2012年考研英语模拟试卷及答案2.doc

专业 权威 高效 分享2012年考研英语模拟试卷Leadership is hardly a new area of research, of course. For years, academics have debated whether leaders are born or made, whether a person who lacks charisma (capacity to inspire devotion and enthusiasm) can become a leader, and what makes leaders fail. Warren G. Bennis, possibly the possibly the worlds foremost expert on leading, has, together with his co-author, written two best-sellers on the topic. Generally, researchers have found that you cant explain leadership by way of intelligence, birth order, family wealth or stability, level of education, race, or sex. From one leader to the next, theres enormous variance in every one of those factors. The authors research led to a new and telling discovery: that every leader, regardless of age, had undergone at least one intense, transformational experiencewhat the authors call a “crucible” (severe test). These events can either make you or break you. For emerging leaders, they do more making than breaking, providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently. If a crucible helps a person to become leader, there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one, according to the authors. They are: an “adaptive capacity” that lets people not only survive inevitable setbacks, heartbreaks, and difficulties but also learn from them; an ability to engage others through shared meaning or a common vision; a distinctive and compelling voice that communicates ones conviction and desire to do the right thing; and a sense of integrity that allows a leader to distinguish between good and evil. That sounds obvious enough to be commonplace, until you look at some recent failures that show how valid these dictums (formal statements of opinion) are. The authors believe that former Coca-Cola Co. Chairman M. Douglas Ivester lasted just 28 months because “his grasp of context was sorrowful.” Among other things, Ivester degraded Cokes highest-ranking African-American even as the company was losing a $ 200 million class action brought by black employees. Procter & Gamble Co. ex-CEO Durk Jager lost his job because he failed to communicate the urgent need for the sweeping changes he was making. Its striking, too, that the authors found their geezers (whose formative period, as the authors define them,was 1945 to 1954, and who were shaped by World War II) sharing what they believed to be a critical traitthe sense of possibility and wonder more often associated with childhood. “Unlike those defeated by time and age, our geezers have remained much like our geeks (who came of age between 1991 and 2000, and grew up “virtual, visual, and digital”) open, willing to take risks, hungry for knowledge and experience, courageous, and eager to see what the new day brings”, the authors write.36. The text indicates that leadership research A has been a controversial study for years. B predicts how a leader comes to be. C defines the likelihood to be a leader. D probes the mysteries of leadership. 37. According to Bennis, the trait shared by leaders consists of A top levels of intelligence and education and devotion. B remarkable ability to encourage people with loyalty and hope. C striking qualities of going through serious trials and sufferings. D strong personalities that arouse admiration and confidence. 38. The favorable effect of a crucible depends on whether a leader A proves himself/herself to be a newly emergent one. B accepts it as a useful experience for progress. C shrinks back from tiring and trying experiences. D draws important lessons for his/her followers. 39. A leader can hardly maintain his/her position unless he/she A fulfils all necessary quality requirements. B helps people to prevent defeats and sorrows. C fails to attract people with common concerns. D lacks appealing and strength of character. 40. The authors dictums can be justified by the fact that A Douglas Ivester defeated a highest-ranking black employee in a suit. B Durk Jager was dismissed owing to his poor communicating ability. C Geezers couldnt erase the brands stamped in childhood. D Geeks are sensible enough to meet dangers and challenges.Part BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) A Physical Changes B Low Self-Esteem C Emerging Independence and Search for Identity D Emotional Turbulence E Interest in the Opposite SexF Peer Pressure and ConformityThe transition to adulthood is difficult. Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescencetypically between the ages of 9 and 13and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them. Fears and anxieties can be put to rest by simply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs. The main issues that arise during adolescence are:(41) _A childs self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them, that theyre not as good as other people, that they are failures, losers, ugly or unintelligent.(42) _Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great, it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed. In other cases, teens may act the oppositeloud and angryin an effort to compensate for feelings of self-consciousness and inferiority. As alarming as these bodily changes can be, adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their peers. Late maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness. (43) _Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence. Fears become more frightening, pleasures become more exciting, irritations become more distressing and frustrations become more intolerable. Every experience appears king-sized during adolescence. Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may become seriously depressed and/or engage in self-destructive behavior. Often, the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deep-rooted shift in attitude and behavior. Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help. They include repeated school absences, slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances, hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and (44) _There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers. This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles; it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong.(45) _Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents. This tension is a normal part of growing upand for parents, a normal part of the letting-go process. Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs. This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs. Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents, discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity.Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents, awareness and communication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.此文主要介绍一些学者对领导才能构成要素的研究。第一段指出，研究人员对于什么样的人能够成为领导者这一问题并无定论；第二段说明，某些学者的研究成果显示，经受住研究考验是众多领导者的共同特征；第三段介绍了成为领导的四大关键因素，并在第四段中举出具体事例来说明这些素质的重要性；最后一段举出了众多领导者共有的另一关键特征：对于未来的可能性充满期待、追求和渴望。36. 推论题。 第一段第二句表明，多年来，研究者们一直就构成和领导者成败的种种因素争论不休。由此推断，【D】“探究领导才能的奥秘”正确；【B】“预测领导者是如何形成的”，【C】“描述成为领导的可能性”，均不符合第一段文意。37. 判断题 Bennis 的观点体现在第二段：所有领导者不分老少，都经历过至少一次激烈的变革，即“crucial”(严峻的考验)。由此可以判断，【C】“能够经受严峻考验和磨难的突出品质”为正确答案。38. 判断题 题干的关键词“crucial”表明此题针对第二段，由该段末句可知：严峻的考验不会使新兴领导者崩溃，而会造就他们，使他们从中获得至关重要的经验，从而满怀信心的前进。据此判断，B“把它看做是有益于进步的经历”与句意相符。39. 细节题 题干中的“maintain his/her position”相当于第三段第一句中的“remain one（a leader）”。 该句表明，有四个重要素质是领导者能否保住领导地位的关键。由此可知，【A】“满足所有必需的品质条件”为正确答案。40. 例证题。 题干中的关键词“dictum”出现在第四段，该段末句表明，保洁公司的前首席执行官因未能有效地沟通他所进行的全面改革的紧迫性而丢掉了工作。因此【B】“Durk Jager因其沟通能力不佳而被解职”符合文意。Part B答案及解析答案 41.B 42.A 43.D 44.F 45.C总体分析本文是介绍青春期变化的说明文，共七个段落，可以分成三个部分。第一段：指出青春期的变化带来的苦恼和恐惧可以通过交流和提前准备得以消除。第二段至第六段：分别论述青春期出现的问题。第七段：再次重申第一段的观点，即了解问题和交流能有助于这个时期的平稳过渡。试题精解（一）审题，读主题词。虽然几乎每个标题配对题的题目表述几乎一致，但题目中唯一不同之处就是主题词的所在。比如，本题中的主题词是preparing for change（为变化做好准备），由此考生可以预测文章的内容应包括变化是什么、如何做准备等。(二)查找选项中的关键词或段落主题句中的关键词，并匹配选项与段落实现这个步骤有两种方法：一是先将所有选项都审完，标记出选项中的关键词，再回到原文中去寻找相对应的段落。二是先通过浏览段落主题句，标记出每段的关键词，再到所提供的备选项中寻找对应项。首先推荐第一种方法，因为题目给出的选项中有较大的逻辑联系，可以通过阅读它们将文章大概思路和内容整理出来。在做这一步时，要小心陷阱。备选项中总会有几个选项的内容能够在段落找到文字上完全相同的对应。这些能够与原文对应的选项有时只是某个段落中提到的一个细节内容，而我们需要做的是找到段落的主旨。记住：光提到是不够的，关键要与主题对应。本文中选项及其翻译如下，其中关键词用黑体显示：A Physical Changes 身体变化B Low Self-Esteem自卑C Emerging Independence and Search for Identity开始出现的独立和寻求认同的倾向D Emotional Turbulence情感波动E Interest in the Opposite Sex对异性的兴趣F Peer Pressure and Conformity同辈人的压力和从众心理概括这些选项的内容可以推测出文章的主要话题是青春期的变化及如何为这些变化做准备。接下来主要是概括各段落的主旨，特别注意各段的主题句。第一段先论述过渡到成年期是很艰难的，倒数第二句（该段的主题句）指出通过开放性交流和在变化来临前作好准备就能消除（青春期的）恐惧和焦虑情绪。末句是过渡句，主要作用是引出下面的内容。41第41题所在段落即第二段的主题句是第一句，即青春期孩子的自我价值感特别脆弱。后面的内容具体论述其表现。主题句中的关键词是self-worth，它与B项中的self-esteem是同义词。该段中的其他关键词或表达，如nobody likes them，not as good，failures, losers, ugly or unintelligent正好可以用B项low self-esteem一并概括。42. 第三段第一句（主题句）提到，学龄儿童中普遍存在着某种形式的对自己身体的不满。接着，该段论述了这种不满的两种极端表现：过分羞涩和异常愤怒。最后两句话补充到，晚熟（即不和同龄人同时经历身体变化）会造成自卑感和呆板。因此该段的关键词是bodily dissatisfaction和bodily changes。对应的选项是A项physical changes。这一题的干扰在于段落中出现了self-consciousness，inferiority，而它们和B项是同义表达。但是考生应记住一个重要的原则；一定要与主题句、主题词对应。第三段中虽然出现了表示“自卑”含义的词语，但整个段落的主旨内容是说明青少年对自己身体变化的不满，提到“自卑”是论述这些变化引起的后果。43. 第四段首句（主题句）提到，青春期的年青人对一切的感觉都更强烈。接着文章论述了这种强烈情感的表现：恐惧、兴奋、苦恼、无法忍受、异常沮丧乃至从事自我毁灭行为。最后文章指出父母从孩子态度和行为上的转变应获悉他们需要专业人员的帮助。主题句中的主题词是feel more strongly，它和D项中emotional turbulence对应。而该段中其他的关键词fears，frightening，pleasures，exciting，irritations，distressing，frustrations等显然都和D项中的emotional属于上下义的关系。44. 第五段共两句话。首句（主题句）指出，巨大的压力促使着青少年去符合同辈人的标准。第二句则分析这种压力带来的后果。该段主题句中出现了F项的关键词pressure和conformity，而且该段也主要围绕从众心理给青少年带来的压力展开论述，因此F项正确。45. 第六段没有出现明显的主题句，需要对段落内容进行概括。该段首句提到，青春期标志着一个不断独立的时期。接着，文章从青少年和父母的冲突角度阐述“独立”的含义。该段第三句提到，青春期的另一个必然的