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西 南 交 通 大 学本科毕业设计（论文）三通管接头注塑工艺及模具设计Three Injection Pipe Technology and Die Design年 级:2005学 号:20051022姓 名: 王炬东专 业: 机械设计制造及其自动化指导老师:江磊2009年6月西南交通大学本科毕业设计（论文） 第4页院 系 机械工程学院 专 业 机械设计制造及其自动化 年 级 2005级 姓 名 王炬东 题 目 三通管接头注塑工艺及模具设计 指导教师评 语 指导教师 (签章)评 阅 人评 语 评 阅 人 (签章)成 绩 答辩委员会主任 (签章) 年 月 日 毕业设计（论文）任务书班 级 机械六班 学生姓名 王炬东 学 号 20051022 发题日期：2009 年 03 月 16 日 完成日期：2009 年 06 月5日题 目 三通管接头注塑工艺及模具设计 1、本论文的目的、意义注塑成形工艺与注塑模具在国民生活中发挥着巨大的作用，模具工业是国民经济的基本工业，被称为“工业之母”。模具的发展水平代表了一个国家的生产能力，因此对于模具的研究不仅可以提高个人的设计能力，还具有很高的实用价值。随着CAD/CAM/CAE、数控加工、SolidWorks等先进制造技术的不断发展，以及这些技术在模具行业中的普及应用，模具设计与制造领域中传统的二维设计及模拟量加工方式正逐步被基于产品三维数字化模型的数字化制造方式所取代。通过该毕业设计，掌握常用CAD/CAM/CAE软件的使用，并应用于注塑工艺分析、模具的数字化设计与制造中，对于培养学生解决工程设计问题的能力，接受工程实际训练有很大的帮助。 2、学生应完成的任务(1) 深入了解注塑模的设计过程及要领； (2) 完成给定零件注塑成型过程的相关计算和分析； (3) 按照给出的零件，绘出工件模型，设计出制造该零件的模具及构成结构的相关零部件； (4) 采用SolidWorks设计出模具三维总装图，零部件三维图，并绘制出标准的二维图纸。 3、论文各部分内容及时间分配：（共 12 周）第一部分 资料搜集与整理 ( 2周) 第二部分工件成型过程分析及相关计算 ( 3周) 第三部分绘制装配与零件图 ( 4周)第四部分绘出标准二维工程图 ( 1周) 第五部分撰写说明书 ( 1周)评阅及答辩 ( 1周)备 注 指导教师： 年 月 日审 批 人： 年 月 日 西南交通大学本科毕业设计(论文) 第16页西 南 交 通 大 学本科毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译年 级：2005学 号：20051022姓 名：王炬东专 业：机械设计制造及自动化指导老师：江磊 2009 年 6 月英文原文The number controls the processing technology1. numerical controls programming and its developmentThe number controls to weave distance is one of the link that current CAD/ CAPP/ the CAM system inside can develop the performance obviously most , its at realize the design processes the automation and increases to process the accuracy with process the quantity and shorten the product research to manufacture period etc. develop to emphasize to want the function. At have got a flood of application such as aviation industry, car industry etc. realm. Because producing the physically strong need, domestic and international all the logarithms controls to weave the distance technique preceded the extensive research, and obtained the plenteous result. The underneath controls to weave for the logarithms distance and its developments make the some introduction.1.1 numerical controls programming basic conceptNumber control to weave distance is from spare parts diagram paper to acquire the number control the whole process that processes the procedure. It of the main mission is a calculation to process to walk the knife in the knife orders. (Cutter location point brief name the CL orders)The knife orders to take generally to have for the knife the stalk line has with knife to hand over to order superficially, many stalks processes the inside to still want to out the knife stalk deal.1.2 numerical controls programming technology development introductionControl the procedure establishment problem,50s that process the inside for the sake of the solution number, the MIT designed a kind of used for exclusively the machine spare parts number control the language that process the procedure establishment, calling the APT.( Automatically Programmed Tool)Afterward, the APT is several through the development, becoming such as the APTII, APTIII( stereoscopic slice the use), APT( the calculate way improves, increasing to much sit to mark the curved face process to weave the distance function), APTAC( Advanced contouring)( the increment slices the database management system) with advanced version in etc. in APT/ SS( Sculptured Surface)( the increment carves the curved face processes to weave the distance function).Adoption APT language establishment the number controls the procedure has procedure Chines, walking vivid etc. in control in knife advantage, make number controlled to process to weave the distance from face to the machine bed instruction of edit collected materials the language class, rises to face to several why chemical element. APT still contain many inconvenient places: The adoption language defines the spare parts several why shape, and is hard to describe complicated and several why shape, lack the several keeping the view why; Is in need of to have to exercise to the spare parts shape, knife the track keep the view sketch show with the knife verification means of having the track; It is hard to link with the system of CAPP effectively with the database of CAD; Not easy automation working up highly, gather turn.Weakness, 1978 that aim at the language of APT, France reaches the airplane company starts developing gathering three designs, analysis; the NC processes the system that integral whole turn, calling for CATIA. Appear the elephant EUCLID, UGII, INTERGRAPH, Pro/ Engineering, Master CAM and NPU very quickly later on/ GNCP etc. system, these systems resolved all and effectively several why the shape, spare parts is several why the manifestation of the shape, hand over to design with each other, the modification and knife has the track born, walk the knife process imitate true manifestation, verification etc. problem, pushed the CAD to turn to integral whole the direction development with CAM.80s, in CAD/ the integral whole of CAM turning the foundation of the concept, became gradually the calculator gather manufacturing system( CIMS) and proceed together the concept of the engineering( CE).Current, for the sake of the demand of the orientation CIMS and CE development, the number control to weave the distance system face to gather turn to turn the direction development with intelligence.In the aspects of gathering turning, then develop to match the standard parameter in STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data) turn characteristic shape system is work that lord, have proceeded now the large quantity have results to show the effect, is a domestic and international developing a little bit hot; In the aspects of intelligence turning, work just start, still treat we work hard.2. NC cutting tool path production method research development present situation2.1 based on spot, line, surface and body NC knife axle production methodThe number controls the core work that weave the distance is a born knife to have the track, then will its long-lost the knife orders, through post pose to handle creation the number controls to process the procedure. The underneath has for the knife the track creation method makes the some introduction.The technique of CAD from two painting start, experience three line frame, curved faces develop the stage with the entity shape, the till now parameter turns the characteristic shape. At two painting with three stage in frame in line, number control to process main then order, line is drive the object, if the bore processes, the outline processes, the flat surface district processes etc. This kind of process the levels that request operate personnel higher, hand over with each other complicated. Develop the stage with the entity shape at the curved face; appear according to the entity processes. The entity processes of process the object is an entity (general mix with BREP for the CSG mean of), it from some basic vegetable through gathers to carry to calculate (and, hands over, differs to carry to calculate) but get. The entity processes and can not only used for the spare parts process to process with the half , the big area slices the drops the amount of remaining, increasing to process the efficiency, but also can used for according to the number of the characteristic controls the research that weave the distance system?The entity processes to have generally the entity outline process to process with the entity district two kinds of. The entity processes of realizes method as the layer slice the method( SLICE), then use a horizontal plane slice to is processed entity, then to get of hand over line creation etc. be apart from the line conduct and actions walks knife track. This text needs from the system the angle sets out, realizing in ACIS is several why shape terrace this kind of according to order, the line, controls to process with the number of the entity.The parameter turns the characteristic shape there has been certainly of the development is period, but according to the knife of the characteristic just have the research of the born method in track just start. The characteristic processes to make number controlled to weave the distance the personnel not at are low level and several to those why information (such as: order, line, entity) proceed the operation, but change is direct to match the habitual characteristic in technical personnel in engineering proceed number control to weave the distance, increases consumedly plait distance efficiency.The W.R.Mail give the born sub- system in a the code of NC for alley basing on the characteristic with A.J.Mcleod in their research, the work principle of this system is: Each one of the spare parts processes the process can see to shape characteristic a total for proceeding processing that constitute that spare parts. Completed namely after processing respectively to whole shape characteristic or shape characteristic sets so the spare parts process. But the code of NC between each shape characteristic and shape characteristic set is automatic and born. The system of the current development is applicable to only a spare parts process.2.2 based on characteristic NC knife axle production methodThe Leaned Chang developed a kind of convex and free curved face in automatic creation in method characteristic knife that use the system that conjecture boundary have track. The work principle of this system is: In convex and free curved face into a minimum rectangle piece, like this convex and free curved face characteristic were converted a cave characteristic. Minimum rectangle a kind of indirect product for with end product model merging constituting drive calling conjecture model. The knife has the born method of the track is divided into three steps complete:(1), slice many characteristic;(2), slice the free curved face in characteristic;(3), slice to hand over the characteristic mutually.The JongYunJung studied according to the characteristic slices not the knife has the born problem in track. The article processes according to characteristic the track is divided into the outline processes to process with the inside district two type, and defined these two types process of slices the direction, pass the decrease slice the knife has the track attains the whole the excellent turning the purpose that knife have track. The article aims at a few and basic characteristic (the bore, inside is cave, step, slot) primarily, discussing the typical model of these basic characteristics walk the knife path, knife has the choice with process in proper order etc., and pass the IP (Inter Programming) technique avoid the repetition walks knife, with excellent turn to slice not the knife have the track. Moreover, the JongYunJong returned to study in him the doctoral dissertation of the 1991 the manufacturing characteristic withdraw with the knife that according to the characteristic has and the knife has the path.The foundation that characteristic process is an entity to process also can think certainly that is a more deluxe entity to process. But the characteristic processes the different from entity processes, the entity processes it the localization of the oneself. The characteristic processes different from the entity processes to have primarily below what time:Speak from the concept, characteristic is operation habit that function to constitute the spare parts main factor, match the engineering the technical personnel, for engineering technical personnel be familiar with; The entity is a low layer several why object, carries to calculate through a series of cloth but get a several why, do not take any function language righteousness information; The entity processes to usually process to the an of whole spare parts( entity).But in reality a spare parts uses only probably not too on processing the knife is an over, usually process through , the half processes, the processes a series of work in etc. step, the different part in spare parts has with the different knife generally the proceeding processes; Sometimes a spare parts since use the car .The for this reason entity processes primarily the of using for the spare parts processes and the half processes. But the characteristic processes then from resolved the above problem essentially; the characteristic processes to have more intelligences. Can rule for the particular characteristic some several kinds fix of process the method, especially those are already the characteristic that rule in the STEP standard is also such. If we all established to all standards characteristic to process the method particularly, so to those from standard characteristic enough of the spare parts processed its convenient and then caned imagine. If the system of CAPP can provide the homologous craft characteristic, so the system of NCP can reduce to hand over consumedly to input with each other, have more intelligences. But it is what cant realize that these entities process;The characteristic processes to benefit to realize to gather completely from CAD, CAPP, NCP and the system of CNC, realize the double of the information face the fluxion, for CIMS is to proceed together the engineering( CE) lay the good foundation; But the entity processes incapable to these for dint of.2.3 active duty several main CAD/CAM in system NC knife axle production method analysis2.3.1 Active duty CAM constitution and main functionThe current mature the system of CAM is main to realizes with two kinds of forms the CAD/ the system of CAM gathers: The CAD/ the system of CAM that integral whole turn( such as: UGII, Euclid, Pro/ ENGINEER etc.) with opposite and independent the system of CAM( such as: Master cam, etc. of Surf cam).The former including a data for unifying format direct from the system of CAD obtains the product several why model, and then pass the neutral document primarily to obtain the product from the other the system of CAD several why model. However, regardless is which kind of forms of the system of CAM, all be constituted by five molds piece, then hand over with each other the craft parameter inputs the mold piece, knife has the born mold in track piece, knife has the track edits mold piece, three process the development imitates true mold piece with post pose to handle mold piece. The underneath processes for the some a NC for of CAD/ the system of CAM only the method precedes the discussion. 2.3.2 UGII processing method analysisThink generally that the UGII is commerce inside best; have most the representative number control the software. Its have most the characteristics is a mighty knife in its function to have the born method in track. Including the car， line incises etc. To process the method perfectly. Among them has primarily below function:Pointto Point: Completing every kind of bore processes;Panar Mill: Flat surface .Include the single slicing to line, the double slices to line, the wreath slices and the outline processes etc.;Fixed Contour: Fix many stalks casts shadow to process. Have with the projection method control knife in the single last or several the ambulation on the curved face in a curved face, control the knife have the ambulatory being an already born knife to have the track, a series order or a suite line;Variable Contour: The variable stalk casts shadow to process;Parameter line: Waiting the parameter line processes. Can continue to process to single pieces curved face or many pieces curved faces;Zip Zap Surface: Cutting processes;Rough to Depth: The processes. Process to specify the depth the semi-finished product;Cavity Mill: Many classes depth type processes. Be applicable to the convex mold specially to process with the of the cave mold;Sequential Surface: The curved face hands over to process. According to the spare parts, lead to move with the way of thinking that check the ambulation that have the control to provide the biggest degree to knife.The EDSU biographic still includes the function of a flood of other aspect, here different on enumerating.2.3.3 STRATA processing method analysisIt provides two kinds of plaits distance development environment for the customer, namely NC order the language connects operates the C with NC+ a key. It can support three stalks, the car incises with the line the NC processes, combining cans support the line frame, curved face to is several to set up the mold why with the entity. Its knife of NC has the born method in track is to bases on the entity model. The STRATA bases on the knife of NC of the entity has the track born provides of process the method include: Profile Towpath: The outline processes; AreaClearToolpath:The flat surface district processes; SolidProfileToolpath:The entity outline processes; Solid Area Clear Tool path: The entity flat surface district processes; Solid Face Tool Path: The entity surface processes; Solid Slice Tool Path: The entity cuts the flat surface processes;Languag abased Towpath: According to the phonetic knife has the track born.Other CAD/ the software of CAM, such as Euclid, Cimarron, CV, the etc. of CATIA the function of NC is each has his merits, but its basic contents is alike with minor differences, having no the innate character differentiation.2.4 active duty CAM system knife axle production method main questionsAccording to traditional CAD/ the system of CAM with the system of CNC work method, the system of CAM with direct or indirectly (pass the neutral document) of way obtain the product several from the system of CAD why data model. The system of CAM with three are several why a form for, or entity is driving object, bony processing knife having track, and with knife having fixed position document through postpone to handle, provide with the code of NC form to the CNC machine bed, in the aspects of exists in the movement process between whole CAD/ CAM and the system of CNC below severally of problem:The CAM system a low layer for can from the system of CAD obtaining product is several why information, cant catch the product automatically several why shape information with product high functions with language righteousness information. Therefore, whole the process of CAM must manufacturing in rich in experience the engineer participates the bottom, passing the sketch hand over to come to complete with each other. Such as: Making the engineer must choose to process the object (order, line, or entity) and control the term (pack to clip, interfere with with hits etc.), knife have, processes the parameter.( slice the direction and slice deep, enter to the deal, enter to wait the speed)The automation degree of whole system is lower.In born knife in the system of CAM had track, the same also include the low layer only several why information (straight line with arc of several position the information why), and a little amount process control information.( if enter to turn the rate, principal axis soon, change the knife etc.)Therefore, the system of CNC of the downstream since cant obtain the design request (such as business trip, surface clean an etc.) of the higher layer, also cant be had something to do with born knife having track to process the craft parameter.Mold product data disunity, each mold piece is opposite and independent. For example the knife has to position the document only record the knife have the track but do not record to process the craft parameter homogonously, three the development really imitate only record the knife have the track interferes with with hits, but do not record with its the occurrence interferes with with hits of process the object and process the craft parameter relatedly.The system of CAM is an independent system. The system of CAD has no united product data model with CAM system, rising in integral whole turn of gather CAD/ CAM system even, the information shares too just one-way with single. The system of CAM cant comprehend well with make use of the system of CAD all information concerning product, is a characteristic to have something to do with processing information particularly, the same the system of CAD also cant obtain the system of CAM produces of process the data information. This give to proceed together the engineering puts bring into practice to trap. 3. Computer simulation concept and applicationSeeing from the angle of the engineering, rallying imitate is to pass to study to the experiment of the system model a there has been of or the system that design the inside. The dynamic object of the analysis complicacy, imitate is really period that a kind of valid method, can reduce the risk, shorten the design with the manufacturing, combine economy investment. The calculator really imitate is to ask for help the calculator, make use of the system model to start experiment the investigative process to the actual system. It along with technical development in calculator but develop quickly, occupy the more and more important position in imitate really. The calculator imitates the true process can pass the figure 1 three basic activities of the main factor that show to describe:Setting up the mold activity is a simplification that foundation to pass to prognosticate or examine to the actual system, at neglect the next in importance factor and cant examine to change the deal is last, describing with the method proceeding between physics or mathematics, from but acquire the actual system to look like the model. The function of the together actual system in model here should have the alike with parameter with to should sex.Imitating the true model proceeds to the mathematics model (simplification model) of the system the certain calculate way handles, make its after becoming the fit form (such as changes into the number integral calculus to the on behalf to carry to calculate the model), become can drive the “calculability model that calculator accept. Imitate the true model to speak and is a model for two times simplifying to the actual system.It is process to point to imitate the system to true model at compute the on board movement that imitating the reality check. Imitate is really to pass the experiment to a kind of technique that study the actual system, pass to imitate the true technique can make the inside construction in pure system changes the deal with the conditional influence in environment.The calculator imitates the true technical development trend to express primarily in the aspects of twoly: Applying the realm extends to turn with the intelligence that imitates the true calculator. The calculator imitates the true technique to not only continue to develop in the traditional engineering technique realm (aviation, the day, chemical engineering.etc. aspect), but also extend society economy, living creature.etc. many not engineering realm, in addition, proceed together to handle, the artificial intelligence, knowledge base waits the technical development with the expert system affect the development that imitate the true calculator.The number controls to process to imitate to really make use of the calculator to imitate to process the process physically, is emollient tool that the dependable that the verification number controls to process the procedure with predict to slice the process , to reduce the work piece try to slice, increasing production efficiency. 数字控制加工技术1数控编程及其发展数控编程是目前CAD/CAPP/CAM系统中最能明显发挥效益的环节之一，其在实现设计加工自动化、提高加工精度和加工质量、缩短产品研制周期等方面发挥着重要作用。在诸如航空工业、汽车工业等领域有着大量的应用。由于生产实际的强烈需求，国内外都对数控编程技术进行了广泛的研究，并取得了丰硕成果。下面就对数控编程及其发展作一些介绍。1.1数控编程的基本概念数控编程是从零件图纸到获得数控加工程序的全过程。它的主要任务是计算加工走刀中的刀位点（cutter location point简称CL点）。刀位点一般取为刀具轴线与刀具表面的交点，多轴加工中还要给出刀轴矢量。1.2数控编程技术的发展概论为了解决数控加工中的程序编制问题，50年代，MIT设计了一种专门用于机械零件数控加工程序编制的语言，称为APT（Automatically Programmed Tool）。其后，APT几经发展，形成了诸如APTII、APTIII（立体切削用）、APT（算法改进，增加多坐标曲面加工编程功能）、APTAC（Advanced contouring）(增加切削数据库管理系统)和APT/SS（Sculptured Surface）(增加雕塑曲面加工编程功能)等先进版。采用APT语言编制数控程序具有程序简练，走刀控制灵活等优点，使数控加工编程从面向机床指令的“汇编语言”级，上升到面向几何元素.APT仍有许多不便之处：采用语言定义零件几何形状，难以描述复杂的几何形状，缺乏几何直观性；缺少对零件形状、刀具运动轨迹的直观图形显示和刀具轨迹的验证手段；难以和CAD数据库和CAPP系统有效连接；不容易作到高度的自动化，集成化。针对APT语言的缺点。1978年，法国达索飞机公司开始开发集三维设计、分析NC加工一体化的系统，称为为CATIA。随后很快出现了象EUCLID，UGII，INTERGRAPH，Pro/Engineering，Master CAM及NPU/GNCP等系统，这些系统都有效的解决了几何造型、零件几何形状的显示，交互设计、修改及刀具轨迹生成，走刀过程的仿真显示、验证等问题，推动了CAD和CAM向一体化方向发展。到了80年代，在CAD/CAM一体化概念的基础上，逐步形成了计算机集成制造系统（CIMS）及并行工程（CE）的概念。目前，为了适应CIMS及CE发展的需要，数控编程系统正向集成化和智能化方向发展。在集成化方面，以开发符合STEP（Standard fort he Exchange of Product Model Data）标准的参数化特征造型系统为主，目前已进行了大量卓有成效的工作，是国内外开发的热点；在智能方面，工作刚刚开始，还有待我们去努力。2. NC刀具轨迹生成方法研究发展现状 数控编程的核心工作是生成刀具轨迹，然后将其离散成刀位点，经后置处理产生数控加工程序。下面就刀具轨迹产生方法作一些介绍。2.1基于点、线、面和体的NC刀轨生成方法 CAD技术从二维绘图起步，经历了三维线框、曲面和实体造型发展阶段，一直到现在的参数化特征造型。在二维绘图与三维线框阶段，数控加工主要以点、线为驱动对象，如孔加工，轮廓加工，平面区域加工等。这种加工要求操作人员的水平较高，交互复杂。在曲面和实体造型发展阶段，出现了基于实体的加工。实体加工的加工对象是一个实体（一般为CSG和BREP混合表示的），它由一些基本体元素经集合运算（并、交、差运算）而得。实体加工不仅可用于零件的粗加工和半精加工，大面积切削掉余量，提高加工效率，而且可用于基于特征的数控编程系统的研究与开发，是特征加工的基础。实体加工一般有实体轮廓加工和实体区域加工两种。实体加工的实现方法为层切法（SLICE），即用一组水平面去切被加工实体，然后对得到的交线产生等距线作为走刀轨。本文从系统需要角度出发，在ACIS几何造型平台上实现了这种基于点、线、面和实体的数控加工。2.2基于特征的NC刀轨生成方法参数化特征造型已有了一定的发展时期，但基于特征的刀具轨迹生成方法的研究才刚刚开始。特征加工使数控编程人员不在对那些低层次的几何信息（如：点、线、面、实体）进行操作，而转变为直接对符合工程技术人员习惯的特征进行数控编程，大大提高了编程效率。W.R. Mail和A.J. Mcleod在他们的研究中给出了一个基于特征的NC代码生成子系统，这个系统的工作原理是：零件的每个加工过程都可以看成对组成该零件的形状特征组进行加工的总和。那么对整个形状特征或形状特征组分别加工后即完成了零件的加工。而每一形状特征或形状特征组的NC代码可自动生成。目前开发的系统只适用于2.5D零件的加工。Lee and Chang开发了一种用虚拟边界的方法自动产生凸自由曲面特征刀具轨迹的系统。这个系统的工作原理是：在凸自由曲面内嵌入一个最小的长方块，这样凸自由曲面特征就被转换成一个凹特征。最小的长方块与最终产品模型的合并就构成了被称为虚拟模型的一种间接产品模型。刀具轨迹的生成方法分成三步完成：（1）、切削多面体特征；（2）、切削自由曲面特征；（3）、切削相交特征。Jong YunJong研究了基于特征的非切削刀具轨迹生成问题。文章把基于特征的加工轨迹分成轮廓加工和内区域加工两类，并定义了这两类加工的切削方向，通过减少切削刀具轨迹达到整体优化刀具轨迹的目的。文章主要针对几种基本特征（孔、内凹、台阶、槽），讨论了这些基本特征的典型走刀路径、刀具选择和加工顺序等，并通过IP（Inter Programming）技术避免重复走刀，以优化非切削刀具轨迹。另外，Jong YunJong还在他1991年的博士论文中研究了制造特征提取和基于特征的刀具及刀具路径。特征加工的基础是实体加工，当然也可认为是更高级的实体加工。但特征加工不同于实体加工，实体加工有它自身的局限性。特征加工与实体加工主要有以下几点不同： 从概念上讲，特征是组成零件的功能要素，符合工程技术人员的操作习
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