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二、注塑模和压缩模尽管成型某些热固性材料的方法取得了一定进步,但注塑模主要(还是)用来生产热塑性塑件(这主要是因为)热固性塑料熔体的过程中,也会出现这种情况,这个问题一直非常难解决。住宿成型要换里和铸造十分相似。住宿成型的工艺过程包括:首先把料斗中的粉状或粒状的塑料混合物依次输送到定量去和熔化区,然后再注射到模具型腔中,经过短时冷却后,开模,推出成型塑件。注塑机分为手动,半自动及全自动操作。住宿模具有以下优点:(i) 较高的成型速度使大批量生产成为可能;(ii) 为成形具有不同使用性能的热塑性材料提供了较宽的选择;(iii) 可成型带有螺纹的塑件、侧向凹陷的塑件、带有侧孔的塑件和较大的薄壁件。熔融塑料注入模具中通常有几种方式。在大型注塑机上采用往复螺杆式的注入方式。螺杆同时具有注射和塑化的功能。树脂原料进入旋转的螺杆时,要经过三个区域:喂入区、压实区和塑化区经过喂入区后,为压实树脂原料,螺杆螺旋部分的深度逐渐降低,同时传递树脂原料间因剪切作用而产生的热量,使原料呈现半流动状态。在计量区,螺缸表面的加热装置对熔体进一步加热。当熔体充满螺杆前部区域时,螺杆在熔体压力的作用下后退,触动限位开关使液压缸工作,在液压力的作用下推动螺杆向前运动,将熔融塑料注射到闭合的模具型腔中。防倒流阀能够阻止受压熔体倒流进螺杆的螺旋区。注塑机的锁磨系统所提供的锁模力由(塑件在分型面的投影)尺寸决定,锁模力以吨为单位。通常靠经验来决定塑件所需要的锁模力总吨数,一般在塑件投影面积上每平方英寸需要作用两吨锁模力。如果熔体流动困难或塑件较薄,锁模力应提高到三到四吨。许多螺杆式注塑机能生产热固性塑料。以前,热固性塑料由挤出模具或传递模具生产。热固性塑料熔体在模具内固化或发生聚合反应,并在温度为375410范围内推出热塑性塑料熔体必须在模具冷却成型,以保证推出时不发生变形。这种热硬化性循环速度很快。当然,生产热塑性塑件时,模具必须被加热,而不是冷却。注塑模重要性有:、塑料具有密度小、质量轻、比强度大、绝缘性好、介电损耗低、化学稳定性强、成型生产率高和价格低廉等优点,在国民经济和人民日常生活的各个领域得到了日益广泛的应用,早在二十世纪九十年代初,塑料的年产量按体积计算已经超过钢铁和有色金属年产量的总和。在机电(如所谓的黑色家电)、仪表、化工、汽车和航天航空等领域,塑料已成为金属的良好代用材料,出现了金属材料塑料、以汽车工业为例,由于汽车轻量化、低能耗的发展要求,汽车零部件的材料构成发生了明显的以塑代钢的变化,目前我国汽车塑料占汽车自重的5%至6%,而国外已达13%,根据专家预测,汽车塑料的单车用量还将会进一步增加。在现代车辆上,无论是外装饰件、内装饰件,还是功能与结构件,都可以采用塑料材料,外装饰件有保险杠、挡泥板、车轮罩、导流板等;内装饰件有仪表板、车门内板、副仪表板、杂物箱盖、座椅、后护板等;功能与结构件有油箱、散热器水室、空滤器罩、风扇叶片等。据统计,我国2000年汽车产量200多万辆,车用塑料达138万吨。从国内外汽车塑料应用的情况看,汽车塑料的用量现已成为衡量汽车生产技术水平的标志之一。、作为塑料制件最有效的成型方法之一的注塑成型由于可以一次成型各种结构复杂、尺寸精密和带有金属嵌件的制品,并且成型周期短,可以一模多腔,生产率高,大批生产时成本低廉,易于实现自动化生产,因此在塑料加工行业中占有非常重要的地位。据统计,塑料模具约占所有模具(包括金属模)的38.2%,塑料制品总重量的大约32%是用于注射成型的,80%以上的工程塑料制品都要采用注射成型方式生产。、根据海关统计,我国2000年共进口模具9.77亿美元,其中塑胶模具共5.5亿美元,占56.3%,2001年共进口模具11.12亿美元,其中塑胶模具共6.16亿美元,占55.4%。从品种上来说,进口量最大的是塑胶模具。在压缩成型过程中,塑料原料是以粉状或锭料形式放置在加热的金属模具型腔中。因为分型面是水平面,上模就垂直下行。闭合模具后,预成型加压加热作用一段时间。在压力为23t/in和温度为华氏温度350的作用下,是塑料呈半液态,充满模具型腔。虽然近年来开发的酚醛树脂可在25S内塑化,但塑料通常的塑化需要115min。最后开模取出塑件。如果零件中含有金属嵌件,应在注入塑料前,讲嵌件放入型腔定位孔中。锭料在装入模腔前预热出去气体,增强流动性,以便于充满模具和缩短塑化时间。电介质加热时加热锭料的便利方法。因为塑料是直接加入模具型腔中的,所以压缩模比其他模塑料工艺的模具简单,不需要浇道和浇口,可以节省原料,因为清理浇道和浇口,对热固性塑料来说是极大的浪费。用于压缩模塑的压力机通常是垂直液压机。较大的压力机要求操作者全神贯注地操作;然而,一个操作者可以同时操作几台小型压力机,因此压力机要合理放置以便操作者能够方便你从一台到另一台进行操作,操作者要保证当他再次绕道特定压力机前时,模具恰好准备开模。热固性塑料在加热和加压作用下固化,这个特性决定其适合压缩模和传递模。因为压缩模要交替的加热和冷却,所以热塑性塑料实际上不是用于压缩成型。为了使热塑性塑料之间硬化并从型腔中顶出,就需要将塑件冷却。压缩模的类型。 用于压缩的模具可分为四种基本类型,分别是:不溢式压缩模、挡环不溢式压缩模、溢式压缩模和半溢式压缩模。在不溢式压缩模中,柱塞式凸模随上模进入下模模腔成型,因为下模没有挡环或限位装置,柱塞式凸模继续下行以全部压力施加在塑料上,这样就成产出具有良好电性能和物理性能的致密塑件。加入模腔的塑料剂量须精确计量,以为其影响零件的壁厚。挡环不溢式压缩模与不溢式压缩模类似,只是在预定点处增加了挡环,使柱塞式凸模在预定点停止运动,在这种模具中挡环吸收了原应作用在零件上的部分压力。这种压缩模可精确控制零件的壁厚,但是塑件密度的变化是相当大的。在溢式压缩模中,溢料会增加上下模的尺寸。当上模对塑料施压时,多余的塑料会从分型面处溢出。对溢料进一步施压,他就硬化最后在上模形成飞边。生产致密塑件通常需要使用的计算量稍多的原料来增加压力。这种类型的模具之所以在生产中广泛采用,是因为它想对比较容易制造,并能够控制塑件的厚度和致密度,使其更接近要求。半溢式压缩模是溢式压缩模和不溢式压缩模的组合类型,除了飞边外,采用的挡环可限制上模的移动。二、The injection and Compression MoldingInjection molding si principally used for the production of the thermoplastic parts, although some progress has been made in developing a method for injection molding some thermosetting materials. The problem of injecting a melted plastic into a mold cavity form a reservoir of melted material has been extremely difficult to solve for thermosetting plastics which cure and harden under such conditions within a few minutes. The principle of injection molding is quite similar to that of die-casting. The process consists of feeding a plastic compound in powdered or granular form from a hopper through metering and melting stages and then injecting it into a mold. After a brief coolling period, the mold is opened and the solidified part ejected. Injection-molding machines can be arranged for manual operation, automatic single-cucle operation, and full automatic operation. The advantage of injection molding are:(i) a high molding speed adapted for mass production is possible;(ii) there is a wide choice of thermoplastic materials providing a variety of usefull properties;(iii) it is possible to mold threads, undercuts, side holes, and large thin sections. Several methods are used to force or inject the melted plastic into the mold. The most commonly used system in the larger machines is the in-line reciprocating screw.The screw acts as a combination and plasticizing unit.As the plastic is fed to the rotating screw,it passes through three zones as shown: feed,compression, and metering. After the feed zone, the screw-flight depth is gradually reduced,forcing the plastic to compress. The work is converted to heat by shearing the plastic, making it a semifluid mass. In the metering zone, additional heat is applied by conduction from the barrel surface. As the chamber in front of the screw becomes filled, it forces the screw back, tripping a limit switch that activates a hydraulic cylinder that forces the screw forward and injects the fluid plastic into the closed mold.An antiflowback valve prevents plastic under pressure from escaping back into the screw flights.The clamping force that a machine is capable of exerting is part of the size designation and is measured in tons. A rule-of-thumb can be used to determine the tonnage required for a particular job. It is based on two tons of clamp force per square inch of projected area. If the flow pattern is difficult and the parts are thin,this may have to go to three or four tons.Many reciprocating - screw machines are capable of handing thermosetting plastic materials.Previously these materials were handled by compression or transfer molding.Thermosetting materials cure or polymerize in the mold and are ejected hot in the range of 375410.Thermoplastic parts must be allowed to cool in the mold in order to remove them without distortion.Thus thermosetting cycles can be faster.Of course the mold must be heated rather than chilled,as with thermoplastics.The importance of Injecting the mold are :、Plastics have the density small, the quality light, the specific tenacity big, the insulating property good, the dielectric loss low, the chemical stability strong, the formation productivity high and the price inexpensive and so on the merits, obtained day by day the widespread application in the national economy and peoples daily life each domain, as early as in the beginning of 1990s, the plastic annual output already surpassed the steel and iron and the non-ferrous metal annual output sum total according to the volume computation.In mechanical and electrical (for example so-called black electrical appliances), domains and so on measuring appliance, chemical, the automobile and astronautics aviation, the plastic has become the metal the good substitution material, had the metal material plastic tendency.、Take the automobile industry as the example , as a result of the automobile lightweight, the low energy consumption development request, the automobile spare part material constitution occurred obviously has modelled the band steel the change, at present our country automobile plastic accounts for 5% which the automobile was self-possessed to 6%, but overseas has reached 13%, forecast according to the expert, the automobile plastic bicycle amount used will also be able further to increase.On modern vehicles, regardless of is outside installs the assorted items, the internal installation assorted items, the function and the structural element, all may use the plastic material, outside installs the assorted items to have the bumper, the fender, the wheel hub cap, the air deflector and so on; After the internal installation assorted items have in the display board, the vehicle door the board, the vice-display board, the sundry goods box lid, the chair, the guard shield and so on; The function and the structural element have the fuel tank, the radiator header, the spatial filter hood, the fan blade and so on.Statistics have indicated, our country in 2000 automobile output more than 200 ten thousand, the vehicle amounted to 1,380,000 tons with the plastic.Looked from the domestic and foreign automobile plastic application situation that, the automobile plastic amount used already became one of weight automobile production technical level symbols.、Injection of a molding formation as plastic workpiece most effective formation methods because may by one time take shape each kind of structure complex, the size precise and has the metal to inlay a product, and the formation cycle is short, may by mold multi-cavities, the productivity be high, when mass productions the cost isvery inexpensive, easy to realize the automated production, therefore holds the extremely important status in the plastic processing profession.Statistics have indicated, plastic mold composition all molds (including metal pattern) 38.2%, the plastic product gross weight about 32% is uses in injecting the formation, 80% above engineering plastics product all must use the injection formation way production. 4. counts according to the customs, our country in 2000 altogether imported mold 977,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic molding forms altogether 550,000,000 US dollars, occupied for 56.3%,2001 years altogether to import mold 1,112,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic molding forms altogether 616,000,000 US dollars, accounted for 55.4%.From the variety, the import volume biggest is the plastic molding forms.、Counts according to the customs, our country in 2000 altogether imported mold 977,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic molding forms altogether 550,000,000 US dollars, occupied for 56.3%, 2001 years altogether to import mold 1,112,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic molding forms altogether 616,000,000 US dollars, accounted for 55.4%.From the variety, the import volume biggest is the plastic molding forms. In compression molding the palstic material as powder or preforms is placed into a heated steel mold cavity,Since the parting surface is in a horizontal plane ,the upper half of the mold descends vertically.It closes the mold cavity and pressures for a predetermined period.A pressure of from 2 to 3 tons square inch and a temperaure at approximately 350F converts the plastic to a semiliquid which flows to all parts of the mold cavity.Usually from 1 to 15 minutes is required for curing,altough a recently developed alkyd plastic will cure in less than 25 secends. The mold is then opended and the molded part removed.If metal insers are desired in the parts,they should be placed in the mold cavity on pins or in the holes before the plastic is loaded.Also, the preforms should be preheated before loading into the mold cavity to eliminate gases,inprove flow,and decrease curing time.Dieletric heating is a convenient method of heating the preforms.Since the plastic material is placed directly into the mold cavity,the mold itself can be simpler than those used for other molding precesses.Gates and sprues are unnecessary.This also results in a saving in material,because trimmed-off gates and sprues would be a complete loss of the thermosetting plastic.The press require the full attention of one operator.However,several smaller presses can be operated by one operator. The presses are conveniently located so the operator can easilymove from one to the next.By the time he gets around to a particular press again,that mold will be ready to open.the thermosetting plastics which harden under heat and pressure are suitable for compression molding and transfer molding.It is not practical to moid shermoplastic materials by these methods,since the molds would have to be alternately heated and cooled.In order to harden and eject thermoplastic parts form the mold,cooling would be necessary.Types of molds for compression molding.The molds used for compression molding are classified into four basic types, namely ,positive molds,landed positive mold,flash-type molds,and semipositive molds.In a positive mold the plunger on the upper mold enters the lower mold cavity.since there are no lands or stops on the lower die ,the plunger completely trap the plastic material and descends with full pressure on the charge.A dense part with good electrical and physical properties is produced.The amount of plastic placed in the die cavity must be accurately measured,since it determines the thickness of the part .A landed positive mold is similar to a positive mold except that lands are added to stop the travel of the plunger at predetermined point.In this case,the lands absorb some of the pressure that should be exerted on the parts.The thickness of the parts will be accurately controlled,but the density may vary cansideraby.In a flash-type mold,flash redges are added ti the top and bottom molds.As the upper mold exerts pressure on the plastic,excess material is forced out between the flash ridges where it forms flash.This flash is further compressed.becomes hardened,and finally stops the downard thavel of the upper mold.A slight excess of the plastic material is always chared to ensure sufficient pressurs to produce a dense molded part.This type of mold is widely used because it is comparatively easy to construct and it controls thickness and density within colse limits.The semipositive mold is a combination od the flash type and landed posive molds.In addition to the flash ridges,a land is employed to restrict the travel of the upper mold.本科毕业论文(设计) 开题报告书题 目: 塑料瓶注射模设计 学 院: 机械工程学院 专业年级: 10届机械设计及自动化 姓 名: 学 号: 指导老师: 职 称: 本科毕业论文(设计)开题报告书学院:机械工程学院学生姓名学号专业年级、班指导教师1、本选题研究的目的及意义注塑模具就是利用特定形状去成型具有一定形状和尺寸的塑料制品的工艺基础装备。用注塑模具生产的主要优点是制造简便、材料利用高、生产率高、产品的尺寸规格一致,特别是对大批量生产的机电产品,更能获得价廉物美的经济效果。注塑模具的现代设计与制造和现代注塑工业的发展有极密切的关系。随着注塑工业的飞速发展,注塑模具工业也随之迅速发展。毕业设计是大学生涯的最后一个教学环节,是学生获得学士学位的必要条件。通过本次设计的目的:(1)能熟悉注射模的一般流程;(2)能对一般塑件能设计出其模具;(3)能掌握注射模具结构特点及其设计计算方法;(4)学会综合运用所学理论知识和技能的训练,从而提高分析问题和解决问题的能力;(5)学会如何收集、运用一些原始资料以及如何使用规范、手册,熟悉绘图技能从而提高设计计算及绘图的能力;(6)培养进行调查研究,面向实际,面向生产,面向工人和技术人员的工作态度,工作方法,为以后从事相关工作打下坚实的基础;2、本选题国内外研究状况综述1862年英国亚历山大柏士(Alexander Par Kes)展出了用注塑成型制成的塑料梳子、伞柄和其他制品。当时希望使用在电器工业上,需要能够代替天然石蜡、树脂、角质、虫胶和天然橡胶作为电绝缘体的新材料。“柏士”塑料的主要成分是硝酸纤维素再加上少量其它物质,可使它具有塑性和其它物理机械等性质。 论文题目塑料瓶注射模设计1869年英国一位印刷员海特(Hytt)改良了“柏士”塑料,制成了赛璐铬,但仍以硝酸纤维素(CN)为主,1879年他把赛璐铬注入一模出六个制品的模具中,这个模子已有主流道、分流道和浇口。实际上,在注塑成型之前,已经有了橡胶挤出机和金属压铸机。如在18451850年修筑英法的第一条海底电缆时,就是利用挤出机在外层包上橡胶生产出来的。直至20年以后才有热塑性聚合物面世。1979年Gray在英国发明了第一部螺旋挤出机。差不多在同一时期,有人设计出更多的机型。在聚合物材料和注塑成型方法的发展中,聚合物材料和机器有着十分密切的联系,两者是相辅相成的。由于赛璐铬可燃性强,不适宜注塑,直到1919年Eichengrun推出醋酸纤维素(CA)后,注塑技术才得到了进一步的发展。1920年注塑已发展成为工业化的加工方法,可以使热塑性材料聚合物生产出复杂的制品。1926年在市场上已出售注射量为56.7g(20Z)用压缩空气推动的活塞式注塑机;1930年在德国和美国已有电力驱动的注塑机;英国FR Ncisshaw LTD还发明了压缩空气油压注塑机。料筒是注塑机的心脏,Hans Gastrovl在1932年发明了有分流梭的料筒,增大了聚合物材料的加热面积,克服了塑料导热性差、受力不均匀等缺点。但是分流梭却占去了料筒内的一部分容积,增加了阻力,是熔体注入模腔困难。1930年美国赛璐铬公司开发了螺杆熔料器式注射法。1940年德国BASF公司又发明了螺杆直射注塑法,但是当时仍受到聚合物品的限制而没有很大的发展,直到第二次世界大战后,工程用的聚合无品种增加并相继投入工业化生产,才使注塑成型得到迅速的发展。70年代以来是整个塑料工业发展的重要历史时期,从民用塑料开发转向工程塑料是这个时期的主要特征之一。推动这种转变的重要因素是世界能源危机和金属材料价格的上涨。因而迫使人们大力发展过程塑料,实现“以塑代钢”、“以塑代木”、以石料代替其它非金属工业材料的愿望。在此期间除了对原有过程塑料进行共混改性外,还创造了许多新型高分子材料。这些新型高分子材料的诞生对注塑技术提出了更高的要求。现在世界工程塑料的销售量正以10%的速度增长。在工程塑料中由30%采用注塑成型,其产品虽然只占全部注塑制品产量的20%,但总产量却占40%。如ABS经共混改性后,如今已有40多个品种,其中绝大部分用于注塑成型,聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚酯等类经过共混改性后可注塑成各种“塑料合金”制品,作各种结构零件,广泛地应用在汽车、机械、航空、宇航、建筑等行业中。由热弹性体TPR、TRE和“亚加力”共混后,再加入不同的增塑剂,可注塑成各种电子工业零件;用玻璃纤维增强的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PETP)、聚对二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBTP)热塑性聚酯塑料可注塑成型各种轴套、齿轮、滚轮等机械零件,使其热变形温度可达224C,弯曲强度达176.5MPa(1800kgf/cm2)。俗称“赛钢”、“夺钢”的缩醛塑料是一种由聚甲醛衍生出来的甲醛环状三聚物;再加上25%玻璃纤维的增强填料,采用注塑法可加工出尺寸精度为0.1%的齿轮,以及弹簧、轴承和滚筒等精密零件。用注塑成型方法还能成功地生产出一些复合型材料的制品,如复合型导电塑料产品,是以不同树脂为基础,添加碳黑、金属氧化物、金属薄片、导电有机化合物或无机化合物,具有防静电、消静电和电磁波屏蔽等性能的塑料构成的,其注塑制品可广泛应用与电子工业部门,做各种电器元件。用注塑法还可生产热塑料磁铁;这是由稀土类磁粉与聚酰胺等树脂经过混炼后在磁场中注塑的制品,磁粉最高充填密度可达95%。用注塑方法生产的塑料品种十分广泛,除了大多数热塑性树脂,如聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、ABS、聚酰胺(PA)、有机玻璃(PMMA)等通用塑料和工程塑料外,还有它们的共混料,都可用注塑法生产出具有不同力学、物理、耐磨、耐腐蚀等性能的结构零件。近年来高分子材料的品种得到迅速的发展,而这些材料的特性差异很大,普通注塑已不再能适应这些材料的工艺要求,因此在通用注塑成型基础上又发展了其他许多注塑方法,主要有:(1)、热固性塑料注塑;(2)、结构发泡注塑;(3)、多组发泡注塑;(4)、反应注塑成型。这些成型技术正迅速的发展。现在世界工程塑料的销售量正以10%的速度增长。在工程塑料中由30%采用注塑成型,其产品虽然只占全部注塑制品产量的20%,但总产量却占40%。如ABS经共混改性后,如今已有40多个品种,其中绝大部分用于注塑成型,聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚酯等类经过共混改性后可注塑成各种“塑料合金”制品,作各种结构零件,广泛地应用在汽车、机械、航空、宇航、建筑等行业中。由热弹性体TPR、TRE和“亚加力”共混后,再加入不同的增塑剂,可注塑成各种电子工业零件;用玻璃纤维增强的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PETP)、聚对二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBTP)热塑性聚酯塑料可注塑成型各种轴套、齿轮、滚轮等机械零件,使其热变形温度可达224C,弯曲强度达176.5MPa(1800kgf/cm2)。俗称“赛钢”、“夺钢”的缩醛塑料是一种由聚甲醛衍生出来的甲醛环状三聚物;再加上25%玻璃纤维的增强填料,采用注塑法可加工出尺寸精度为0.1%的齿轮,以及弹簧、轴承和滚筒等精密零件。用注塑成型方法还能成功地生产出一些复合型材料的制品,如复合型导电塑料产品,是以不同树脂为基础,添加碳黑、金属氧化物、金属薄片、导电有机化合物或无机化合物,具有防静电、消静电和电磁波屏蔽等性能的塑料构成的,其注塑制品可广泛应用与电子工业部门,做各种电器元件。用注塑法还可生产热塑料磁铁;这是由稀土类磁粉与聚酰胺等树脂经过混炼后在磁场中注塑的制品,磁粉最高充填密度可达95%。用注塑方法生产的塑料品种十分广泛,除了大多数热塑性树脂,如聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、ABS、聚酰胺(PA)、有机玻璃(PMMA)等通用塑料和工程塑料外,还有它们的共混料,都可用注塑法生产出具有不同力学、物理、耐磨、耐腐蚀等性能的结构零件。近年来高分子材料的品种得到迅速的发展,而这些材料的特性差异很大,普通注塑已不再能适应这些材料的工艺要求,因此在通用注塑成型基础上又发展了其他许多注塑方法,主要有:(1)、热固性塑料注塑;(2)、结构发泡注塑;(3)、多组发泡注塑;(4
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