 二、为了明确，有时需要重复宾语。在英语中，一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语，宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次而在汉语中, 这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。定语后的名词亦如此。如： 1. We have to analyse and solve problems 我们要分析问题，解决问题 2Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations. 我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧 3。Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation often show themselves in its speech. 民族的贵族倾向和民主倾向常在其言语中表现出来. 三、英语常用省略,代词，但为了明确，也为了强调某些内容，在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译回来. 如: 1 I have fulfilled my assigned work ahead of schedule, so has he. 我已提前完成了交给我的工作，他也提前完成了交给他的工作。 2. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. 无知是恐惧的根源，也是敬佩的根源 3The use of atomic weapons is a clear violation of international lawin particular of the Geneva Convention. 使用原子武器显然违反国际法，特别违反日内瓦公约. 4. Before liberation many people could not read or write. 解放前, 许多人不会读书，也不会写字。 5 They forget the democratic centralism which subordinates the minority to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole, and the whole Party to the Central Committee. 他们忘记了少数服从多数，下级服从上级，局部 服从全体，全党 服从中央的民主集中制 6 But we still have defects, and very big ones 但是我们还是有缺点的，而且还有很大的缺点 四、被定语从句修饰的名词有时在英译汉中要重复. We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa. 我们提倡和平共处的原则，这个原则目前在亚非各国越来越得人心了。 五、在汉译英时，往往还有下面两种情况：一是汉语重复，英译时也重复；二是根据两种语言各自的习惯用法, 以不同的表达方式进行重复，这种重复通常是为了传达原文的生动性. 1这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉, 闹地位, 闹出风头 What are they after? They are after name, after position, and they want to cut smart figures. 2，大（家庭有大家庭的难处。 A large family has its difficulties. 3、车辚辚，马萧萧,行人弓箭各在腰 Chariots rumble and roll; horses whinny and neigh. Footmen at their girdle bows and arrows display. 4天苍苍，野茫茫，风吹草低见牛羊 The sky is blue, blue; And the steppe wide, wide; Over grass that the wind has battered low; Sheep and oxen roam. 5寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚乍暖还寒时候，最难将息。 Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again, How hard to calm the heart! 6. 茫茫九派流中国，沉沉一线穿南北。 Wide, wide flow the nine streams through the land, Dark, dark threads the line from south to north 7行行重行行，与君生别离 On and on，always on and an. Away from you, parted by a life-parting. 8. 这几件旧衣服和些旧家伙，当的当了，卖的卖 了 Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold. 9. 胜也罢，败也 罢，我们要打到底 Victory or defeat, we shall fight to the bitter end 10. 我们死也好，活也好，一定要忠于祖国. Live or die, we shall be loyal to our motherland. 11. 悲莫悲兮生别离，乐莫乐兮新相知 Nothing is sadder than to part for ever; Nothing is happier than to contract a new acquaintance 12一个个面面相觑，都软倒了。 Each stared speechless at the other, and all fell feebly to the ground. 13，桃花谢了春红，太匆匆 The flowering trees have lost the spring hues, all too soon. 14.谁知盘中餐。粒粒皆辛苦 Who knows that every grain in the bowl Is the fruit of so much pain and toil? 15夜夜长留半被，待君梦魂归来。 Night after night I ever keep for him the half of my quilt, In expectation of his spirit coming back to me in a dream. 16. 青青河边草。郁郁园中柳 Green grows the grass upon the bank., The willow shoots. are long and lank. 17. 梯田渐渐稀，村舍遥遥对. Ridges of fields grow few and far between, While far away some cottage are seen. 18舟遥遥以轻扬，风飘飘而吹衣。 Lightly floats and drifts the boat, and gently flows and flaps my gown. 19. 春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟， In spring we sleep a sleep that knows no dawn, And everywhere the songs of birds resound. 20，一个蚊子哼哼哼，两个苍蝇嗡嗡嗡. A mosquito hums and hums, Two flies drone and drone. 以上20个译例之原文绝大多数源出中国古典文学，因多为名句，故每一句原文均可找出多种译法，此处只引用一种译法，不一定是最佳的译法，只供讨论翻译技巧时参考 与汉译英的情况相似, 英译汉时有时也要根据各自的习惯用法进行重复。如: 1. Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace - but there is no peace. 先生们尽管可以高呼和平，和平! 但是依然没有和平 2. If you didnt succeed at first, try, try，try again. 起初不成功，可以一试再试 3. What we want, first and foremost, is to learn, to learn and to learn. 我们首先需要的是学习、学习、再学习。 4. Scrooge went to bed again, and thought and thought and thought it over and over. 司克罗琪又上床去, 左思右想, 想个不休 5 . Nels had it all written out neatly. 纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚. 第二节 增译法 所谓增词译法就是在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组,分句或完整句，从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致起来，使得译文与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来.试仔细对照如下译例看看此技巧应用的一些情况. 1. I am looking forward to the holidays. 我在等待假日的到来 2 Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性 3Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀。数学使人周密科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。（或：历史使人聪明；诗人使人遐想：数学使人精细；格致使人深沉;伦理使人庄严；逻辑和修辞使人能够争论后一种译文 虽然偏古并且有个别欠信之处，但与前一种译文相比。几乎有异曲同工之妙，在译文中都使用了增译法或重译法, 反复使用了“使人”这两个字） 4Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确 5) Earl and I decided to walk our dog. Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River. It is like a dream to me now, floating through my mind in slow motion. Many children were playing close to the waters. (Los Angeles Times）我和艾勒决定把狗带出去溜溜，不知不觉朝公园走去。公园就在小桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的洛杉矶河水滚滚流过。现在回想起来、就仿佛是一场梦, 当时的情景还在我脑海里缓缓浮动. 那一天，许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍。（增加主语和时 间状语） 6) After the football match, hes got an important meeting.在观看足球比赛之后，他有一个重要会议去参加.(增加动词） 7) He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。（增加动河） 8) Basically, the theory proposed, among other things, that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light;就其基本内容而言，这一学说提出的论点包括：光速是宇宙中最快的速度;（增加修饰语，以示强调） 9) Ideally, one day, researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes and the nature of particular faults to predict quakes directly. (The Economist)最理想的情况是, 有朝一日研究人员能够对地震的成因及具体断层的性质有足够的了解，从而能够直接预报地震.（增加修饰语,以示强调） 10) I read his Progress and Poverty, and went to a meeting of Hyndmans Marxist Democratic Federation. (Sixteen Self Sketches)我看了他的进步与贫困，又去参加海德门的马克思主义组织“民主联盟”举行的会议。（增加动词;增加定语，加强译文的可读性） 11) The resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetites of Florida livestock raisers for screw-worms.库拉索岛上的试验取得的巨大成功，引起了佛罗里达州牲畜饲养者的兴趣，他们也想以同样的办法消除螺旋锥蝇这一祸害。（增加定语，加强译文的可读性） 12) Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for me. like Aarons rod, with flowers. (Helen Adams Keller, The Story of My Life） 后来就是这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我的面前，就像圣经上说的“亚伦的杖开了花”一样。（增加定语，提供背录知识） 13）This great scientist was born in New England.这位伟一大的科学家出生在美国东北部的英格兰。（增加定语，提供背景知识） 14）他喜欢指出别人的缺点，但用意是好的。He likes to point out other peoples shortcomings, but he means well（增加主语） 15) 你越讲空洞的大道理，人家越感到讨厌。The more you elaborate on empty theories, the more people disgust them.（增加宾语） 16）这个小男孩饭前都洗手，然后用棍巾纸擦干。This little boy always washes his hands before meals and then dry them with napkins.（增加物主代同、连接词和宾语） 17) 只是晚上躺在床上的时候，她才感到神志清醒。It is only during the night when she lie in bed that she feels she has a clear mind.（增加强调句式） 18) 早知他有病，我就不会叫他来了. If I had known he was ill, I would not have asked him to come.（增加连接词） 19) 1976年7月28日，唐山发生了大地震。On July 28,1976, a big earthquake took place in Tangshan.（增加介词） 20）不要重复叶公好龙那个故事，讲了多少年的社会主义临到社会主义跑来找他，他又害怕起来了（毛泽东选 集,第五卷）The story of Lord Ye who professed to love dragons should not be repeated, one must not just talk about socialism for years and then suddenly turn pale when socialism comes knocking at the door.（增加 词语，以表达原文实际内涵意义） 21) 还有些人也不能进领导班子或者不能重用，例如，革 命意志严重衰退，饱食终日，无所用心的,等等（邓小平文选，第二卷）There are also others whom we should not recruit into leading bodies or place in important posts. They include:and persons whose revolutionary will has waned and who are content to eat three square meals a day and do nothing.（增加词语，以表达原文实际内涵意义） 22) 三个臭皮匠,胜过诸葛亮The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses Zhuge Liang the master mind.（增加词语，提供背景知识） 23. We wont retreat, we never have and never will. 我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不后退。 24 . Paris all truth, Versailles all lies; and that lies vented through the mouth of Thiers. 巴黎全是真理。凡尔赛全是谎言，而这种谎言是从梯也尔嘴里发出的， 25. The journey which has brought me to Peking has been a very long one. Long when measured in miles. Long when measured in time. 我来北京的旅途是漫长的。用里程衡量，它是漫长的。用时间衡量，它也是漫长的。 26 Last summer more than 3000 city welfare employees staged a “work-in” during which they showed up at the office but refused to process cases. 上一个夏天，3000多名城市福利救济部门的雇员举行一次“到职罢工”活动，他们人到了办公室，但拒绝审核要求救济的申请。 27. As an Oriental, I cannot but be proud of your historic achievement. 作为一个东方人，我不得不为你们所取得的历史性成就感到骄傲 28. I can imagine the almost insuperable obstacles to the unity of 800 million people. 我可以想象到要使8亿人民团结起来将会遇到的几乎不可克服的困难 29Theory is something but practice is everything. 理论固然重要，实践尤其重要. 30. Henry Kissinger had slept there before, in July and again in October. 这之前，基辛格在7月和10月两度在那里下塌 31. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health他们的主人，（又是）割啊，（又是）倒啊，（又是）布菜啊，（又是）切面包啊，（又是）谈啊，（又是）笑啊，（又是）敬酒啊，忙个不停。 32.没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 33.没有眼睛向下的兴趣和决心，是一辈子也不会真正懂得中国的事情的 Unless a person is interested in turning his eyes downward and is determined to do so, he will never in his life really understand things in China. 34.虚心使人进步骄傲使人落后 Modesty helps one to go forward., whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 35.跑了和尚跑不了庙 The monk may run away, but the temple cant run away with him. 36.吃饭防噎，走路防跌 While eating, take heed that you do nor choke, while walking, take heed that you do not fall. 37.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 38. 送君千里终有一别 Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last. 39小不忍则乱大谋 If one is not patient in small thing, one will never be able to control great ventures 40. 谁都知道朝鲜战场是艰苦些 Every one knows that life on the Korean battle-field was rather hard. 41，一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉要有三个帮。 A fence needs the support of three stakes, an able fellow needs the help of three other people. 42只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯 The magistrates are free to burn down houses, while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps. (cf. One man may steal a horse, while another may not look over the hedge.) 从以上例子可以看出，增词译法在英译汉中主要是添加原文中虽无形式却意在其中的成分; 在汉译英中一般是添加原文中为了语言简洁而被省去的成分. 增词的情况是各种各样的总的规则是: 为了使译文忠于原文，需要增加什么就增加什么. 根据以上例子, 大致归纳如下: 1增译的部分在原文中虽找不出对应词语、但为了忠实传达原文信息，译文非增不可 2增加动词 3增加名词 4，增加主谓结构 5增加定语 6增加状语或副词 7. 增加语气助词 5增加代词 9增加连词 汉译英时，增加连词的情况是常见的，因为英语的连词比汉语使用的多. 冠词的情况更是如此 第三节 省词译法 和其他一切事物一样，翻译也是有增必有减。懂了增译法之后自然也就会懂得什么是减译法。它是增译法的反面: 以同一个译例来说，在英译汉中如果用增译法的话, 在汉译英中自然就要用减译法了。把第二节中的例子倒译的话（即把汉译英改为英译汉或把英译汉变为汉译英），所用的译法就不是增译法而是减译法了。 关于减译法，应该记住这样一条总原则：减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文虽无其词而已有其意,或者在译文中是不言而喻；换言之，减译法是删去一些可有可无的, 或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文习惯表达的词, 但减译并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去 此外，冠词,连词,代词(尤其是人称代词,关系代词),关系副词等等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现，要使译文忠实而地道, 减译法就自然必不可少了.例如： 1. A book is useful 书（是）有用（的） 2 The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳转。 3 On Sundays we have no school. 礼拜天我们不上学 4MrBingley was good-looking and gentleman-like. 宾利先生风度翩翩，彬彬有礼 5. A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue. 聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的 6. If you write to him, the response would be absolute silence and void. 你写信给他，总是石沉大海. 7Sunday is the day when I am least busy. 星期天我最不忙 8Could you help me in any way? 你能帮帮我吗? 9Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful. 冬天是研究树木生长的最好的季节，虽则树叶落了，树枝光了，但树木本身却是美丽的 10. He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 他双手插进口袋，然后耸了耸双肩。 11Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist. 不承认这个事实。就不是唯物主义者。 12These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 1 3我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。 We must cultivate the ability to analyse and solve problems. 14When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north 东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。 15It is not entirely right to say that if there is food, let everyone share it. 说有饭大家吃并不完全正确。 16. Eight oclock found Franz up and dressed. 八点钟，弗兰兹起床穿衣. 17. He is not well today, but he still comes to class.他今天身体不好，但他）还 是来上课了。 18. If I learn to drive a motorcycle, I will certainly buy a new one.我要是学摩托车的话，（我）就一定去买一辆新 的。 19. He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs.在我们的）背后说我们好话的人，才是一个好的 朋友。 20. It is better to do well than to say well.说得好不如做得 好。(喊破嗓子不如做出样子。） 21. Its your pen. I found it on the playground.这是你的钢笔，我在操场上找到（它）的。 22. 这台电视机真是价廉物美。 This television set is really cheap (in price) and fine (in quality). 23.那位小伙子有点愣头愣脑的。 That young fellow is somewhat rash (in the head). 24. 中国足球的落后状态必须改变。 The (state ofcondition of) backwardness of the Chinese football must be changed. 25.她连续讲了两小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。 She has been talking in French for two hours without (making ) any mistakes. 26.在工作中，我们必须避免犯不必要的错误. We must avoid making (unnecessary) mistake in our work. 27.人群渐渐静了下来。 Silence (gradually) came over the crowds. 28. 可怜两个强徒，化作南柯一梦（施耐庵水浒传，第六回） Poor ruffians, their lives vanished like a dream (in Nanke ). 从上面的例子可以看出，无论是英译汉还是汉译英，省词译法基本上都是出于译文语言习惯和语法的需要，不省去这些词语，译文就显得拖泥带水，甚至会出现画蛇添足的结果使用省词译法要求译者对译文有驾轻就熟的运用能力。 第四节、 转性译法(词类转移法) 转性译法是英译汉和汉译英中都经常要用到的翻译方法。所谓转性译法就是在翻译过程中，根据译文语言的习惯进行词性转换，如：把原文中的名词转换为动词，把原文中的副词转换为介词，等等。请看下面的实例。 1.语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。 The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 这句话的英译文应该说是忠实而地道的，但分析一下汉英文中的词类, 却很少是对应的。原文中的词类到了译文中。差不多都发生了变化：“学好”是动词，意思上相应的英文词mastery是名词；“随便”是副词，意思上相应的英文词是作表语的easy, 等等。假若译文中的英文词类、词序都与汉语完全相同，不作任何改变，那么这就不成一句英文句子了。 2. In those years the Republicans were in. 那些年是共和党执政。（形容词转为动词） 3. Every morning she would go to the lake area for a walk. 每天早上，她都要到湖区去散步（名词转为动词） 4. The music is a gas. 这音乐妙极了.名词转为形容词） 5. The delegates at the conference unanimously expressed their determination to oppose hegemonism on the part of the two superpowers. 会上，代表们一致表示坚决地反对两个超级大国的霸权主义。（名词转为副词) 6. My suggestion is that he should quit somking at once. 我建议他立刻戒烟.（由于原文中的主语转译成了谓语，原文主语前的定语也相应地转译成主语.） 7. A week after his prelude to the Presidents visit, China was in。 在他为总统出访所作的序幕之行后一周，中国成了最时新的话题。（形容词转为名词 8. Official Moscow is going to object the proposal. 莫斯科官方准备反对此项提议（形容词转为名词） 9Saud was a frustrated man at that time. 沙特那时已受挫折（形容词转为动词） 10. We have known a similar past of humiliation and exploitation. 在过去。我们都同样遭受到凌辱和剥削。（形容词转为副词） 11. Our age is witnessing a profound political change. 我们的时代是深刻的政治变化的见证。（动词转为名词) 12.徐悲鸿画马画得特别好 Xu Beihongs drawings (paintings) of horses are exceptionally good 13. I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 我非常感谢父亲，因为在我小时侯他总是不断地鼓励我。 (原文中以for为引导的介词词组在译文中被转译成以“因为”为引导的状语从句.因此，原文中for这个介词在译文中被处理成连接词“因为”，定语his转译成了主语“他”，定语continuous转译成了状语“不断地”，名词encouragement转译成了动词“鼓励”,定语during my childhood 转译成了状语“在我小时候”) 14. Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷 (介词转为动词) 15. He came to my home for help 他来到我家,请求帮忙(介词转为动词) 16. At noon, she came home for lunch. 中午,她回家吃午饭。（介词转为动词） 17. The people are with him. 人民拥护他. (系动词be+介词转为行为动词) 18. The woman, with her two daughters, arrived. 这妇女带着她的两个女儿到了。（系动词be介词转为行为动词） 19. He was away before dawn. 他在黎明前出发的系动词be副词转为行为动词 20. Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them. 它们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。（副形） 21. We are enemies of all wars, but above all of dynastic wars. 我们