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第一篇译文中文 2.3注射成型2.31注射成型注塑主要用于热塑性塑料零件的生产，也是最古老的方法之一。目前注塑成型占所有塑料树脂消费量的30%。典型的注塑产品是杯，容器，工具外壳，手柄，旋钮，电气和通信部件（如电话接收器），玩具，和水暖配件。聚合物熔体由于其分子量高，所以粘度很高；他们不能像金属一样在重力流作用下直接倒进模具中,但在高压下，必须强制进入模具中。因此,金属铸件的力学性能主要是由模具壁的传热率决定的，这决定了在最后的铸造中晶粒尺寸和晶粒取向, 在注射成型中的熔体注射在高压力产生的剪切力是最终在材料的分子取向的主要原因。因此，成品的机械性能受模具内注入条件和的冷却条件两者的影响。注塑已应用于热塑性塑料和热固性材料,泡沫部分,并已修改以产生的反应注射成型(RIM)过程中,热固性树脂系统的两个组件同时注入和快速聚合在模具内。然而大多数注射成型是热塑性塑料进行,后面的讨论集中于这样的造型。一个典型的注塑成型周期或序列由五个阶段组成（见图2-1）： (1)注射或模具填充;(2)包装或压缩;(3)保压;(4)冷却;(5)部分弹射。图2 - 1注射成型过程 塑料芯块（或粉末）被装入进料斗，穿过一条在注射料筒中通过旋转螺杆的作用下塑料芯块（或粉末）被向前推进的通道。螺杆的旋转迫使这些芯块在高压下对抗使它们受热融化的料筒加热壁。加热温度在265至500华氏度之间。随着压力增强，旋转螺杆被推向后压直到积累了足够的塑料能够发射。注射活塞迫使熔融塑料从料筒，通过喷嘴、浇口和流道系统，最后进入模具型腔。在注塑过程中，模具型腔被完全充满。当塑料接触冰冷的模具表面，便迅速固化形成表层。由于型芯还处于熔融状态，塑料流经型芯来完成模具的填充。典型地，在注塑过程中模具型腔被填充至95%98%。 然后模具成型过程将进行至压紧阶段。当模具型腔充满的时候，熔融的塑料便开始冷却。由于塑料冷却过程中会收缩，这增加了收缩痕、气空、尺寸不稳定性等瑕疵。为了弥补收缩，额外的塑料就要被压入型腔。型腔一旦被填充，作用于使物料熔化的压力就会阻止模具型腔中的熔融塑料由模具型腔浇口处回流。压力一直作用到模具型腔浇口固化。这个过程可以分为两步（压紧和定型），或者一步完成（定型或者第二阶段）。在压紧过程中，熔化物通过补偿收缩的保压压力来进入型腔。固化成型过程中，压力仅仅是为了阻止聚合物熔化物逆流。 固化成型阶段完成之后，冷却阶段便开始了。在这个阶段中，部件在模具中停留某一规定时间。冷却阶段的时间长短主要取决于材料特性和部件的厚度。典型地，部件的温度必须冷却到物料的喷出温度以下。冷却部件时，机器将熔化物塑炼以供下一个周期使用。高聚物受剪切作用和电热丝的能量情况影响。一旦喷射成功，塑炼过程便停止了。这是在冷却阶段结束之前瞬间发生的。然后模具打开，部件便生产出来了。2.3.2注塑模具注塑模具的多种多样的设计、复杂程度和大小作为它们的生产部分。功能热塑性塑料模具，基本上是传授理想的形状，然后进行聚合物注射件的冷却。一种模具是由两组部件组成：（1）型腔和型芯（2）空腔和型芯的安装。模塑部件的尺寸和重量限制了模腔的数量并且还决定了所要求的设备的能力。考虑成型工艺，模具必须设计的安全地吸收由于夹紧。注塑。脱模带来的力。同时，浇口和流道的设计必须允许有效流动和统一的模具型腔填充。图2-2示出了一个典型的注塑模具。模具主要由两部分组成：一个部分精止不动的（模腔板），在那边熔融聚合物被注入，另一部分可以移动（型心板）在截止面上或喷射器的注塑设备上。两个半模之间的分离线被称为分型线。注射的材料是通过中央进料通道，称为浇口。物料位于锥形流道，便于套管在打开的模具中释放模具材料。在多数模具、物料聚合物熔体助长了流道系统，通过一个浇口流向每个模具型腔。型芯板块持有的主要核心。主要的目的是要建立的内部核心配置的部分。核心板具有备份设备或支撑板。支持板作为脱模器依次被支持柱支撑压紧u型结构中，有后面夹持板和间隔板组成。该U形结构，用螺栓栓在核心板上称为推板冲程，为脱模冲程提供了空间，部分在凝固过程中收缩的主要型芯以便模具开启时，部分和浇口随着移动进行到模具一半。随后中央弹射器被激活，导致脱模板向前以至于顶出推出部分型心。两个一半的模具都是通过冷水提供模具冷却 通道吸收热塑性聚合物融化传递给模具的热量。模具型腔通常也合并放气口（0.02-0.08毫米，直径为5毫米）以确保填充物中没有空气。如今有六种基本类型在注塑模具使用中.它们是：（1）两板模具;（2）三板模;（3）热流道模具;（4）绝缘热流道模具;（5）热管模具，以及（6）堆叠模具.图. 2-3和图2-4说明了这六种基本类型的注塑模具。图2 - 2注塑模具 1 - 顶杆2 - 推板3 - 导套4 - 导柱5 - 顶杆底板6- 钩料杆销 7- 推回针8- 针限制9- 导柱10- 导柱11- 腔板 12 - 浇口套13- 塑料工件14- 型芯 1.两板模 一种双板模具由两个板与腔和型芯安装在任一模版上.板被固定到压板上。移动一半的模具通常含有推出结构和浇道系统。所有注塑模具的基本设计有这样的设计理念。两板模具是最合乎逻辑的类型对于一些需要使用那些需要很大浇口零件的工具来说。2.三板模具 这种类型的模具是由三块板组成：（1）固定或流道板是连接到静止的滚筒，通常包含浇道和半流道，（2）中间板或模腔板，包含一半道和浇口，允许在开模时浮动，（3）移动板或受力板塑造和推出系统部分切除塑造的部分。当通道开始打开，中间板和可动板一起移动，从而释放浇道和流道系统和去浇口的成型部件。这种类型的模具的设计能够分隔流道系统和部件当模具打开时。这种模具的设计可以使用点浇口浇注系统。3.热流道模具在注射成型的过程中，流道保持热量以保证熔融塑料是流体状态，在任何时候。实际上这是一个无浇道成型工艺而且有时被称为是相同的。在无流道模具中，流道包含在一个独立的板上。热流道模具类似三板注塑模具，除了模具流道的部分在成型周期打不开。加热流道板与其余的冷模隔热。除了加热板是为了流道设计，模具剩余部分是一个标准两板模。 无流道成型较传统浇道式成型有很多优点。没有成型的副产物（浇口，流道，或主流道）被处理掉或循环再使用，没有从主流到分离。周期时间是成型部分被冷却，从模具中顶出。在这个系统中，一个均匀的熔体温度可以从注射模具型腔的汽缸达到的。4.绝缘热流道模具 这是一个变化的保温模具。在这种类型的模具中，流道的外表面材料是绝缘体的优质材料。在绝热模具中，成型材料铸造成型仍然通过保持热量。有时一个分料梭和热探测器需要更多的灵活性。这种类型的模具多腔中心浇口部分是理想的。5.热管模具 这是一个变化的保温流道模具。在热管模具中，流道是加热的而不是流道板。这是通过使用一个电子嵌入探针完成的。 6.堆叠模具堆叠注塑模具，顾名思义就是多个两板模具放置一起。这种结构也可以用于三板模具和保温流道模具。堆叠两模板的构造重点提出一个单一通道要求比同样数量的模具减少一般夹紧压力。这个方法有时候被称为“二级成型”。2.3.3模具机1.传统注塑机 在这个过程中,塑料颗粒或颗粒注入机料斗并注入加热缸腔内。然后柱塞压缩材料,迫使它逐步通过加热缸的温度区域,在那里它被分料梭分散的很薄。分料梭安装在缸的中心，目的是为了加快塑料中心的加热质量。分料梭也可从内部加热处理使塑料内外都加热。材料从加热缸流动通过一个管口进入模具。这个管口是缸和和模具的分割点,它是用来防止产生压力导致物质泄漏。模具是关闭了有夹钳一端的机器。对于聚苯乙烯,夹钳上两到三吨的压力要用于材料和系统的每一寸空间。传统的柱塞机是唯一可以产生杂色部件的注塑机,其他类型的完全将塑料材料融合在一起,只会产生一种颜色。2.柱塞式预塑机这台机器使用一个分料梭加热器来预塑塑料颗粒。融化阶段后,液体塑料是被排入一个存放腔内，直到可以进入模具。这种类型的机器生产速度比传统的机器快,由于成型室是在冷却时不断释放能量。由于注射柱塞作用于流体材料,在颗粒压缩时没有压力损失。这允许更大的部件有更大的投影面积。它其余的特性与传统单活塞注射机相同。图2 - 5演示了一个柱塞式预塑机。3.螺杆式预塑机 这种注射机用挤出机塑化塑料材料。车削螺杆向挤压机内表面供料。将挤出机熔融、塑化的材料移动到另一个存放腔,然后从那里被注射柱塞挤入模具。使用螺旋有以下优点:(1)塑性材料能更好的融合和受力;(2)流动材料更硬，热敏感材料能流动;(3)颜色变化可以在更短的时间内处理(4)模制品受更小的压力。4.往复式螺杆注塑机 这种类型的注塑机在加热室处采用卧式挤压机。塑料材料由于螺杆的旋转被推进挤压机管道。随着材料通过加热筒与螺杆时,它正在从颗粒变成塑料熔融状态。在往复式螺杆注塑机中,热量传递到模塑料的热量是由螺杆之间的摩擦传导和挤压机管道壁。材料移动时,螺杆又回到极限状态,这种状态是决定材料在压力机管道前的体积的。这时,与典型压力机的相似之处结束了。在材料注入模具时,螺杆向前移动，重新塑造管道中的材料。在这台机器中，螺杆的角色既是一个柱塞又是一个螺杆。在模型浇口部分已经凝固不能回流时，螺杆开始旋转回程，走下一圈。图2-5是一个往复式螺杆注塑机。 这种注塑方法有几个优点。它能使热敏材料更有效地塑化，使颜色融合更快,材料的温度通常更低，整个循环时间也更短。第一篇英文原文2.3 Injection Molds 2.3.1 Injection Molding Injection molding is principally used for the production of thermoplastic parts, and it is also one of the oldest. Currently injection-molding accounts for 30% of all plastics resin consumption. Typical injection-molded products are cups, containers, housings, tool handles, knobs, electrical and communication components (such as telephone receivers), toys, and plumbing fittings. Polymer melts have very high viscosities due to their high molecular weights; they cannot be poured directly into a mold under gravity flow as metals can, but must be forced into the mold under high pressure. Therefore while the mechanical properties of a metal casting are predominantly determined by the rate of heat transfer from the mold walls, which determines the grain size and grain orientation in the final casting, in injection molding the high pressure during the injection of the melt produces shear forces that are the primary cause of the final molecular orientation in the material. The mechanical properties of the finished product are therefore affected by both the injection conditions and the cooling conditions within the mold. Injection molding has been applied to thermoplastics and thermosets, foamed parts, and has been modified to yield the reaction injection molding (RIM) process, in which the two components of a thermosetting resin system are simultaneously injected and polymerize rapidly within the mold. Most injection molding is however performed on thermoplastics, and the discussion that follows concentrates on such moldings. Fig. 2-1 Injection molding process A typical injection molding cycle or sequence consists of five phases (see Fig. 2-1): (1) Injection or mold filling; (2) Packing or compression; (3) Holding; (4) Cooling; (5) Part ejection.Plastic pellets (or powder) are loaded into the feed hopper and through an opening in the injection cylinder where they are carried forward by the rotating screw. The rotation of the screw forces the pellets under high pressure against the heated walls of the cylinder causing them to melt. Heating temperatures range from 265 to 500 F. As the pressure builds up, the rotating screw is forced backward until enough plastic has accumulated to make the shot. The injection ram (or screw) forces molten plastic from the barrel, through the nozzle, sprue and runner system, and finally into the mold cavities. During injection, the mold cavity is filled volumetrically. When the plastic contacts the cold mold surfaces, it solidifies (freezes) rapidly to produce the skin layer. Since the core remains in the molten state, plastic flows through the core to complete mold filling. Typically, the cavity is filled to 95%98% during injection. Then the molding process is switched over to the packing phase. Even as the cavity is filled, the molten plastic begins to cool. Since the cooling plastic contracts or shrinks, it gives rise to defects such as sink marks, voids, and dimensional instabilities. To compensate for shrinkage, addition plastic is forced into the cavity. Once the cavity is packed, pressure applied to the melt prevents molten plastic inside the cavity from back flowing out through the gate. The pressure must be applied until the gate solidifies. The process can be divided into two steps (packing and holding) or may be encompassed in one step (holding or second stage). During packing, melt forced into the cavity by the packing pressure compensates for shrinkage. With holding, the pressure merely prevents back flow of the polymer melt. After the holding stage is completed, the cooling phase starts. During cooling, the part is held in the mold for specified period. The duration of the cooling phase depends primarily on the material properties and the part thickness. Typically, the part temperature must cool below the materials ejection temperature. While cooling the part, the machine plasticates melt for the next cycle. The polymer is subjected to shearing action as well as the condition of the energy from the heater bands. Once the shot is made, plastication ceases. This should occur immediately before the end of the cooling phase. Then the mold opens and the part is ejected. 2.3.2 Injection Molds Molds for injection molding are as varied in design, degree of complexity, and size as are the parts produced from them. The functions of a mold for thermoplastics are basically to impart the desired shape to the plasticized polymer and then to cool the molded part. A mold is made up of two sets of components: (1) the cavities and cores, and (2) the base in which the cavities and cores are mounted. The size and weight of the molded parts limit the number of cavities in the mold and also determine the equipment capacity required. From consideration of the molding process, a mold has to be designed to safely absorb the forces of clamping, injection, and ejection. Also, the design of the gates and runners must allow for efficient flow and uniform filling of the mold cavities. Fig.2-2 illustrates the parts in a typical injection mold. The mold basically consists of two parts: a stationary half (cavity plate), on the side where molten polymer is injected, and a moving half (core plate) on the closing or ejector side of the injection molding equipment. The separating line between the two mold halves is called the parting line. The injected material is transferred through a central feed channel, called the sprue. The sprue is located on the sprue bushing and is tapered to facilitate release of the sprue material from the mold during mold opening. In multicavity molds, the sprue feeds the polymer melt to a runner system, which leads into each mold cavity through a gate. The core plate holds the main core. The purpose of the main core is to establish the inside configuration of the part. The core plate has a backup or support plate. The support plate in turn is supported by pillars against the U-shaped structure known as the ejector housing, which consists of the rear clamping plate and spacer blocks. This U-shaped structure, which is bolted to the core plate, provides the space for the ejection stroke also known as the stripper stroke. During solidification the part shrinks around the main core so that when the mold opens, part and sprue are carried along with the moving mold half. Subsequently, the central ejector is activated, causing the ejector plates to move forward so that the ejector pins can push the part off the core. Both mold halves are provided with cooling channels through which cooled water is circulated to absorb the heat delivered to the mold by the hot thermoplastic polymer melt. The mold cavities also incorporate fine vents (0.02 to 0.08 mm by 5 mm) to ensure that no air is trapped during filling. Fig. 2-2 Injection mold 1-ejector pin 2-ejector plate 3-guide bush 4-guide pillar 5-ejector base plate 6-sprue puller pin 7-push-back pin 8-limit pin 9-guide pillar 10-guide pillar 11-cavity plate 12-sprue bushing 13-plastic workpiece 14-core There are six basic types of injection molds in use today. They are: (1) two-plate mold; (2) three-plate mold, (3) hot-runner mold; (4) insulated hot-runner mold; (5) hot-manifold mold; and (6) stacked mold. Fig. 2-3 and Fig. 2-4 illustrate these six basic types of injection molds. 1. Two-Plate Mold A two-plate mold consists of two plates with the cavity and cores mounted in either plate. The plates are fastened to the press platens. The moving half of the mold usually contains the ejector mechanism and the runner system. All basic designs for injection molds have this design concept. A two-plate mold is the most logical type of tool to use for parts that require large gates. 2. Three-Plate Mold This type of mold is made up of three plates: (1) the stationary or runner plate is attached to the stationary platen, and usually contains the sprue and half of the runner; (2) the middle plate or cavity plate, which contains half of the runner and gate, is allowed to float when the mold is open; and (3) the movable plate or force plate contains the molded part and the ejector system for the removal of the molded part. When the press starts to open, the middle plate and the movable plate move together, thus releasing the sprue and runner system and degating the molded part. This type of mold design makes it possible to segregate the runner system and the part when the mold opens. The die design makes it possible to use center-pin-point gating. Fig. 2-3 This illustrates three of the six basic types of injection molding dies (1) Two-plate injection mold (2) Three-plate injection mold (3) Hot-runner mold See Fig.2-4 for the other three types. Fig. 2-4 This illustrates three of the six basic types of injection molding dies (1) Insulated runner injection mold (2) Hot manifold injection mold (3) Stacked injection mold See Fig. 2-3 for the other three types. 3. Hot-Runner Mold In this process of injection molding, the runners are kept hot in order to keep the molten plastic in a fluid state at all times. In effect this is a runnerless molding process and is sometimes called the same. In runnerless molds, the runner is contained in a plate of its own. Hot runner molds are similar to three-plate injection molds, except that the runner section of the mold is not opened during the molding cycle. The heated runner plate is insulated from the rest of the cooled mold. Other than the heated plate for the runner, the remainder of the mold is a standard two-plate die. Runnerless molding has several advantages over conventional sprue runner-type molding. There are no molded side products (gates, runners, or sprues) to be disposed of or reused, and there is no separating of the gate from the part. The cycle time is only as long as is required for the molded part to be cooled and ejected from the mold. In this system, a uniform melt temperature can be attained from the injection cylinder to the mold cavities. 4. Insulated Hot-Runner Mold This is a variation of the hot-runner mold. In this type of molding, the outer surface of the material in the runner acts like an insulator for the melten material to pass through. In the insulated mold, the molding material remains molten by retaining its own heat. Sometimes a torpedo and a hot probe are added for more flexibility. This type of mold is ideal for multicavity center-gated parts.5. Hot-Manifold This is a variation of the hot-runner mold. In the hot-manifold die, the runner and not the runner plate is heated. This is done by using an electric-cartridge-insert probe. 6. Stacked Mold The stacked injection mold is just what the name implies. A multiple two-plate mold is placed one on top of the other. This construction can also be used with three-plate molds and hot-runner molds. A stacked two-mold construction doubles the output from a single press and reduces the clamping pressure required to one half, as compared to a mold of the same number of cavities in a two-plate mold. This method is sometimes called “two-level molding”. 2.3.3 Mold Machine 1. Conventional Injection-Molding Machine In this process, the plastic granules or pellets are poured into a machine hopper and fed into the chamber of the heating cylinder. A plunger then compresses the material, forcing it through progressively hotter zones of the heating cylinder, where it is spread thin by a torpedo. The torpedo is installed in the center of the cylinder in order to accelerate the heating of the center of the plastic mass. The torpedo may also be heated so that the plastic is heated from the inside as well as from the outside. The material flows from the heating cylinder through a nozzle into the mold. The nozzle is the seal between the cylinder and the mold; it is used to prevent leaking of material caused by the pressure used. The mold is held shut by the clamp end of the machine. For polystyrene, two to three tons of pressure on the clamp end of the machine is generally used for each inch of projected area of the part and runner system. The conventional plunger machine is the only type of machine that can produce a mottle-colored part. The other types of injection machines mix the plastic material so thoroughly that only one color will be produced. 2. Piston-Type Preplastifying Machine This machine employs a torpedo ram heater to preplastify the plastic granules. After the melt stage, the fluid plastic is pushed into a holding chamber until it is ready to be forced into the die. This type of machine produces pieces faster than a conventional machine, because the molding chamber is filled to shot capacity during the cooling time of the part. Due to the fact that the injection plunger is acting on fluid material, no pressure loss is encountered in compacting the granules. This allows for larger parts with more projected area. The remaining features of a piston-type preplastifying machine are identical to the conventional single-plunger injection machine. Fig. 2-5 illustrates a piston or plunger preplastifying injection mold.3. Screw-Type Preplastifying Machine In this injection-molding machine, an extruder is used to plasticize the plastic material. The turning screw feeds the pellets forward to the heated interior surface of the extruder barrel. The molten, plasticized material moves from the extruder into a holding chamber, and from there is forced into the die by the injection plunger. The use of a screw gives the following advantages: (1) better mixing and shear action of the plastic melt; (2) a broader range of stiffer flow and heatsensitive materials can be run; (3) color changes can be handled in a shorter time, and (4) fewer stresses are obtained in the molded part. Fig. 2-5 The four basic types of injection molding equipment 4. Reciprocating-Screw Injection Machine This type of injection molding machine employs a horizontal extruder in place of the heating chamber. The plastic material is moved forward through the extruder barrel by the rotation of a screw. As the material progresses through the heated barrel with the screw, it is changing from the granular condition to the plastic molten state. In the reciprocating screw, the heat delivered to the molding compound is caused by both friction and conduction between the screw and the walls of the barrel of the extruder. As the material moves forward, the screw backs up to a limit switch that determines the volume of material in the front of the extruder barrel. It is at this point that there- semblance to a typical extruder ends. On the injection of the material into the die, the screw moves forward to displace the material in the barrel. In this machine, the screw performs as a ram as well as a screw. After the gate sections in the mold have frozen to prevent backflow, the screw begins to rotate and moves backward for the next cycle. Fig.2-5 shows a reciprocating-screw injection machine. There are several advantages to this method of injection molding. It more efficiently plasticizes the heat-sensitive materials and blends colors more rapidly, due to the mixing action of the screw. The material heat is usually lower and the overall cycle time is shorter. 第二篇译文 计算机制造1.1计算机辅助生产和控制系统 制造技术已经发展了很多年了，这些年来，它经历了很多变化，从简单到复杂。这些变化的动力是人们为了满足自己衣食住行的基本需要。为了满足这些愿望，方法已经发展成从为了获取食物而制造简单的设备到今天的先进制造系统，它用计算机制造这样的产品：例如电视机，交通工具等。 计算机在制造系统中的作用已经越来越重要，计算机的能力之一是接收和处理数据，使系统更加多功能。计算机制造的使用是新时代的到来。计算机在生产制造控制进程方面的应用被称做计算机辅助制造(CAM)。它是被建立在这样的系统上：数控(NC)，辅助控制(AO，机器人学，自动牵引系统(AGVS)，自动贮存恢复系统(AS/RS)，和柔性制造单元(FMS)一些新的应用进行了如下简要讨论。更详细的讨论，会在以后的章节中提出。 许多有联系的制造事件被组合在一起进而组成一个特别的应用系统，可以被称为生产和控制系统( PACS)，生产和控制系统从一个制造设备到另一个。它被定义为在总制造设备中的一个子系统。也许是一个独立的系统，或者是一个复杂的组合系统，生产和控制系统工作情况如图1.1所示。为了满足人们设计功能的要求，应该被设计成与其他系统相互功能独立，因此，生产和控制系统应该能够和其他的系统结合成一个整体，总系统中的每一个系统都对总系统中的其他系统有一定的影响，系统的操作方法必须考虑以下原因： 为防止数据丢失做好备份 使重要的信息有效的传送到系统 让每一个生产和制造系统知道它和其它的联系和它怎样影响别的系统 让总的生产和制造系统的功能更加有效和实际生产系统设计计划原材料产品质量市场管理人力资源 图1.1生产和控制系统在制造系统中的作用 计算机是目前为止被用来集成和操纵一系列的生产和控制活动的功能最强大的单一方法。它已经把制造技术带到了一个智能领域，生产技术的进步带来了计算机技术和制造技术并带来了制造技术的进步，这样的结合是计算机辅助制造和控制(CAPACS)的基础，计算机带动了CAPACS的发展，所以，计算机辅助制造和控制系统增强了智能机器在生产和控制功能的作用，增加作用的智能机器要求有更亲密之间的交流和互动等功能，例如设计，生产，财务，生产，人性化和市场营销，概念化，形式化，排挤化的生产经营方式将由CAPACS改变在制造业中典型的研究如下： CAD 计算机辅助设计 CAIN 计算机辅助检验 CAM 计算机辅助制造 CAPP计算机辅助程序计划 CAQC计算机辅助质量检测控制 CIPM 计算机集成生产管理 DNC直接数字控制 GT 成组技术物料管理系统计算机辅 助制造计算机辅助处理系统数据采集系统工厂信息系统管理信息系统计算机辅助设计计算机辅助程序计划数据库系统图1.2计算机辅助制造和控制系统在制造系统中的相互关系 图1.2对计算机辅助制造和控制系统相互关联的功能由一个综合数据库系统做了概述，设计数据是通过研究之间的相互作用产生的，它是一个集合了所有的介绍产品及相关操作的信息。它是制造业的枢纽。计算机辅助设计是工程上负责用来执行它的主要工具。 车轮的辐条是计算机辅助制造和控制系统的各种各样的活动，每一个计算机辅助制造和控制系统都和控制的数据库有联系，因此，它将捕获的数据，形成自己的分布式数据库价值，增加了分布式数据库，以满足需要和要求，它的制造过程使整个系统来提高生产率和减少废品产生，使废品不能够生产出来。结果，新的技术，要求较高的产品质量和降低生产成本，需要改进的技术在一个竞争的社会造成了计算机辅助制造和控制系统的广泛使用。1.2因特网计算机网络是近来比较流行的话题，各大报纸，流行期刊，专业杂志，甚至广播和电视都在谈论关于“信息高速公路”和“国家信息基础设施”，让我们想象一下，一个国际数据高速公路可以看成这样： （1）用户可以从地球的任何角落连接上网络。那将在大学，政府机关和全世界的商业网点提供高速的信息通道。 （2）网络将运用标准的通信协议。通信协议是建立一系列的法规来稳定地进行数据交换（在处理器和终端之间），提供数据通路，无论是人们用的电脑是什么样的品牌，无论什么样的处理系统，无论计算机的尺寸的大小。 （3）使用全球互联网的用户将能够相互交换电子邮件，能够在几秒到几分钟的时间里传递信息。互联网不仅仅允许一对一的单线传递，也提供网络工具通过距离和反映的时间把个别的进行隔离。 （4）互联网将提供一个简单的标准的通信信道为全球户登录计算机网络。个别的将有利于不仅能从他们的家连接到办公室，而且能够使用互联网在他们旅游的时候，能连接回到家中。 （5）导航工具让个人在互联网中游览变得简单，可以看大学，商业组织，图书馆，一些基础设施和个人的一些信息。 （6）搜索工具允许用户去浏览大型数据库，快速的查找处他们感兴趣的文件。 （7）用户能够去检索和回放电影，音频，和多媒体文件。 （8）互联网提供即时通信；人们可以在线和另一个人进行交流（用打字，或者用合适的设备，或音频连接） 甚至能够用互联网玩即时的虚拟现实网络游戏。 （9）最后，网络将会变成双线的通信高速公路。用户不会认为那是他们自己专用的作为一个消费者，反而，网络工具将使那变得相当的简单，让任何一个人成为信息的提供者。个体可以公开简历，他们写的文学作品，他们家庭的照片，以及他们的艺术作品。 那些列举的网络特征看起来相当前卫。一种可能的推测是我们会在2000年中看到它。实际上每个如上所述列举的特征在今天是存在的在因特网上。 因特网呈现出一个真正的，实用的，世界的数据网络。所以，因特网可以被描述为“由网络连接成的网络”。 近来，世界上大多数工作能力强的网络不会非常的有用，因为它没有有价值的信息为人们检索的话。因特网不仅仅是一个人们相互发电子邮件的媒介，它也是存放各种各样信息的仓库，被信息提供者向全世界公开。这有一些关于在因特网上如何交换信息的例子： 许多大学都建立校园网络信息系统，或被称为CWISes，以便在一个地方加强校园信息和数据的处理服务。大多数的CWISes线路通过因特网。全球的用户能够接触到教育目录，了解校园服务，或者查询图书馆的在线目录。 一部分科学家和科研院建立起文件的收集库，数据库，以及为他们可用的因特网通路。采用网络工具有菜单式信息搜索查询工具，万维网，广域信息服务，用户可以得到从天文学到生物多样性再到人类经济学方案再到流行病学到动物学的任何信息。 （1）经典的文学著作在因特网上被作为免费的可用文件，尽管被叫做“古腾堡项目”。网络上的标题包括 莎士比亚经典著作，圣经，弗雷德里克 道格拉斯的自传，和其他更多的东西。 （2）并不是所有的文学著作的文字你能够看到，采用合适的设备，你能够在因特网上听到声音文件。你可以找到一段历史的声音，音乐样本和更长的音频文件比如总统的辩论和用广播的格式传递会谈。 （3）当前的天气预报和和气象云图可以从因特网的数个信息来源获得。你甚至能够发现移动的图片描述关于气象云图，类似于在电视上看到卫星环。地震的预报也是每天都能获得。因特网甚至被用来发布对灾民的忠告，关于1993年中期密西西比河的1993年中期的那次洪水。 政府服务机构发现因特网作为传播信息的通道的巨大价值。科研中心点的代表，比如NASA，也许是通过因特网沿着未来的方向公布信息。 在21世纪一个新的关于制造业企业的模式虚拟企业，很轻易地对制造业产生了巨大的影响。虚拟企业是一个临时组织出的“生产工厂”。通过因特网可以分享社会生产资源和市场需求，从而实现所谓的“虚拟制造业”或者“远程制造业”。第二篇英文原文 Computers in Manufacturing1.1 Computer-Aided Production and Control Systems(CAPACS) Manufacturing technology has been around for many years. Over these years, it has gone through many changes, ranging from the simple to the complex.The driving forces behind the changes were peoples desires to improve basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, and recreation.To meet these desires, methods have been developed from producing simple devices such as weapons for obtaining food to todays modern manufacturing systems, which use computers to produce such items as televisions and space vehicles. Computers are being given an increasingly important role in manufacturing systems. A computers ability to receive and versatile large amounts of data.The use of computers in manufacturing is now coming of age.Computer application in manufacturing production controls the physical process and is typically referred to as computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).It is built on the foundation of such systems as NC,AC,robotics,automated guided vehicle system(AGVS), automated storage/retrieval system (AS/RS), and flexible manufacturing system (FMS).Some of the new uses are briefly discussed below. More detailed discussions are presented in subsequent chapters. Many interrelated manufacturing activities are grouped together to form a special application system that may be referred to as a production and control system (PACS).The grouping of manufacturing activities into PACS varies from one manufacturing environment to another.A PACS is defined as a subsystem in a global manufacturing environment. It may be a single subsystem, or it may be a complex set of subsystems.An illustration of PACS working in a global manufacturing systems is shown in Fig.1.1.For PACS to meet their designed functional requirements,they should be designed to function independently of other PACS.Also,PACS should be able to work collectively with other PACS in a total integrated manufacturing environment.Each PACS in the total system can have an effect on the other PACS in the total system, and a systems planning approach must be taken for the following reasons: To prevent duplication of effortTo enable vital information to pass efficiently through the system To allow each PACS to know its relation to the others and how it affects others To make the whole manufacturing system function more efficiently and Productively Computers are by far the most powerful single approach used in integrating and manipulating the series of manufacturing PACS and activities. They have brought manufacturing technology into the era of “smart”machines.The advances in technical production have brought about a computer technology and manufacturing technology that has enhanced manufacturing technology development.This marriage is the basis for computer-aided production and control systems(CAPACS),which are computer-driven CAPACS.Thus,CAPACS have increased the roles of smart machines in production and control functions.The increased roles of smart machines have demanded a more intimate communication and interaction between such functions as design, financial accounting, production,personnel,and marketing.The ways in which production operations are conceptualized,formulized,discharged,and performed are being changed by CAPACS. The Productive SystemDesignPlanningMaterialProductsQualityMarketingManagementHumanresourceFig. 1.1 Interaction of PACS in a Manufacturing System Typical CAPACS in manufacturing are as follows: CAD Computer-aided design CAIN Computer-aided inspection CAM Computer-aided manufacturing CAPP Computer-aided process planning CAQC Computer-aided quality control CIPM Computer-integrated production management DNC Direct numerical control GT Group technology Fig.1.2 gives an overview of interrelated functions of CAPACS working from an integrated data base system. The design data. generated by the interaction between CAPACS, is a single collection of all the information that describes the product and related operations. It is the hub of the manufacturing wheel. The CAD system is the principal tool used by engineering in carrying out its responsibility. The spokes of the wheel are made from various kinds of CAPACS involved in the activity. Each CAPACS has a communication link to the controlled database so that it will capture the data to form its own distributed database.Values are added the distributed database to meet the needs and requirements of its expected users. The application of CAPACS to the manufacturing process enables the total system to increase productivity, reduce waste, and produce things it would not otherwise be able to make.As a result,new technologies,demands for products of higher quality and lower production costs,and the need for improved technology in a competitive society have caused extensive use of CAPACS. 1.2Internet Computer networks are a popular topic these day,major newspapers,popular magazines,professional journals,even radio and television are talking about Information Highwaysand National Information Infrastructure . Lets imagine what an international data superhighway might look like:MMS(Material Management Systems)CAMCAPS(Computer Aided Processing Systems)DCS(Data Collection Systems)FIS(Factory Information Systems)MIS(Management Information System)CADCAPPDatabaseSystemFig. 1.2 Interaction of CAPACS in a Manufacturing System (1) Users from around the globe will be able to connect to the network,there will be high-speed access at universities ,government agencies ,and business installations worldwide. (2) The network will use standard communication munication protocols are a series of formal statutes established for the consistency of data exchange (between processors and terminals ), providing access no matter what brand of computer one uses,no matter what operating system and no matter the size of the computer. (3) Users on this global network will be able to exchange electronic mail with one another,with message delivered instantaneously in a few seconds or minutes otherwise.The network will allow not just one-to-one communications ,but will also provide tolls to allow groups of individuals separated by distance and time to carry on discussions. (4) The network will provide a simple ,standard way for users to log into computers around the world. Individuals will take advantage of this not only from their homes of office ,but also will use the network when traveling so they can connect back home. (5) Navigation tools will make it easy for individuals to cruise the network ,glancing at information provided by universities ,businesses,libraries,foundation,and individuals. (6) Index tools will allow users to scan large databases ,quickly locating documents of interest. (7) Users will be able to retrieve and play back movies ,sounds ,and multimedia documents. (8) The network will support real-time communications; people will be able to talk to one another online (by tying ,or ,with the ri
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