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模具的发展现状及发展趋势1 模具简介模具是工业生产的基础工艺装备，已经取得了共识。模具生产技术水平的高低，已成为衡量一个国家产品制造水平高低的重要标志，在很大程度上决定着产品的质量、效益和新产品的开发能力, 决定着一个国家制造业的国际竞争力.我国模具行业将向大型、精密、复杂、高效、长寿命和多功能方向发展。塑料模具工业是随塑料工业的发展而发展的。塑料工业是一门新兴工业。自塑料问世后的几十年以来，由于其原料丰富、制作方便和成本低廉，塑料工业发展很快，它在某些方面己取代了多种有色金属、黑色金属、水泥、橡胶、皮革、陶瓷、木材和玻璃等，成为各个工业部门不可缺少的材料。塑料模具的现代设计与制造和现代塑料工业的发展有极密切的关系。随着塑料工业的飞速发展，塑料模具工业也随之迅速发展。在我国，随着国民经济的高速发展，模具工业的发展也十分迅速。2003年模具行业实现销售收入162.03亿元，比去年同期增长了41.57%；实现利润总额为12.85亿元，比去年同期增长了90.63%。我国模具行业得到了快速发展。从模具业规模上讲，我国已经跃居世界第三位，仅次于日本和美国。可以说我国已经成为模具生产大国， 然而，就整个模具行业而言，大中型企业比较少，小型企业占绝大多数；与此同时，国内模具行业的企业存在着各种各样的问题；与国外相关企业水平相比仍有很大的差距，因此国内企业不应当盲目乐观，而应当努力发展、强壮自我，以应对来自各方面的挑战。同时，把握住发展的机会，使我国早日成为模具的生产强国。模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国，模具制造属于专用设备制造业。中国虽然很早就开始制造模具和使用模具，但长期未形成产业。直到20世纪80年代后期，中国模具工业才驶入发展的快车道。近年，不仅国有模具企业有了很大发展，三资企业、乡镇（个体）模具企业的发展也相当迅速。据不完全统计，近10年全国（未含港、澳、台统计数字，下同）模具生产及进出口发展情况如表1、表2的中国模具工业概况表1 1995年以来中国历年模具产值表年份1995199619971998199920002001200220032004产值（亿元）145160200220250280316360450530表2 1995年以来中国历年模具进出口情况表年份1995199619971998199920002001200220032004进口（万美元）811009179963000663488827497700111174127200136930181300出口（万美元）4941700094289591132801737418775252343368049100由表可见，虽然中国模具工业发展迅速，但与需求相比，显然供不应求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、复杂、长寿命模具领域。由于在模具精度、寿命、制造周期及生产能力等方面，中国与国际平均水平和发达国家仍有较大差距，因此，每年需要大量进口模具。2 模具材料根据成型方法和模具使用周期（即要生产的产品数量）的不同，塑料成型模具要满足不同的需求，模具可以由多种材料制成，甚至于可以使比较特殊的材料如纸张和石膏。然而，由于大多数成型过程需要高压，通常还有高温条件限制，金属迄今为止时最重要的材料，其中刚才居首位。很多时候，模具材料的选择不仅关系到性能和最佳性价比，还影响到模具的加工方法，甚至是整体设计。典型的例子是金属铸造模具的材料选择，与机械加工模具相比，不同材料的金属铸造模具冷却系统存在很大的差异。另外，不同的制造方法也会对材料的选择产生影生产，原型模具的制造常常采用一些新技术，如计算机辅助设计和计算机集成制造，将固体毛配制成原型模具。与以前以模型为基础的方法相比，用CAD和CIM方法会更经济，这是因为这类模具厂家自身就能制作，而用其他技术，只能由外面的供应商来加工生产。总之，虽然模具生产中经常会用到一些高性能材料，但用得最多的仍然是那些常规材料。像陶瓷这类高性能材料几乎不能用于模具制造，这可能是因为其优点（如高温下性能不会改变）在模具中并不需要，相反，像烧结类陶瓷材料，具有低抗张强度和热传递性差的缺点，在模具中也只有少量应用。这里所用的零件不是采用粉末冶金和热等压工艺生产，而是指烧结成的多空、透气性零件。在很多成型方法中，都必须将行腔中的气体排出去，人们已经多次尝试使用多孔金属材料排气。与专门设置的排气装置相比，其优点是显而易见的，尤其是在熔料前锋处如有熔接线的地方，这里是最容易出现问题的区域：一方面能防止在制品表面有明显的熔接线，还能避免溢流料等残余物堵塞微孔。采用这类材料制造模具时，在设计和成型工艺上都会出现新的问题。3 模具的发展趋势在现代机械制造业中,模具工业已成为国民经济中的基础工业,许多新产品的开发和生产,在很大程度上依赖于模具制造技术,特别是在汽车、轻工、电子和航天等行业中尤显重要。模具制造能力的强弱和模具制造水平的高低,已经成为衡量一个国家机械制造技术水平的重要标志之一,直接影响着国民经济中许多部门的发展。模具CAD/CAM是在模具CAD和模具CAM分别发展的基础上发展起来的,它是计算机技术在模具生产中综合应用的一个新的飞跃。CAD/CAM技术的迅猛发展,软件、硬件水平的进一步完善,为模具工业提供了强有力的技术支持,为企业的产品设计、制造和生产水平的发展带来了质的飞跃,已经成为现代企业信息化、集成化、网络化的最优选择。 中国模具产业除了要继续提高生产能力，今后更要着重于行业内部结构的调整和技术发展水平的提高。结构调整方面，主要是企业结构向专业化调整，产品结构向着中高档模具发展，向进出口结构的改进，中高档汽车覆盖件模具成形分析及结构改进、多功能复合模具和复合加工及激光技术在模具设计制造上的应用、高速切削、超精加工及抛光技术、信息化方向发展。3.1 模具CAD/CAM技术发展趋势21世纪模具制造行业的基本特征是高度集成化、智能化、柔性化和网络化,追求的目标是提高产品质量及生产效率,缩短设计周期及制造周期,降低生产成本,最大限度地提高模具制造业的应变能力,满足用户需求。具体表现出以下几个特征。（1）标准化CAD/CAM系统可建立标准零件数据库,非标准零件数据库和模具参数数据库。标准零件库中的零件在CAD设计中可以随时调用,并采用GT(成组技术)生产。非标准零件库中存放的零件,虽然与设计所需结构不尽相同,但利用系统自身的建模技术可以方便地进行修改,从而加快设计过程,典型模具结构库是在参数化设计的基础上实现的,按用户要求对相似模具结构进行修改,即可生成所需要的结构。（2）集成化技术现代模具设计制造系统不仅应强调信息的集成,更应该强调技术、人和管理的集成。在开发模具制造系统时强调“多集成”的概念,即信息集成、智能集成、串并行工作机制集成及人员集成,这更适合未来制造系统的需求。 （3）智能化技术应用人工智能技术实现产品生命周期(包括产品设计、制造、使用)各个环节的智能化,实现生产过程(包括组织、管理、计划、调度、控制等)各个环节的智能化,以及模具设备的智能化,也要实现人与系统的融合及人在其中智能的充分发挥。 （4）网络技术的应用网络技术包括硬件与软件的集成实现,各种通讯协议及制造自动化协议,信息通讯接口,系统操作控制策略等,是实现各种制造系统自动化的基础。目前早已出现了通过Internet实现跨国界模具设计的成功例子。 （5）多学科多功能综合产品设计技术未来产品的开发设计不仅用到机械科学的理论与知识,而且还用到电磁学、光学、控制理论等知识。产品的开发要进行多目标全性能的优化设计,以追求模具产品动静态特性、效率、精度、使用寿命、可靠性、制造成本与制造周期的最佳组合。（6）逆向工程技术的应用在许多情况下,一些产品并非来自设计概念,而是起源于另外一些产品或实物,要在只有产品原型或实物模型,而没有产品图样的条件下进行模具的设计和制造以便制造出产品。此时需要通过实物的测量,然后利用测量数据进行实物的CAD几何模型的重新构造,这种过程就是逆向工程RE(Reverse Engineering)。逆向工程能够缩短从设计到制造的周期,是帮助设计者实现并行工程等现代设计概念的一种强有力的工具,目前在工程上正得到越来越广泛的应用。（7）快速成形技术快速成形制造技术RPM(Rapid Prototyping & Manufacturing)是基于层制造原理,迅速制造出产品原型,而与零件的几何复杂程度丝毫无关,尤其在具有复杂曲面形状的产品制造中更能显示其优越性。它不仅能够迅速制造出原型供设计评估、装配校验、功能试验,而且还可以通过形状复制快速经济地制造出产品模具(如制造电极用于EDM加工、作为模芯消失铸造出模具等),从而避免了传统模具制造的费时、高成本的NC加工,因而RPM技术在模具制造中日益发挥着重要的作用。3.2 模具软件功能集成化模具软件功能的集成化要求软件的功能模块比较齐全，同时各功能模块采用同一数据模型，以实现信息的综合管理与共享，从而支持模具设计、制造、装配、检验、测试及生产管理的全过程，达到实现最佳效益的目的。如英国Delcam公司的系列化软件就包括了曲面/实体几何造型、复杂形体工程制图、工业设计高级渲染、塑料模设计专家系统、复杂形体CAM、艺术造型及雕刻自动编程系统、逆向工程系统及复杂形体在线测量系统等。集成化程度较高的软件还包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。3.3 模具设计、分析及制造的三维化 传统的二维模具结构设计已越来越不适应现代化生产和集成化技术要求。模具设计、分析、制造的三维化、无纸化要求新一代模具软件以立体的、直观的感觉来设计模具，所采用的三维数字化模型能方便地用于产品结构的CAE分析、模具可制造性评价和数控加工、成形过程模拟及信息的管理与共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等软件具备参数化、基于特征、全相关等特点，从而使模具并行工程成为可能。另外，Cimatron公司的Mold expert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D专业注塑模设计软件，可进行交互式3D型腔、型芯设计、模架配置及典型结构设计。澳大利亚Mold flow公司的三维真实感流动模拟软件Mold flow Advisers已经受到用户广泛的好评和应用。国内有华中理工大学研制的同类软件HSC3D4.5F及郑州工业大学的Z-mold软件。面向制造、基于知识的智能化功能是衡量模具软件先进性和实用性的重要标志之一。如Cimatron公司的注塑模专家软件能根据脱模方向自动产生分型线和分型面，生成与制品相对应的型芯和型腔，实现模架零件的全相关，自动产生材料明细表和供NC加工的钻孔表格，并能进行智能化加工参数设定、加工结果校验等。3.4 模具软件应用的网络化趋势 随着模具在企业竞争、合作、生产和管理等方面的全球化、国际化，以及计算机软硬件技术的迅速发展，网络使得在模具行业应用虚拟设计、敏捷制造技术既有必要，也有可能。美国在其21世纪制造企业战略中指出，到2006年要实现汽车工业敏捷生产/虚拟工程方案，使汽车开发周期从40个月缩短到4个月。3.5 模具标准化和技术化趋势 近年，模具行业结构调整和体制改革步伐加大，主要表现在，大型、精密、复杂、长寿命、中高档模具及模具标准件发展速度高于一般模具产品；塑料模和压铸模比例增大；专业模具厂数量及其生产能力增加；“三资”及私营企业发展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。 模具标准件的应用将日渐广泛，模具标准化及模具标准件的应用能极大地影响模具制造周期。使用模具标准件不但能缩短模具制造周期，而且能提高模具质量和降低模具制造成本。同时，快速经济模具的前景十分广阔。由于人们要求模具的生产周期越短越好，因此开发快速经济模具越来越引起人们的重视。例如研制各种超塑性材料来制作模具；用环氧、聚酯或在其中填充金属、玻璃等增强物制作简易模具。这类模具制造工艺简单，精度易控制，收缩率较小，价格便宜，寿命较高。还可用水泥塑料制作汽车覆盖件模具。中、低熔点合金模具，喷涂成型模具，电铸模，精铸模，层叠模，陶瓷吸塑模及光造型和使用热硬化橡胶快速制造低成本模具等快速经济模具将进一步发展。快换模架、快换冲头等也将日益发展。另外采用计算机控制和机械手操作的快速换模装置、快速试模装置技术也会得到发展和提高。 我国模具行业要进一步发展多功能复合模具，一套多功能模具除了冲压成型零件外，还担负叠压、攻丝、铆接和锁紧等组装任务。通过这种多功能的模具生产出来的不再是成批零件，而是成批的组件，如触头与支座的组件、各种微小电机、电器及仪表的铁芯组件等。多色和多材质塑料成形模具也将有较快发展。这种模具缩短了产品的生产周期，今后在不同领域将得到发展和应用。 随着热流道技术的日渐推广应用，热流道模具在塑料模具中的比重将逐步提高。采用热流道技术的模具可提高制件的生产率和质量，并能大幅度节约制件的原材料，这项技术的应用在国外发展很快，已十分普遍。国内热流道模具也已经生产，有些企业已达30%左右，但总的来看，比例太低，亟待发展。随着塑料成型工艺的不断改进与发展，气辅模具及适应高压注射成型工艺的模具将随之发展。4 模具技术模具技术集合了机械、电子、化学、光学、材料、计算机、精密监测和信息网络等诸多学科，是一个综合性多学科的系统工程。模具技术的发展趋势主要是模具产品向着更大型、更精密、更复杂及更经济的方向发展，模具产品的技术含量不断提高，模具制造周期不断缩短，模具生产朝着信息化、无图化、精细化、自动化的方向发展，模具企业向着技术集成化、设备精良化、产批品牌化、管理信息化、经营国际化的方向发展。4.1 快速经济制模技术缩短产品开发周期是赢得市场竞争的有效手段之一。与传统模具加工技术相比，快速经济制模技术具有制模周期短、成本较低的特点，精度和寿命又能满足生产需求，是综合经济效益比较显著的模具制造技术，具体主要有以下一些技术。(1)快速原型制造技术(RPM)。它包括激光立体光刻技术(SLA) ；叠层轮廓制造技术(LOM) ；激光粉末选区烧结成形技术(SLS) ；熔融沉积成形技术(FDM) 和三维印刷成形技术(3D-P)等。(2)表面成形制模技术。它是指利用喷涂、电铸和化学腐蚀等新的工艺方法形成型腔表面及精细花纹的一种工艺技术。(3)浇铸成形制模技术。主要有铋锡合金制模技术、锌基合金制模技术、树脂复合成形模具技术及硅橡胶制模技术等。(4)冷挤压及超塑成形制模技术。(5)无模多点成形技术。(6)KEVRON钢带冲裁落料制模技术。(7)模具毛坯快速制造技术。主要有干砂实型铸造、负压实型铸造、树脂砂实型铸造及失蜡精铸等技术。(8)其他方面技术。如采用氮气弹簧压边、卸料、快速换模技术、冲压单元组合技术、刃口堆焊技术及实型铸造冲模刃口镶块技术等。4.2 模具制造技术在制造技术方面，首先是采用CAD/CAM技术，用计算机造型、编程并由数控机床加工己是主要手段，CAE软件也得到应用。一般均采用内热式或外热式热流道装置。少数单位采用具有世界先进水平的高难度针阀式热流道模具，完全消除了制件的浇口痕迹。气体辅助注射技术已成功得到应用。在高效多色注射的应用和抽芯脱模机构的创新设计方面，也取得较大进展。在精度方面，塑件的尺寸精度可达IT67级，分型面接触间隙为0.020.025mm，模板的弹性变形为0.05mm，分型面的表面粗糙度为Ra0.2m ，塑料模寿命已达100万次。CAD/CAM/CAE技术的应用水平上了一个新台阶，以生产家用电器的企业为代表，陆续引进了相当数量的CAD/CAM系统，如美国EDS的UG II、美国Parametric Technology公司的Pro/Engineer、美国CV公司的CADS5、英国Deltacam公司的DOCT5、日本HZS公司的CRADE、以色列公司的Cimatron、美国AC-Tech公司的C-Mold及澳大利亚Moldflow公司的MPA塑模分析软件等等。这些系统和软件的引进，虽花费了大量资金，但在我国模具行业中，实现了CAD/CAM的集成，并能支持CAE技术对成型过程，如充模和冷却等进行计算机模拟，取得了一定的技术经济效益，促进和推动了我国模具CAD/CAM技术的发展。近年来，我国自主开发的塑料模CAD/CAM系统有了很大发展，主要有北航华正软件工程研究所开发的CAXA系统、华中科技大学开发的注塑模HSC5.0系统及CAE软件等，这些软件具有适应国内模具的具体情况、能在微机上应用且价格较低等特点为进一步普及模具CAD/CAM技术创造了良好条件。4.3 注射成型工艺技术 塑料注射成型技术是根据压铸原理从十九世纪末二十世纪初发展起来的,是目前塑料加工中最普遍采用的方法之一。该法适用于全部热塑性塑料和部分热固性塑料。在成形工艺方面，主要有冲压模具功能复合化、超塑性成形、塑性精密成形技术、塑料模气体辅助注射技术及热流道技术、高压注射成形技术等。另一方面，随着先进制造技术的不断发展和模具行业整体水平的提高，在模具行业出现了一些新的设计、生产、管理理念与模式。具体主要有：适应模具单件生产特点的柔性制造技术；创造最佳管理和效益的团队精神，精益生产；提高快速应变能力的并行工程、虚拟制造及全球敏捷制造、网络制造等新的生产哲理；广泛采用标准件通用件的分工协作生产模式；适应可持续发展和环保要求的绿色设计与制造等。注塑机的工作原理与打针用的注射器相似，它是借助螺杆（或柱塞）的推力，将已塑化好的熔融状态（即粘流态）的塑料注射入闭合好的模腔内，经固化定型后取得制品的工艺过程。注射成型是一个循环的过程，每一周期主要包括：定量加料-熔融塑化-施压注射-充模冷却-启模取件。取出塑件后又再闭模，进行下一个循环。4.4 模具材料及表面处理技术 模具工业要上水平，材料应用是关键。因选材和用材不当，致使模具过早失效，大约占失效模具的45%以上。在模具材料方面，常用冷作模具钢有CrWMn、Cr12、Cr12MoV和W6Mo5Cr4V2，火焰淬火钢(如日本的AUX2、SX105V(7CrSiMnMoV)等；常用新型热作模具钢有美国H13、瑞典QRO80M、QRO90SUPREME等；常用塑料模具用钢有预硬钢(如美国P20)、时效硬化型钢(如美国P21、日本NAK55等)、热处理硬化型钢(如美国D2，日本PD613、PD555、瑞典一胜白136等)、粉末模具钢(如日本KAD18和KAS440)等；覆盖件拉延模常用HT300、QT60-2、Mo-Cr、Mo-V铸铁等，大型模架用HT250。多工位精密冲模常采用钢结硬质合金及硬质合金YG20等。在模具表面处理方面，其主要趋势是：由渗入单一元素向多元素共渗、复合渗(如TD法)发展；由一般扩散向CVD、PVD、PCVD、离子渗入、离子注入等方向发展；可采用的镀膜有：TiC、TiN、TiCN、TiAlN、CrN、Cr7C3、W2C等，同时热处理手段由大气热处理向真空热处理发展。另外，目前对激光强化、辉光离子氮化技术及电镀(刷镀)防腐强化等技术也日益受到重视。 4.5 我国模具行业共性技术 模具行业在“十二五”期间需要解决的重点关键技术应是模具信息化、数字化技术和精密、超精、高速、高效制造技术方面的突破。我国模具行业今后仍需提高的共性技术有： (1)建立在CAD/CAE平台上的先进模具设计技术，提高模具设计的现代化、信息化、智能化、标准化水平。 (2)建立在CAM/CAPP基础上的先进模具加工技术与先进制造技术相结合，提高模具加工的自动化水平与生产效率。 (3)模具生产企业的信息化管理技术。例如PDM（产品数据管理）、ERP（企业资源管理）、MIS（模具制造管理信息系统）及INTERMET平台等信息网络技术的应用、推广及发展。 (4)高速、高精、复合模具加工技术的研究与应用。例如超精冲压模具制造技术、精密塑料和压铸模具制造技术等。 (5)提高模具生产效率、降低成本和缩短模具生产周期的各种快速经济模具制造技术。 (6)先进制造技术的应用。例如热流道技术、气辅技术、虚拟技术、纳米技术、高速扫描技术、逆向工程、并行工程等技术在模具研究、开发、加工过程中的应用。 (7)原材料在模具中成形的仿真技术。 (8)先进的模具加工和专有设备的研究与开发。 (9)模具及模具标准件、重要辅件的标准化技术。 (10)模具及其制品的检测技术。 (11)优质、新型模具材料的研究与开发及其正确应用。 (12)模具生产企业的现代化管理技术。5 存在问题和主要差距 虽然我国模具总量目前已达到相当规模，模具水平也有很大提高，但设计制造水平总体上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工业发达国家许多。当前存在的问题和差距主要表现在以下几方面： (1)总量供不应求 国内模具自配率只有70%左右。其中低档模具供过于求，中高档模具自配率只有50%左右。 (2)企业组织结构、产品结构、技术结构和进出口结构均不合理 我国模具生产厂中多数是自产自配的工模具车间（分厂），自产自配比例高达60%左右，而国外模具超过70%属商品模具。专业模具厂大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的组织形式，而国外大多是“小而专”、“小而精”。国内大型、精密、复杂、长寿命的模具占总量比例不足30%，而国外在50%以上。2004年，模具进出口之比为3.71，进出口相抵后的净进口额达13.2亿美元，为世界模具净进口量最大的国家。 (3)模具产品水平大大低于国际水平，生产周期却高于国际水平 产品水平低主要表现在模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、寿命及结构等方面。 (4)开发能力较差，经济效益欠佳 我国模具企业技术人员比例低，水平较低，且不重视产品开发，在市场中经常处于被动地位。我国每个模具职工平均年创造产值约合1万美元，国外模具工业发达国家大多是1520万美元，有的高达2530万美元，与之相对的是我国相当一部分模具企业还沿用过去作坊式管理，真正实现现代化企业管理的企业较少。 造成上述差距的原因很多，除了历史上模具作为产品长期未得到应有的重视，以及多数国有企业机制不能适应市场经济之外，还有下列几个原因： (5)国家对模具工业的政策支持力度还不够 虽然国家已经明确颁布了模具行业的产业政策，但配套政策少，执行力度弱。目前享受模具产品增值税的企业全国只有185家，大多数企业仍旧税负过重。模具企业进行技术改造引进设备要缴纳相当数量的税金，影响技术进步，而且民营企业贷款十分困难。 (6)人才严重不足，科研开发及技术攻关投入太少 模具行业是技术、资金、劳动密集的产业，随着时代的进步和技术的发展，掌握并且熟练运用新技术的人才异常短缺，高级模具钳工及企业管理人才也非常紧张。由于模具企业效益欠佳及对科研开发和技术攻关重视不够，科研单位和大专院校的眼睛盯着创收，导致模具行业在科研开发和技术攻关方面投入太少，致使模具技术发展步伐不大，进展不快。 (7)工艺装备水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低 近年来我国机床行业进步较快，已能提供比较成套的高精度加工设备，但与国外装备相比，仍有较大差距。虽然国内许多企业已引进许多国外先进设备，但总体的装备水平比国外许多企业低很多。由于体制和资金等方面的原因，引进设备不配套，设备与附件不配套现象十分普遍，设备利用率低的问题长期得不到较妥善的解决。 (8)专业化、标准化、商品化程度低，协作能力差 由于长期以来受“大而全”“小而全”影响，模具专业化水平低，专业分工不细致，商品化程度低。目前国内每年生产的模具，商品模具只占40左右，其余为自产自用。模具企业之间协作不畅，难以完成较大规模的模具成套任务。模具标准化水平低，模具标准件使用覆盖率低也对模具质量、成本有较大影响，特别是对模具制造周期有很大影响。 (9)模具材料及模具相关技术落后 模具材料性能、质量和品种问题往往会影响模具质量、寿命及成本，国产模具钢与国外进口钢材相比有较大差距。塑料、板材、设备性能差，也直接影响模具水平的提高。6 模具行业发展规划目前，我国经济仍处于高速发展阶段，国际上经济全球化发展趋势日趋明显，这为我国模具工业高速发展提供了良好的条件和机遇。一方面，国内模具市场将继续高速发展，另一方面，模具制造也逐渐向我国转移以及跨国集团到我国进行模具采购趋向也十分明显。因此，放眼未来，国际、国内的模具市场总体发展趋势前景看好，预计中国模具将在良好的市场环境下得到高速发展，我国不但会成为模具大国，而且一定逐步向模具制造强国的行列迈进。“十二五”期间，中国模具工业水平不仅在量和质的方面有很大提高，而且行业结构、产品水平、开发创新能力、企业的体制与机制以及技术进步的方面也会取得较大发展。 根据“十二五”模具行业发展规划，“十二五”期间模具产品发展重点主要有如下几类： (1)汽车覆盖件模具 冲压模具占模具总量的40%以上。汽车覆盖件模具主要为汽车配套，也包括为农用车、工程机械和农机配套的覆盖件模具，它在冲压模具中具有很大的代表性，模具大都是大中型，结构复杂，技术要求高。尤其是为轿车配套的覆盖件模具，要求更高，可以代表冲压模具的水平。此类模具我国已有一定的技术基础，已为中档轿车配套，但水平还不高，能力不足，目前满足率只有一半左右。中高档轿车覆盖件模具主要依靠进口，已成为汽车发展的瓶颈，极大的影响着车型开发。 (2)精密冲压模具 多工位级进模和精冲模代表了冲压模具的发展方向，精度要求寿命要求极高，主要为电子工业、汽车、仪器仪表、电机电器等配套。这两种模具，国内已有相当基础，并已引进了国外技术及设备，个别企业生产的产品已达到世界水平，但大部分企业仍有较大差距，供应总量不足，进口很多。 (3)大型精密塑料模具 塑料模具占模具总量近40%，而且这个比例还在上升。塑料模具中为汽车和家电配套的大型注塑模具，为集成电路配套的塑封模，为电子信息产业和机械及包装配套的多层、多腔、多材质、多色精密注塑模，为新型建材及节水农业配套的塑料异型材挤出模及管路和喷头模具等，目前虽然已有相当技术基础并正在快速发展，但技术水平与国外仍有较大差距，总量供不应求，每年的进口额达几亿美元。 (4)主要模具标准件 目前国内已有较大产量的模具标准件主要是模架、导向件、推杆推管、弹性元件等。这些产品不但国内配套大量需要，出口前景也很好，应继续大力发展。氮气缸和热流道元件主要依靠进口，应在现有基础上提高水平，形成标准并组织规模化生产。 (5)其他高技术含量的模具占模具总量给8%的压铸模具中，大型薄壁精密压铸技术含量高，难度大。镁合金压铸模具目前虽然刚起步，但发展前景好，有代表性。子午线橡胶轮胎模具也是发展方向，其中活络模技术难度最大。与快速成型技术相结合的一些快速制模技术及相应的快速经济模具具有很好的发展前景。这些高技术含量的模具在“十二五”期间也应重点发展。7 模具行业发展对策随着国民经济总量和工业产品技术的不断发展，各行各业对模具的需求量越来越大，技术要求也越来越高。虽然模具种类繁多，但其发展重点应该是既能满足大量需要，又有较高技术含量，特别是目前国内尚不能自给，需大量进口的模具和能代表发展方向的大型、精密、复杂、长寿命模具。模具标准件的种类、数量、水平、生产集中度等对整个模具行业的发展有重大影响。因此，一些重要的模具标准件也必须重点发展，而且其发展速度应快于模具的发展速度，这样才能不断提高我国模具标准化水平，从而提高模具质量，缩短模具生产周期，降低成本。由于我国的模具产品在国际市场上占有较大的价格优势，因此对于出口前景好的模具产品也应作为重点来发展。根据上述需要量大、技术含量高、代表发展方向、出口前景好的原则选择重点发展产品，而且所选产品必须目前已有一定技术基础，属于有条件、有可能发展起来的产品特采取以下发展对策：(1)密切关注行业动态和政策导向，制定相应的对策。(2)依靠协会组织，结成共同联盟，加强分工协作。(3)建立企业技术中心，走产学研联合道路，提升自主创新能力。(4)打破行业界限，主动调整结构，面向新兴模具市场，开拓新的业务领域。(5)加强人才培养，充分发挥人才在企业中的作用。8结语 经过这几十年的发展,我国模具有了长足的发展,模具CAD/CAM技术已经被广泛应用于我国企业。我国研制模具CAD/CAM软件的开发水平也逐渐接近国外先进水平。在政府的大力支持下先后出现了一批先进的模具示范企业,高校和企业也培养了一大批模具软件开发及应用人才。但总的来说,我国目前模具软件不管是从产品开发水平还是从商品化、市场化程度都与发达国家有不小的差距。模具技术水平还处于向高技术集成和向产业化商品化过渡的时期,研制的软件在可靠性和稳定性方面与国外工业发达国家的软件尚有一些差距,还没有针对性的软件,使用一般都是通用性软件。但是我们不但要看清我们的劣势,也要看到我们的优势。与国外软件相比我们的优势是:了解本国市场,便于提供技术支持,相对价格便宜等。另外,我们有政府的大力支持,各大高校也为CAD软件的开发培养了大批的人才。在这些前提下,我国模具产业不仅要紧跟时代潮流,跟踪国际最新动态,遵守各种国际规范,形成自己独特的优势,更要立足国内,结合国情,面向国内经济建设的需要,开发出有自己特色,符合中国人习惯的CAD/CAM软件。12Development situation and development trend of die1 Die IntroductionMold is the basis for industrial production technology and equipment, consensus has been achieved. Mould production technology of high and low, Become an important symbol of national product manufacturing levels, to a large extent determine the quality of product, efficiency, and new product development capability, determine a countrys international competitiveness in the manufacturing sector. Chinas mold industry will development to large, sophisticated, complex, high efficiency, long life span, and multi-functional direction.Plastic mould industry was developed along with the development of the plastics industry. Plastics industry is a new industry. Since the advent of plastic since decades, because of its rich, easy to make and low in cost of raw materials, plastics industry is developing rapidly, in some ways, it has been replaced by a variety of non-ferrous metals, ferrous metals, cement, rubber, wood, leather, ceramics and glass, become indispensable materials of various industrial sectors. Modern and contemporary in design and manufacturing of plastic mould plastic is very closely related to industrial development. With the rapid development of the plastics industry, plastic mould industry is rapidly developing.In our country, with the rapid development of the national economy, development of mold industry is very quickly. 2003 year mould industry sales 162.03 billion, over the same period last year increased by 41.57%; total profit to 12.85 billion, over the same period last year rose by 90.63%. Chinas mould industry has been rapid development. From the scale on the mould industry, China has leapt to third place in the world, second only to Japan and the United States. Can said in China has became die production powers, however, on entire die industry, large and medium-sized enterprise comparison less, small enterprise accounted for most; Meanwhile, domestic die industry of enterprise exists with variety of problem; and abroad related enterprise level compared to still has is large of gap, so domestic enterprise does not should blind optimistic, and should efforts development, and strong self, to should from Parties surface of challenge. At the same time, to seize development opportunities, as the mould production of power as soon as possible.Mold is an important manufacturing base in China, mould manufacturing is dedicated device. China started to build mould and die very early, but in the long run do not form. Until 20 century 80 years later, China mould industry into the fast track of development. In recent years, not only the State-owned development of mould enterprises has been greatly, foreign-funded enterprises, towns (individual) very rapidly in the development of mould enterprises. Incomplete statistics show that nearly 10 years the country (not including Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan figures, the same below) mold production and import and export developments, such as table 1, table 2 China mould industry profilesTable 1 1995 Year over the die output table of ChinaYear1995199619971998199920002001200220032004Value (billions of Yuan)145160200220250280316360450530Table 2 1995 Year over the stencil in China since import and export tablesYear1995199619971998199920002001200220032004Imports (USD)811009179963000663488827497700111174127200136930181300Exports (USD)4941700094289591132801737418775252343368049100Tables are visible, although Chinas mould industry has developed rapidly, but compared with the demand, clearly in short supply, its major gaps focused on precision, large-scale, complex, long-life areas of mold. Due to mould precision, long life, and production capacity of the manufacturing cycle, China and the international average, and is still a big gap between developed countries, therefore, need to import each year die.2 Die Material Depending on the molding method and tool life cycle (that is, number of products manufactured by) different, plastic molding to meet different needs, molds can be made from a variety of materials, and even can make comparison of special materials such as paper and gypsum. However, because most of the molding process requires high pressures, usually also have high temperature conditions, so far the most important material of metal, which have topped. Most of the time, mould material choice is not only related to the performance and the best price/performance, also mould processing method, or even the whole design.A typical example is a metal casting mold material selection, compared with machined molds, different materials for metal casting mold cooling system there is a big difference. In addition, different manufacturing methods also can have a shadow on the choice of material production, manufacture of prototype tooling is often the use of new technologies, such as computer-aided design and computer-integrated manufacturing, solid preparation of prototype molds. Compared with the previous method based on the model of, CAD and CIM method will be more economical, this is because this type of mould manufacturers will be able to make itself, and other technologies, can only be processed by outside vendors. In short, while the mold is often used in high-performance materials, but most still are those of conventional materials. Almost cannot be used for high performance materials like ceramic molds, this may be because of its advantages (performance such as high temperature does not change) is not needed in a stencil, on the contrary, as a sintered ceramic material, has the disadvantage of low tensile strength and poor heat transfer, application and only a small amount of mold. Parts used here are not using hot press process and production of powder metallurgy, but fired into the air, and air permeability of parts.In many molding methods, you must use the tunes according to one s own understanding of gas discharge, there has been several attempts using porous metal exhaust. Compared to the exhaust and specifically set, its advantages are evident, especially in the melt forward like a melted wiring, here are the most prone to problem areas: on the one hand to prevent melting of surface there is a clear connection, allowing you to avoid overflow, and other remnants of plugging porous. With such material when you die, in design and new issues appear on the forming process.3 Development trend of dieIn modern mechanical manufacturing , mould industry has become the basic industries of the national economy , many of the development and production of new products , to a large extent depend on the mold manufacturing technology , especially in the automobile industry, light industry, electronics and aerospace industries, such as especially important. Strength of mould manufacturing capabilities and moulds, high and low, has become one of the important measure of a national machinery manufacturing technology signs, directly affecting many sectors of the national economy development. Mould CAD/CAM is in die CAD and mould CAM developed on the basis of the development of, respectively, it is the application of computer technology in die and mold manufacturing a new leap forward. CAD/CAM the rapid development of technology , further improvement of the level of software, hardware , to mould industry has provided strong technical support , for the companys product design, manufacturing and development brought about a qualitative leap in production levels , has become a modern enterprise information, integration and optimal selection of networking. Chinese mold industry, in addition to continuing to improve productivity, more focus on the adjustment of industry structure and raising the level of technology development. Structural adjustment, mainly to professional adjustment of enterprise structure, product mix towards the high-end tooling development, to the improvement of the structure of import and export, high-end analysis and structure improvement of automobile Panel die forming, multi-functional composite tooling and machining and the application of laser technology in mould design and manufacture, and super high speed cutting finishing and polishing technology, information technology development.3.1 Mould CAD/CAM technology development trends21 century of die and mold industry of basic characteristics is highly integrated, flexible and intelligent, networked , pursuit of the goals is to improve product quality and production efficiency , shorten the design cycle and manufacturing cycles , reduce production costs , maximize the responsiveness of die and mold manufacturing , To meet customer needs. We will show the following characteristics.(1) Standardized CAD/CAM system can establish a standard parts database, non-standard parts database and mould parameter database. Standard parts in the repository in CAD design parts can always accessible, and USES the GT (group technology) production. The standard parts library storage in parts, although and design in the required structure is not the same, but the use of the system itself modeling technology can easily be modified, so as to speed up the design process, the typical die structure in parametric design repository is the basis of the realized according to the request of users, die structure similar to modify, can generate need structure. (2)Integration technology Modern mold design and manufacturing system should not only emphasize information of integration, more should emphasize the integration of technology, and management. In the development of mould manufacturing system emphasize much integration concept, namely the information integration, intelligent integration, string of parallel mechanism of the integration and personnel integration, it is more suitable for the future of manufacturing system needs. (3) Intelligent technology Application of artificial intelligence technology to realize product life cycle (including product design, manufacture, use) each link intelligent, realize the production process (including organization, management, planning, scheduling, control, etc.) each link the intelligence of the intelligent equipment and mold, and to realize the integration of man and system and people in them intelligent of the full play. (4) Network technology application Network technology including hardware and software integration achieved, various communication protocol and manufacturing automation protocol, information communication interface, system operation control strategies, which is the basis of all kinds of manufacturing system automation. At present already appeared through the Internet realize across national borders the success of the die design example. (5) Multi-disciplinary and multi-function comprehensive product design technology The future product development design not only use mechanical scientific theory and knowledge, but also used electromagnetism, optical, control theory knowledge. The development of the product to the performance of multi-objective optimization design, mould products in pursuit of dynamic and static characteristic, efficiency, the precision and the service life, reliability, manufacturing costs and the best combination of manufacturing cycle. (6) The reverse engineering technology application In many cases, some products are not from design concept, but some other products from or physical, the only product prototype or physical model, and no product design under the condition of die design and manufacturing to make a product. This is a place for through the forms of measurement, and then the measurement data of the CAD models and physical structure again, this process is Reverse Engineering RE (Reverse Engineering). Reverse engineering can shorten the cycle of from design to manufacturing, is to help designers realized such modern concurrent engineering design concept of a powerful tool, currently in engineering is getting more and more widely. (7) Rapid forming technology Rapid Prototyping Manufacturing technology RPM (Rapid Prototyping & Manufacturing) is based on the principle of Manufacturing, Rapid Manufacturing a product prototype, and with parts of the geometry of the complex degree not least, especially in a complex curved surface to the shape of the product Manufacturing in can demonstrate its advantages. It not only to be able to quickly create prototype for design evaluation, assembly calibration, function test, and can also through the shape copy rapid economic to create products mould (such as manufacturing electrode for processing EDM, as punch mould casting out and disappear) so as to avoid the traditional mould manufacturing time consuming, the high cost of NC processing, thus RPM technology in mould manufacturing of increasingly played an important role. 3.2 Die software features integratedDie software features integrated requirements of functional modules of the software is complete, while the function module using the same data model, to achieve the integrated management and information sharing, to support the mold design, manufacture, Assembly, inspection, testing, and management of the entire process, achieve optimal efficiency purposes. United Kingdom Delcam company series of software including the surface / solid geometric modeling, rendering complex engineering drawing, industrial design, design expert system of plastic mold, complex body CAM, art and sculpture, reverse engineering system of automatic programming system and online measurement system of complex shapes. Higher degree of integration software include:Pro/ENGINEER, andUG and CATIA .3.3 Mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional Traditional two-dimensional mold structure design has become increasingly unsuited to modern production and the integration of technical requirements. Mold design, analysis, fabrication of three dimensional, paper calls for new generation of die software to solid, intuitive feel to the design of the mold, using three dimensional digital model can be easily used in product structure of CAE analysis of manufacturability evaluation and numerical control machining, mold, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software with parameters, based on feature, all related to the characteristics, so that the mold concurrent engineering to become possible. In addition,Cimatron company Mold expert,Delcam company Ps-mold and Hitachi Space-E/mold is d professional injection mold design software, interactive d -shaped cavities, Core design, configuration and typical structure design of mould. Australia Mold flow simulation software company of three dimension realistic Mold flow Advisers has been widely praised by the user and the application. Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University of technology Z-mold software. Manufacturing-oriented, knowledge-based intelligent function is a measure of software, one of the important symbols of the nature and relevance of the die. Cimatron injection molding experts of company software according to release automatically generate parting lines and parting surfaces, and products that correspond to the core and cavity, realize mould base parts, Automatic Bill of material and for NC machining drilling form, intelligent processing parameters setting, processing and results validation and so on.3.4 Die software application networking trends As mold in Enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management of globalization and internationalization, as well as the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, online agile manufacturing technology in die and mold industry application of virtual design, both necessary and also possible. United States in the21 century manufacturing enterprise strategy, pointed out that to 2006 years of auto industry agile production / virtual engineering solutions, the vehicle development cycle from 40 months to 4 months.3.5 Die standardization and technical trend In recent years, the mold industry structure adjustment and reform increased, mainly in, large, sophisticated, complex, long-life, high development faster than General mould of moulds and mould standard parts; plastic mold and die-scaled up; and productivity growth in the number of professional mold factory; three-capital and the rapid development of the private sector; joint-stock reform pace. Die standard-applications will become more and more widespread, standardization of mold and mold standard parts can greatly influence the application of mould manufacturing cycle. Die standard-not only can reduce mold manufacturing cycles, and mold can improve quality and reduce tooling costs. At the same time, very broad prospects of rapid economic dies. As people require shorter production cycles, the better of molds, so rapid economic development die more and arouse peoples attention. To create a mold for example development of superplastic; with epoxy, polyester, or in which the filler metal, glass and other enhancements make a simple mold. This type of mold manufacturing process is simple, precision control, less shrinkage, low price, high life. Also use a cement-plastic production of automobile Panel die. And low melting point alloy die in, spray molding, casting, precision casting, stacked die, ceramic vacuum forming mold and shape and low cost molds using heat hardening rubber rapid manufacturing, rapid economic dies will be further developed. Quick change die frame, quick change blow in first class are also growing. Quick die change equipment of computer control and robot operation, quick test mode device technologies will also be developed and improved. Chinas mold industry to further develop the multifunctional complex moulds, apart from forming part of a multifunction die, also folding, locking, tapping, riveting and Assembly tasks. This versatile die are no longer mass produced parts, but a batch of components, such as contact and support components, various core components of micro-motors, electrical and instrument, and so on. The multi-color and multi-material plastic forming mold will also be rapid development. This mold to shorten the production cycle of the product, in different areas will be developed and applied in the future. Hot runner technology application, hot runner mould plastic moulds share will gradually increase. Hot runner technology mold can improve productivity and quality of products, substantial savings products and raw materials, application of this technology developed very rapidly in a foreign country, is very common. National hot runner molds are produced, some enterprises have reached about 30%, but in General, the ratio is too low and needs to be developed. With continuous improvement and development of plastic molding, gas assisted moulds and adapted to the high pressure injection molding process of mould will develop.4 Mould technologyDie collection of mechanical, chemical, optical, materials, electronics, computers, precision monitoring and information networks, and many other subjects, is a comprehensive multidisciplinary systems. Die technology of development trend main is die products towards more large, and more precision, and more complex and the more economic of direction development, die products of technology content constantly improve, die manufacturing cycle constantly shortened, die production towards information, and no figure of, and fine of, and automation of direction development, die Enterprise towards technology integrated of, and device excellent of, and production batch brand of, and management information, and business internationalization of direction development.4.1 rapid economic modeling technologyShorten the product development cycle is one of the effective means to win the competition.Compared with the traditional mold processing technology, rapid economic modeling techniques have characteristic of model cycles shorter, lower-cost, accuracy and life span and can meet the production requirements, comprehensive economic benefits is relatively significant mold manufacturing technology, mainly in the following technologies.(1) Rapid prototyping manufacturing technology (RPM). It includes the laser Stereo-Lithography (SLA) ; manufacturing technology of laminated profiles (LOM) ; forming technology of selective laser powder sintering (SLS) , and forming technology of Fused deposition modeling (FDM) and three dimensional printing technology (3D-P) .(2) Surface forming tooling technology. It refers to the use of spraying, such as electro-chemical corrosion of cast and a new method of formation of cavity and fine patterns on the surface of a technology.(3) Casting forming tooling technology. It main includes bismuth tin modeling technology, Zn-based alloy die making technology, resin composite forming mold technology and silicon rubber modeling technology, etc. (4) Cold extrusion and super into a shape modeling technology.(5) No mode of the multi-point forming technology.(6)KEVRON Steel punching technology of blanking dies. (7)Rapid manufacturing technology for die blanks. Mainly in the dry sands full mold casting real pressure and vacuum full mold casting, resin sand casting and lost-wax casting technique.(8) Other aspects of technology. Using nitrogen gas spring pressure, discharge, quick die changing technique, punch unit combination surfacing technology, cutting edge technology and solid casting die insert edge technology.4.2 Mould manufacture technologyIn terms of manufacturing technology, first of all is the use of CAD/CAM technology, computer modeling, programming and processing are the main means of NC machine tools,CAE software applications. Generally, they all use heat or hot-runner device. Few units with the worlds advanced level of difficult pin valve hot runner mold, completely eliminates traces part of the gate. Gas-assisted injection technique has been successfully applied. Application of high efficiency gas injection and core design of demoulding mechanism of innovation, have also made considerable progress. In terms of accuracy, plastics parts dimension precision can reach IT67 level, contact gap of 0.020.025mm, elastic deformation of the template to 0.05mm, parting surface roughness Ra0.2m , plastic mold life has reached 100 million times.CAD/CAM/CAE Technology at the application level to a new level, represented by the production of household appliances enterprises gradually introduced a considerable number of CAD/CAM systems, such as the United States EDS UG IIand the United States Parametric Technology company Pro/Engineerand the United States CV company CADS5and the United Kingdom Deltacam the company DOCT5and the Japan HZS company CRADE, and Israel company Cimatron, and United States AC-Tech company C-Mold Australia Moldflow Corporation MPA mold analysis software, and so on. The introduction of these systems and software, has spent a lot of money, but in Chinese mold industry, implementation of CAD/CAM integration, and can support the CAE technology for molding processes, such as a computer simulation of the mold filling and cooling, has made a certain amount of economic benefit, to promote and facilitate Chinas mold CAD/CAM technology development. In recent years, independently developed in China plastic mould CAD/CAM system has been greatly developed, mainly in China was developed by the Software Engineering Institute of Beihang University CAXA systems, development of injection mould of Huazhong University HSC5.0 system and CAE software such as, the software has to adapt to specific situations of domestic mould, Application on the computer and a lower price and other features to further popularize the mold CAD/CAM technology to create a good condition. 4.3 Injection molding technology Plastic injection molding technology is developed according to the principle of casting from the late 19th century and early 20th century , is now one of the most widely used method in the plastic processing. Part the Act applies to all thermoplastics and thermoset plastics. In terms of forming technology, mainly superplastic forming, stamping die function of composite, plastic, plastic molding gas assist injection technology of precision forming technology and hot runner technology, high pressure injection molding technology. Moreover, with the development of advanced manufacturing technology and improvement of mold industry, mould design, production, there have been some new management concepts and models. There are: single production characteristics of flexible manufacturing technology adapt to die; to create the best team of management and efficiency, lean production; improving the ability of quick response in concurrent engineering, virtual manufacturing, agile manufacturing, manufacturing and global network of new production philosophy; extensive standard accessories Division of collaborative production models; green design and manufacture meet the needs of sustainable development and environmental protection and so on.Injection molding machine works is similar to an injection syringe, it was with the help of screw (or plunger) thrust, will have good melting of plastic State (that is, sticky fluid) injection into the cavity of a closed well, curing process of shaped after the products. Injection molding is a circular process, each cycle include: quantitative feeding - melting and plasticizing - pressure injection - molding cooling - Kai model pickup. Shut again with the plastic piece out, for the next cycle.4.4 Mold material and surface treatment technology Mold on the industrial level, application materials is critical. Due to improper use of material and material, resulting in premature failure of the die, representing about failure die 45% above. Mold material, common cold work die steel CrWMn, andCr12and theCr12MoV W6Mo5Cr4V2, flame hardening steel ( Japan AUX2, andSX105V (7CrSiMnMoV) ; New hot work die steel United States H13, and Sweden QRO80M, andQRO90SUPREME ; commonly used steel-hard plastic mold steel ( such as United States P20), and age-hardening steel ( such as United States P21, and Japan NAK55 ), heat treatment-hardening steel ( such as United States D2, Japan PD613, andPD555, and Sweden won white 136 ), powder mold steel (Japan KAD18 and KAS440) ; cover drawing die for standard HT300, andQT60-2, andMo-Cr, andMo-V , such as cast iron, large formwork HT250. Multi-position progressive die for precision die steel-bonded cemented carbide and hard alloy YG20 . Mold surface treatment, the main trend is: by the infiltration of a single multi-effect of alloying elements to seepage, composite (such as TD method) development; General diffusion CVD, andPVD, andPCVD, ion penetration, ion injection direction; coating that can be used are: TiC, andTiN, andTiCN, andTiAlN, andCrN, andCr7C3, andW2C, atmosphere heat treatment to the development of vacuum heat treatment and heat treatment means. In addition, currently on laser hardening, glow plasma nitriding technology and electroplating (brush plating) corrosion enhanced technology has also received increasing attention. 4.5 Chinas mold industry common technology Mould in the Twelve-Five period need to be addressed should be focused on key technology of mold information, digital technology and precision, ultra fine, high speed, high performance technology breakthrough. Chinas mold industry still needs to improve the common technology in the future: (1) Established in CAD/CAE advanced mould design of platform technology, modernization of improving die design, information technology, intelligent, level of standardization. (2) Built on the CAM/CAPP based on a combination of advanced processing technology and advanced manufacturing technology, raise the level of mold processing automation and productivity. (3) Die manufacturing enterprise information management technology. For example, PDM(product data management),ERP(enterprise resource planning),MIS(management information system for mould manufacturing) and INTERMET platform, development, promotion and application of information network technology. (4) Research on high speed, high precision, complex processing technology and applications. Such as ultra fine stamping die manufacturing technology, precision plastic and die-manufacturing technology. (5) Increase mold production efficiency, reduce costs, and shorten the rapid economic mould manufacture technology of mould production cycle. (6) Application of advanced manufacturing technology. For example hot runner technology, gas-assisted technology, virtual technology, nanotechnology, high speed scanning techniques, such as reverse engineering and concurrent engineering technology in the application of mold research, development and processing (7) Simulation technology of raw material shape in a stencil. (8) Advanced mold processing and research and development of proprietary equipment. (9) Die and mold parts, important accessories of standardization technology. (10) Detection technology of mould and its products. (11) Quality, research and development of new die material and its correct application. (12) Modern management technology of mould production enterprises.5 There is a problem and the main gap Although the mold volume has now reached a considerable scale, die level has greatly improved, design and manufacture level in General, but lags behind Germany and the United States, Japan, France, Italy, and other industries in developed countries a lot. Major performance problems and gaps that currently exist in the following areas: (1) Total supply Die from domestic distribution rate is only 70% per cent. Low-grade die GLUT, high-end die distribution rate is only 50% or so. (2) Structure and enterprise organization structure, product mix, technology import and export structure is unreasonable Most mold production plant in China was made in distribution of mould workshop (workshop), originating in the proportions of up to 60% around, and die abroad more than 70% is a commodity mould. Professional mould factory was large and comprehensive, self-contained Organization, and abroad are little, small but excellent. China has large, sophisticated, complex and long life expectancy to less than the amount of mold 30%, and abroad in 50% above. 2004 year, die import/export ratio of 3.7:1, imports and exports net of imports amounted to 13.2 billion dollars, for the State of the worlds largest net importer of mold. (3) Mold products levels significantly lower than international levels, production cycle are higher than international levels Low levels of products mainly in the surface roughness in precision, the cavity of the mould, and the structure of life. (4) Weak development, poor economic benefits Low mould enterprise technical personnel in China, low level, and do not pay attention to product development, often in a passive position in the market. Each stencil in China workers average years to create about 1 million dollars, foreign mould industry in developed countries are 1520 million dollars, some up to 2530 million dollars, and is also used quite a lot of mold enterprises in China in the past workshop management, so fewer enterprises modern enterprise management. Many causes of this gap, in addition to die as long-term history did not receive the attention it deserves, and most outside the mechanism of State-owned enterprises cannot adapt to the market economy, there are the following reasons: (5) National policies support the die industry is not enough Although the State had enacted clear industrial policy in the mold industry, but less supporting policies, enforcement is weak. Currently enjoying mould enterprise national sales tax only 185, most companies are still too heavy a burden. For die and mold enterprise technology imported equipment to pay a considerable amount of taxes, influence technological advances, loans and private enterprise is very difficult. (6) A serious shortage of personnel, scientific research, development and technology research into too little Die industry technology, capital and labor intensive industries, as the era of progress and development, mastering and shortage of skilled talent exception to using new technology, advanced die Machinist and business management talent is also very nervous. Due to die poor efficiency and enough attention to scientific research and development and technology, research institutes and tertiary institutions eyes revenue-generating, resulting in mold industry invest too little in research and development and technical problems, mold technology development is not progressing fast. (7) Low levels of technology and equipment, and poor compatibility, low utilization rates Chinas machine tool industry progress faster in recent years, has been able to provide a complete set of high-precision process equipment, but compared with foreign equipment, there are still large gaps. Although many companies have introduced many advanced foreign equipment, but the overall level of equipment is much lower than many foreign enterprises. Due to institutional and financial reasons, the introduction of equipment does not fit, and supporting equipment and accessories are not widespread, equipment utilization and low long-term lack of a better solution. (8) Degree of specialization, standardization, and commercialization of low, poor collaboration capabilities Because of a long time, large and comprehensive self-contained effect, die low levels of specialization, specialization is not delicate goods of low. Chinas annual production of mould, mould of goods accounted for only 40of about, the rest for captive use. Die due to poor collaboration between enterprises, is difficult to complete a large die sets the scale of the task. Low levels of standardization of mould, mould standard parts with low coverage also has larger effect on die quality, cost, especially for mould cycle has a great influence. (9) Mold material and tool technology Mold performance, quality, and variety of materials problems tend to affect die quality, long life and cost, compared to steel made in China and imported steel has a large gap. Plastic, sheet metal, poor device performance, would directly affect the improvement of mold.6 Mould industry development planAt present, Chinas economy is still in a stage of rapid development, international development trend of economic globalization is increasingly clear, this is Chinas mold industry rapid development provides good conditions and opportunities. On one hand, domestic tooling market continued rapid development, on the other hand, mould manufacturing transfer to China gradually and the multinational group to die in China Sourcing trends are clear. So, look to the future, General mold of international and domestic market development prospects, are expected to die in a favorable market environment under rapid development, China will not only as a die for power, and it gradually to mold manufacturing country. The Twelve-Five period, China mould industry not only in terms of quantity and quality has greatly improved, but its industrial structure, product innovation, development capacity, institutions and mechanisms, as well as technological advances will achieve greater development. According to the Twelve-Five die industry development plan, Twelve-Five die during product development mainly in the following categories: (1) Automobile covering mould Total stamping die mold for 40% above. Automobile Panel dies mainly for automobile Assembly, including for agricultural vehicles, construction machinery and agricultural machinery also supporting Panel dies, it in stamping die, with a large representation of molds are mostly large and medium-sized, complex, high technical requirements. Especially for cars supporting the Panel die, more, can represent the level of stamping dies. This type of mould in China have had a certain amount of technical basis, for mid-range cars has been supporting, but the level is not high, lack of capacity, about half currently meet only. Luxury car in Panel die mainly rely on imports, has become the bottleneck of automobile development, greatly affects models of development. (2) Precision stamping mould Multi-position progressive die for precision die represent the development direction of stamping die, life requires a very high precision requirements, mainly for electronics, automotive, instrumentation, electrical appliances and other facilities. Both die, China has a considerable basis, and the introduction of foreign technology and equipment, product has reached the world level of the individual enterprise, but most companies still have a larger gap, total lack of supply, import a lot. (3) Large precision plastic mould Total amount of plastic die mold near 40%, and this proportion is rising. Plastic die in the for car and appliances supporting of large injection die, for IC supporting of plastic sea