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Unit1 Part I B Speaker 1 not remember very much about childhood not very close not talk very much Speaker 2 get on very well with mum talk very openly Speaker 3 mum always tell me to do this and do that father let me do what I want Speaker 4 fond memories of childhood seemingly spoil us Tape script 1 I don t remember very much about my childhood actually My wife s always asking me When you were a boy did you use to and I reply I don t know I can t remember We didn t we didn t use to talk very much we weren t very close or if we were we didn t show it I remember I used to have my hair cut every Friday My father and I would go together I had the shortest hair in the school When they d finished cutting it they d burn the ends with a sort of candle Oh I ll never forget that smell 2 I got on very well with my mother I used to tell her everything or nearly everything and she d talk to me very openly too Sometimes she d say to me Don t go to school today Stay with me And we d go out shopping or something like that 3 I m not a very tidy person but my mother s very house proud so she s always telling me to pick things up and put them away and do this and do that She goes on for hours about Cleanliness is next to godliness My father isn t like that at all He lets me do what I want I think he s learned not to pay attention 4 I have very fond memories of my childhood To me it represented security We used to do a lot together as a family I remember walks and picnics and going for rides on a Sunday afternoon Every Friday when my father came home from work he had a treat for each of us My mother used to say he was spoiling us but why not It didn t do us any harm Part III Family A The Family I Functions of family A Providing necessities of life B Offering affectionate joys C Raising children to adulthood D Giving protection in times of emergency II Patterns of family A Extended family uncles aunts cousins and in laws B Nuclear family a husband wife and their children C Polygamous household a husband several wives and their children D Divided residence husband and wife living separately with children raised by mother s brother E Nayar way of living brothers and sisters and sisters children F Communal living group persons not biologically related III Factors influencing family structure A Economic conditions e g No aid from society or state extended family B Industrialization and urbanization e g Creation of many specialized jobs nuclear family C Inheritance customs e g 1 Property inherited by eldest son 2 Property inherited by all of sons Tapescript Throughout history the basic unit of almost every human society has been the family The members of the family live together under the same roof they share the economic burdens of life as well as its affectionate joys and it is the family which has primary responsibility for the important task of raising children to adulthood The family is not a uniform concept in all societies In many places it is an extended group which includes uncles aunts cousins and in laws The family head usually has considerable influence in arranging marriages selecting careers and determining all important moves and purchases by any member of the family Particularly in conditions where society or the state does not give aid and where consequently the responsibilities of the family are greater this larger group provides better protection in times of economic or other emergency In many other societies including most industrialized ones the nuclear family is the basic social unit This term refers to a husband and wife united through marriage and their dependent children whether natural or adopted Industrialization and urbanization create many specialized jobs which tend to scatter family members among different employers and thus to separate residences as soon as they become wage earners The small family which has only one or if the wife works also two employed members is better able to adapt to rapid change and to move when the job moves The nuclear family is almost universal and the nuclear group of father mother and their children is recognized even when it is part of an extended family There are cases however which strain the definition Polygamy for example brings several wives and their children into the picture But polygamous households are not common in any society More difficult to explain are the cases of divided residence Among the Ashanti people of Africa where the wife and husband do not reside together the child gets training and affection from the mother s brother and learns that his mother s husband is not his family An even stranger situation existed with the Nayar of India before being changed by outside influence There the household consisted of brothers and sisters and the sisters children The sisters were not married and the brothers simply took care of whatever children their sisters had Inheritance customs also have an influence on the structure of the family In England the farm was passed on to the eldest son in order to keep the family land intact Younger sons had to go out and start a new farm or join the army or move to town and take up a trade They provided a large part of the labor supply during England s industrialization process In many areas of the European continent all of the sons shared equally in the inheritance and more extended households were common Although the exact form varies from place to place and time to time we can say that the family is the original and the most natural social group The ties we develop by long intimate association with the small group of persons who are biologically related to us cannot be matched in any of the forms of communal living which are tried every now and then Unit 2 The Changing Women Part I Warming up A Tapescript 1 Organized activity on behalf of women s rights began in the mid 1800s when both by law and by custom women were considered non persons 2 In the early tg00s important changes occurred in the social and political climate in America as a result of World War I 3 In 1920 after World War t American women gained the right to vote 4 During World War II large numbers of women entered the job market to do the jobs of the men who had been drafted into military service 5 Today women make up 1 5 of the 200 000 professional firefighters in the U S and they make up 4 of airline pilots and navigators 6 The Small Business Administration predicts that women will own nearly 40 others Say half of all small businesses in the U S by the year 2000 7 From 1980 to 1988 the number of business men and women entrepreneurs increased 56 overall but during that period the number of female entrepreneurs grew 82 8 In 1969 in the U S only 4 of the state lawmakers were women By 1993 this number had grown by 500 and 20 4 of state legislators were women 9 Today only 10 of American families have the traditional working father and the mother who stays home to take care of the children 10 The rate of women s participation in the workforce rose from 27 in 1940 to 44 in 1985 B Speakers Key words Lynne friends child free respect for their choice not my opinion had to have children don t know why Irene daughter the same eager get married have children thinking about 8 or 9 years old observe me as a mother other mothers Barbara Yes that s how I was Tapescript L Lynne I Irene B Barbara L I have many many friends who have opted for a child free life I have a great deal of respect for their choice But therein lies the key It was their choice Infertility was not my choice Is a woman less of a woman without children Absolutely not in my opinion but I had to have children I don t know why People have asked us y know Well what was that just made you so obsessed and compelled and driven I don t know I don t I don t know that I ll ever know All I know is I had to have children I Well my daughter interestingly enough is the same way She s very eager as soon as she finishes law school to get married and have children And we talked about this and she said Mom you don t understand I ve been thinking about having children since I was eight or nine years old C 1 The difference between men and women when they surf the Internet according to the study conducted by Media Matricks and Jupiter Communications Women as a tool Men tend to spend more time playing around 2 The different reasons why women use the web check email chat look for information resources studying search Tapescript For the first time ever the number of women on the web has surpassed the number of men pushing the huge growth of females between the ages of 12 and 17 Music websites like are attracting teen girls and so are sites focused on fashion and shopping An unscientific survey of teens mostly girls attending Oakland Technical High School in Oakland California shows teens are using the World Wide Web for many reasons F My name is Fi and I m 16 I check my email on the net and I chat sometimes That s all I did P My name is Sonia Fay Phillips I m 17 years old Mostly I use the Internet for uh look ing up for my college information or check my email or chat I use mostly use it for resources and studying because I don t have time for play and stuff M My name is Lucien Morrison I m 17 And I use the Internet to chat on to get codes for play station games to check my email and to play games on M I m Meesha I m 14 years old I usually just search on the web just anything I m looking for or just search because I m bored or anything like that Summer school students attending Oakland Technical High School in Oakland California The Internet study released today conducted by Media Matricks and Jupiter Communications shows that men and women use the web differently Women use it as a tool Men tend to spend more time online playing around Among the other most popular sites reported for women on the web for ages 35 to 44 market and for ages 55 and up they ve been posting the second biggest jump in usage aarp org and genealogy com Part II Working mothers B 1 According to Beth which do more and more women choose to work or to have a child both not be superwoman 2 According to some research how important is a mother s role more important in some regards than we had thought bonding process lasts longer 3 What happens to children if they are separated too early from their parents often go into shock 4 Why do people need concrete support of community parents not close by brothers and sisters in another state or country 5 Does Beth think it s necessary for a mother to stay home full time to be together with her children important but not necessary if not inclined 6 What is the wonderful trait that some working mothers have a the ability to be attentive to multiple demands b the ability to think about more than one thing at a time Tapescript B Beth I Irene B It s a big challenge for mothers today because oftentimes mothers feel like it s an either or proposition that they have to work or have a child And the reality is more and more women are choosing to do both and also not be superwomen so it s a tricky it s a tricky line to balance But I do have a quote that says To choose to have a child is to choose forever to have your heart walk outside of your body which means just as we ve been talking about that you are constantly attached to your child no matter how old they get but you will learn to walk those lines And you will learn to create balance and harmony in your life and you ll realize that not everything you do is going to send your child to a therapist And that s wonderful I Yes yes I ve just always felt that if you loved them hard enough and that you had your heart kind of in the right place which obviously is outside your own body that there was very little that that you could do wrong I mean you B Yes I think that s true I think if you build a solid foundation with your child especially in the early years and I How early are we talking early years I mean by what point is the child s personality formed already B Well you know there s a lot of information on that that definitely is conflicting But there are new studies coming out that are just fascinating about how important extremely important it is for a child to be with his her mother until they re close to four years old Now that doesn t mean consistently I m not advocating that a mother stay home full time if she s not so inclined But there s definite research that s coming out saying that y know a mother s role is more important in some regards than we had thought and that the bonding process lasts quite a bit longer In fact children go into shock oftentimes if they are separated too early And that s why I think a lot of us are fighting for parental leave and family leave that allows both mother and father to have time with their children hopefully within the first two years not just the first few months People need concrete support and especially nowadays I did write another meditation about people needing the support of community because nowadays we oftentimes don t have our parents close by or brothers and sisters live in another state or even in another country And so especially when you come home for the first few months or the first few years you may feel extremely isolated if you can t hook up with a co op a babysitting co op or a mother s group And this is just a wonderful way to remind mothers that we have what Mary Catherine Bateson calls peripheral vision the ability to be attentive to multiple demands and to think about more than one thing at a time And I think that s a very valuable trait that mothers do have And sometimes we think of ourselves as being scattered and airheads because of it and that s been oftentimes how we ve been portrayed but this is a wonderful wonderful trait that mothers develop especially in the first few years I Well we have eyes in the backs of our heads right B Exactly I But we are also able to keep lots of balloons in the air which means that what we do is you get up in the morning and you say I need to do this this this this and I need to go to work and what s for dinner besides B Exactly I You get it all in order before you leave the house in the morning B Right and you can take your needs into account as well as the needs of many other individuals which is extremely important in this day and age I mean we no longer can afford ecologically to have a one track mind We can no longer afford it in the family in the work place and I think that s something that women very much have to offer I I think that the me generation is over Unit 3 Work and Workforce Part I Warming up A Job Key words Speaker 1 Psychologist listening talk problems patients progress turn life around Speaker 2 Camp counselor kids problems win trust open up develop confidence however a surprisingly small number of workers 16 out of 100 for manufacturing and only 2 per hundred for agriculture alone is responsible for this output The above figures account for 24 of the 100 hypothetical workers we started with Where do the other 76 work Well a full 76 are employed in what are called the service industries By the way the term industry often applies purely to production or manufacturing Today however I will use industry in its more general sense any general business activity Service industries then include a wide variety of businesses that provide services rather than produce goods You know the difference between goods and services don t you Let s take a look at the different sectors of the service industries now Of 76 workers in the service industries 25 are employed in community social and personal services Community social and personal services include doctors offices private hospitals hotels computer programming and data processing companies restaurants repair shops engineering companies and private research facilities The next largest sector in the service industries wholesale and retail trade employs 23 of the 76 people Wholesale trade involves purchases directly from the producer while retail trade is more familiar to us purchases from department stores supermarkets automobile dealerships and so on The next largest sector in the service industries the government employs 17 of those 100 hypothetical workers we started with The best known government workers are teachers police and postal workers but this sector also includes government officials and administrators of course The next sector is finance insurance and real estate in other words banks and the stock market some 5 500 insurance companies and companies involved in the buying and selling of property Six of every 100 workers are employed in finance insurance and real estate The last service sector is transportation communication and utilities What does the phrase transportation communication and utilities make you think of If you thought of airlines roads and railroads for transportation you are correct Communication of course includes newspapers magazines and books as well as TV and radio broadcasting And utilities as you probably know are companies that provide us with gas water and electricity In the United States these jobs are not part of the government services as they are in many countries transportation communication and utilities are provided by private companies and account for 5 of the 100 workers we began with Before we leave our first topic let s check to make sure you have all the figures for the 76 workers in the service industries 25 in community social and personal services 23 in wholesale and retail trade 17 in government 6 in finance insurance and real estate and last 5 in transportation communication and utilities Before I discuss the work ethic I d like to make a slight digression and get back to the question of working women Would you be surprised if I said that most of the female population aged 16 and over work As a matter of fact the actual figure is 58 percent The figure for mothers with children under 18 years of age is even higher 67 percent That two thirds of mothers are employed certainly has an economic impact on the country and no doubt influences to some extent the character of the American family But we ll look at that in a later lecture Now that we ve taken care of that digression let s talk about our last topic the work ethic I asked You earlier if you felt people in the United States worked hard Well I m not sure what your opinion is but a strong work ethic means that workers take their work seriously Workers with a strong work ethic feel an obligation to work hard expect little time for recreation and take pride in doing their job well According to surveys most Americans do have a strong work ethic that is they feel they should work hard The problem is that they do not always do so And the reason they give for not working harder is that they don t feel they will benefit from the work Others like the owners of the company will benefit instead Part III Stress management Program Talk of the Day Today s topic Stress and how to manage it Guest speaker Dr Elizabeth Sander a medical doctor you may have a loss of appetite or sudden stomach disorders and heart palpitations are quite common So one of the key issues is to help people realize that they are experiencing some of these problems associated with too much stress J Well as I said many of my friends are aware of their situation but it seems they never do anything about it Are there ways that they can make their life less stressful D Of course There are steps that we can take to lower the amount of stress in our lives but unfortunately many people are so caught up in the cycle of activity and stress that they don t stop to take these important steps The most important step is that we become aware of potentially stressful situations and avoid them We can also simply reduce our workload and organize the work that we do have in a better way Another important step is to get the proper rest and exercise If you re under a lot of stress to begin

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