固定资产、自然资源、无形资产.ppt

固定资产 自然资源 无形资产 天马行空官方博客 Plantassetsaretangibleresourcesthatareusedintheoperationsofabusinessandarenotintendedforsaletocustomers Plantassetsaresubdividedintofourclasses 1Land土地2Landimprovements土地附着物3Buildings建筑物4Equipment设备 PLANTASSETS固定资产 Plantassetsarerecordedatcostinaccordancewiththecostprinciple Costconsistsofallexpendituresnecessarytoacquiretheassetandmakeitreadyforitsintendeduse Thesecostsincludepurchaseprice freightcosts andinstallationcosts Expendituresthatarenotnecessaryshouldberecordedasexpenses losses orotherassets DETERMININGTHECOSTOFPLANTASSETS Costismeasuredbythecashpaidinacashtransactionorbythecashequivalentpricewhennon cashassetsareusedinpayment Thecashequivalentpriceisequaltothefairmarketvalue市场公允价值oftheassetgivenuporthefairmarketvalueoftheassetreceived whicheverismoreclearlydeterminable MEASUREMENTOFPLANTASSETCOST固定资产成本的计量 ThecostofLandincludes 1 cashpurchaseprice2 closingcostssuchastitleandattorney sfees3 realestatebrokers commissions4 accruedpropertytaxesandotheronthelandassumedbythepurchaser AllnecessarycostsincurredinmakinglandreadyforitsintendedusearedebitedtotheLandaccount LAND Sometimespurchasedlandhasabuildingonitthatmustberemovedtomakethesitesuitableforconstructionofanewbuilding Inthiscase alldemolitionandremovalcostslessanyproceedsfromsalvagedmaterialsarechargeabletotheLandaccount Thecostoflandimprovementsincludesallexpendituresnecessarytomaketheimprovementsreadyfortheirintendedusesuchas 1parkinglots paving2fencing and3lighting LANDIMPROVEMENTS Thecostofbuildingsincludesallnecessaryexpendituresrelatingtothepurchaseorconstructionofabuilding Whenabuildingispurchased suchcostsincludethepurchaseprice closingcosts andrealestatebroker scommission BUILDINGS Coststomakethebuildingreadyforitsintendeduseconsistofexpendituresforremodelingandreplacingorrepairingtheroof floors wiring andplumbing Whenanewbuildingisconstructed costconsistsofthecontractpricepluspaymentsforarchitects fees buildingpermits interestpaymentsduringconstruction andexcavationcosts BUILDINGS Thecostofequipmentconsistsofthecashpurchaseprice salestaxes freightcharges andinsurancepaidbythepurchaserduringtransit Costincludesallexpendituresrequiredinassembling installing andtestingtheunit Recurringcostssuchaslicensesandinsuranceareexpensedasincurred EQUIPMENT Thecostofequipmentconsistsofthecashpurchaseprice salestaxes freightcharges andinsuranceduringtransitpaidbythepurchaser Italsoincludesexpendituresrequiredinassembling installing andtestingtheunit However motorvehiclelicensesandaccidentinsuranceoncompanycarsandtrucksareexpensedasincurred sincetheyrepresentannualrecurringexpendituresthatdonotbenefitfutureperiods Depreciationistheprocessofallocatingtoexpensethecostofaplantassetoveritsuseful service lifeinarationalandsystematicmanner Costallocationisdesignedtoprovideforthepropermatchingofexpenseswithrevenuesinaccordancewiththematchingprinciple DEPRECIATION折旧 Duringanasset slife itsusefulnessmaydeclinebecauseofwearandtearorobsolescence Recognitionofdepreciationdoesnotresultintheaccumulationofcashforthereplacementoftheasset Landistheonlyplantassetthatisnotdepreciated DEPRECIATION折旧 Threefactorsthataffectthecomputationofdepreciationare 1Cost allexpendituresnecessarytoacquiretheassetandmakeitreadyforintendeduse 2Usefullife使用寿命 estimateoftheexpectedlifebasedonneedforrepair servicelife andvulnerabilitytoobsolescence 3Salvagevalue残值 estimateoftheasset svalueattheendofitsusefullife FACTORSINCOMPUTINGDEPRECIATION methodsofrecognizingdepreciation 1Straight line直线法2Unitsofactivity产量法3Declining balance余额递减法 Eachmethodisacceptableundergenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples Managementselectsthemethodthatisappropriateinthecircumstances Onceamethodischosen itshouldbeappliedconsistently USEOFDEPRECIATIONMETHODSINMAJORU S COMPANIES Underthestraight linemethod depreciationisthesameforeachyearoftheasset susefullife Itismeasuredbythepassageoftime Inordertocomputedepreciationexpense itisnecessarytodeterminedepreciablecost Depreciablecostisthetotalamountsubjecttodepreciationandiscomputedasfollows Depreciablecost Costofasset salvagevalue STRAIGHT LINE直线法 13 000 1 000 12 000 12 000 5 2 400 Cost SalvageValue DepreciableCost DepreciableCost UsefulLife DepreciationExpense BookValue cost accumulateddepreciation 13000 2400 10600 Undertheunits of activitymethod servicelifeisexpressedintermsofthetotalunitsofproductionorexpectedusefromtheasset ratherthantime Theformulasforcomputingdepreciationexpenseare 1DepreciableCost TotalUnitsofActivity DepreciationCostperUnit2DepreciationCostperUnitXUnitsofActivityDuringtheYear DepreciationExpense UNITS OF ACTIVITY工作量法 Inusingthismethod itisoftendifficulttomakeareasonableestimateoftotalactivity Whentheproductivityofanassetvariessignificantlyfromoneperiodtoanother thismethodresultsinthebestmatchingofexpenseswithrevenues UNITS OF ACTIVITY工作量法 12 000 100 000miles 0 12 0 12 15000 1 800 DepreciableCost Totalunitsofactivity DepreciableCostperunit DepreciableCostperunit Unitsofyear DepreciationExpense BookValue cost accumulateddepreciation 12000 1800 10200 DECLINING BALANCE余额递减法 Thedeclining balancemethodproducesadecreasingannualdepreciationexpenseovertheusefullifeoftheasset Thecalculationofperiodicdepreciationisbasedonadecliningbookvalue costlessaccumulateddepreciation oftheasset DECLINING BALANCE余额递减法 Annualdepreciationexpenseiscalculatedbymultiplyingthebookvalueatthebeginningoftheyearbythedeclining balancedepreciationrate Thedepreciationrateremainsconstantfromyeartoyear butthebookvaluetowhichtherateisapplieddeclineseachyear Thebookvalueforthefirstyearisthecostoftheassetsinceaccumulateddepreciationhasazerobalanceatthebeginningoftheasset susefullife Insubsequentyears bookvalueisthedifferencebetweencostandaccumulateddepreciationatthebeginningoftheyear DECLINING BALANCE余额递减法 Theformulaforcomputingdepreciationexpenseis BookValueatBeginningofYearXDecliningBalanceRate AnnualDepreciationExpenseThismethodiscompatiblewiththematchingprinciplebecausethehigherdepreciationinearlyyearsismatchedwiththehigherbenefitsreceivedintheseyears DECLINING BALANCE余额递减法 double declining balancemethod双倍余额递减法 Unliketheotherdepreciationmethods salvagevalueisignoredindeterminingtheamounttowhichthedecliningbalancerateisapplied Acommonapplicationofthedeclining balancemethodisthedouble declining balancemethod双倍余额递减法 inwhichthedeclining balancerateisdoublethestraight linerate IfBarb sFloristsusesthedouble declining balancemethod thedepreciationis40 2Xthestraight linerateof20 13 000 x40 5 200 BookValueatBeginningof1styear DecliningBalanceRate DepreciationExpense BookValue 13000 5200 7800 7800 x40 3120 BookValueatBeginningof2ndyear DecliningBalanceRate DepreciationExpense BookValue 7800 3120 4680 4680 x40 1872 BookValueatBeginningof3rdyear DecliningBalanceRate DepreciationExpense BookValue 4680 1872 2808 Ifwearandtearorobsolescenceindicatethatannualdepreciationisinadequateorexcessive achangeintheperiodicamountshouldbemade Whenachangeismade 1thereisnocorrectionofpreviouslyrecordeddepreciationexpenseand2depreciationexpenseforcurrentandfutureyearsisrevised Todeterminethenewannualdepreciationexpense thedepreciablecostatthetimeoftherevisionisdividedbytheremainingusefullife REVISINGPERIODICDEPRECIATION折旧的修正 Barb sFloristsdecidesonJanuary1 2005toextendtheusefullifeofthetruckoneyearbecauseofitsexcellentcondition Thecompanyhasusedthestraight linemethodtodepreciatetheassettodate andbookvalueis 5 800 13 000 7 200 Thenewannualdepreciationis 1 600 calculatedasfollows Ordinaryrepairsareexpenditurestomaintaintheoperatingefficiencyandexpectedproductivelifeoftheplantasset TheyaredebitedtoRepairsExpenseasincurredandareoftenreferredtoasrevenueexpenditures收入性支出 EXPENDITURESDURINGUSEFULLIFE Additionsandimprovementsarecostsincurredtoincreasetheoperatingefficiency productivecapacity orexpectedusefullifeoftheplantasset 1Theseexpendituresareusuallymaterialinamountandoccurinfrequentlyduringtheperiodofownership 2Sinceadditionsandimprovementsincreasethecompany sinvestmentinproductivefacilities theyaredebitstotheplantassetaffected andarereferredtoascapitalexpenditures资本性支出 EXPENDITURESDURINGUSEFULLIFE EliminatethebookvalueoftheplantassetatthedateofsalebydebitingAccumulatedDepreciationandcreditingtheassetaccountforitscost DebitCashtorecordthecashproceedsfromthesale Computegainorloss PLANTASSETDISPOSALS Ifthecashproceedsaregreaterthanthebookvalue recognizeagainbycreditingGainonDisposalforthedifference Ifthecashproceedsarelessthanthebookvalue recognizealossbydebitingLossonDisposalforthedifference PLANTASSETDISPOSALS GAINONDISPOSAL OnJuly1 2002 WrightCompanysellsofficefurniturefor 16 000cash Theofficefurnitureoriginallycost 60 000andasofJanuary1 2002 hadaccumulateddepreciationof 41 000 Depreciationforthefirstsixmonthsof2002is 8 000 TheentrytorecorddepreciationexpenseandupdateaccumulateddepreciationtoJuly1isasfollows AccumulatedDepreciation 41000 8000 49000 GAINONDISPOSAL Aftertheaccumulateddepreciationisupdated againondisposalof 5 000iscalculated Costofofficefurniture 60 000Less Accumulateddepreciation 49 000Bookvalueatdateofdisposal 11 000Proceedsfromsale 16 000Gainondisposal 5 000 LOSSONDISPOSAL Insteadofthesellingtheofficefurniturefor 16 000 Wrightsellsitfor 9 000 Inthiscase alossof 2 000iscalculated Costofofficefurniture 60 000Less Accumulateddepreciation 49 000Bookvalueatdateofdisposal 11 000Proceedsfromsale 9 000Lossondisposal 2 000 Exchangesofplantassetscanbeforsimilarordissimilarassets Inanexchangeofsimilarassets thenewassetisthesametypeasandperformsthesamefunctionastheoldasset Inexchangesofsimilarassets itisnecessarytodetermine1thecostoftheassetacquiredand2thegainorlossontheassetgivenup EXCHANGESOFPLANTASSETS Lossesontheexchangeofsimilarassetsarerecognizedimmediately Thecostofthenewassetreceivedisequaltothefairmarketvalueoftheoldassetexchangedplusanycashorotherconsiderationgivenup Alossresultswhenthebookvalueisgreaterthanthefairmarketvalueoftheassetgivenup LOSSTREATMENT COMPUTATIONOFCOSTOFNEWOFFICEEQUIPMENT RolandCompanyexchangesoldofficeequipmentfornewsimilarofficeequipment Thebookvalueoftheoldofficeequipmentis 26 000 70 000costless 44 000accumulateddepreciation itsfairmarketvalueis 10 000 and 81 000ofcashispaid Thecostofthenewofficeequipment 91 000 iscalculatedasfollows COMPUTATIONOFLOSSONDISPOSAL Throughthisexchange alossondisposalof 16 000isincurred Alossresultswhenthebookvalueisgreaterthanthefairmarketvalueoftheassetgivenup Thecalculationisasfollows Inrecordingtheexchangeatalossitisnecessaryto1eliminatethebookvalueoftheassetgivenup 2recordthecostoftheassetacquired and3recognizethelossondisposal Gainsonexchangeofsimilarassetsarenotrecognizedimmediately Instead theyaredeferredandreducethecostbasisofthenewasset Thecostofthenewassetreceivedisequaltothefairmarketvalueoftheoldassetexchangedplusanycashorotherconsiderationgivenup Againresultswhenthefairmarketvalueisgreaterthanthebookvalueoftheassetgivenup GAINTREATMENT COSTOFNEWEQUIPMENT BEFOREDEFERRALOFGAIN Mark sExpressDeliveryexchangesolddeliveryequipmentplus 3 000cashfornewdeliveryequipment Thebookvalueoftheolddeliveryequipmentis 12 000 40 000costless 28 000accumulateddepreciation itsfairmarketvalueis 19 000 Thecostofthenewdeliveryequipment 22 000 iscalculatedasfollows ForMark sExpressDelivery thereisagainof 7 000 calculatedasfollows onthedisposal COSTOFNEWDELIVERYEQUIPMENT AFTERDEFERRALOFGAIN The 7 000gainondisposalisthenoffsetagainstthe 22 000costofthenewdeliveryequipment Theresultisa 15 000costofthenewdeliveryequipment afterdeferralofthegain Theentrytorecordtheexchangeisasfollows Naturalresources consistofoil gas andminerals Naturalresourceshavetwodistinguishingcharacteristics 1Theyarephysicallyextractedinoperations 2Theyarereplaceableonlybyanactofnature NATURALRESOURCES Theacquisitioncostofanaturalresourceisthecashorcashequivalentpricenecessarytoacquiretheresourceandprepareitforitsintendeduse Iftheresourceisalreadydiscovered costisthepricepaidfortheproperty AQUISITIONCOST DEPLETION折耗 Theprocessofallocatingthecostofnaturalresourcestoexpenseinarationalandsystematicmannerovertheresource susefullifeiscalleddepletion Theunits of activitymethodisgenerallyusedtocomputedepletion becauseperiodicdepletiongenerallyisafunctionoftheunitsextractedduringtheyear FORMULATOCOMPUTEDEPLETIONEXPENSE RECORDINGDEPLETION TheLaneCoalCompanyinvests 5millioninamineestimatedtohave10milliontonsofcoalandnosalvagevalue Inthefirstyear 800 000tonsofcoalareextractedandsold Usingtheformulas thecalculationsareasfollows 5 000 000 10 000 000 50depletioncostperton 50X800 000 400 000depletionexpenseTheentrytorecorddepletionexpenseforthefirstyearofoperationsisasfollows Intangibleassetsarerights privileges andcompetitiveadvantagesthatresultfromtheownershipoflonglivedassetsthatdonotpossessphysicalsubstance Intangiblesmayarisefromgovernmentgrants acquisitionofanotherbusiness andprivatemonopolisticarrangements INTANGIBLEASSETS无形资产 Ingeneral accountingforintangibleassetsparallelstheaccountingforplantassets Intangibleassetsare 1recordedatcost 2writtenoffoverusefullifeinarationalandsystematicmanner and3atdisposal bookvalueiseliminatedandgainorloss ifany isrecorded ACCOUNTINGFORINTANGIBLEASSETS Differencesbetweentheaccountingforintangibleassetsandtheaccountingforplantassetsinclude Thesystematicwrite offofanintangibleassetisreferredtoasamortization摊销 Torecordamortization AmortizationExpenseisdebitedandthespecificintangibleassetiscredited Theamortizationperiodcannotbelongerthan40years Amortizationistypicallycomputedonastraight linebasis ApatentisanexclusiverightissuedbytheUnitedStatesPatentOfficethatenablestherecipienttomanufacture sell orotherwisecontrolhisorherinventionforaperiodof20yearsfromthedateofgrant Theinitialcostofapatentisthecashorcashequivalentpricepaidwhenthepatentisacquired PATENTS专利 LegalcostsincurredinsuccessfullydefendingthepatentareaddedtothePatentaccountandamortizedovertheremainingusefullifeofthepatent Thecostofthepatentshouldbeamortizedoverits20 yearlegallifeoritsusefullife whicheverisshorter PATENTS专利 RECORDINGPATENTS NationalLabspurchasesapatentatacostof 60 000 Iftheusefullifeofthepatentis8years theannualamortizationexpenseis 7 500 60 000 8 AmortizationExpense Patentisclassifiedasanoperatingexpenseintheincomestatement Theentrytorecordtheannualpatentamortizationis Copyrightsaregrantedbythefederalgovernment givingtheownertheexclusiverighttoreproduceandsellanartisticorpublishedwork Copyrightsextendforthelifeofthecreatorplus50years Thecostofacopyrightconsistsofthecostofacquiringanddefendingit COPYRIGHTS版权 Atrademarkortradenameisaword phrase orsymbolthatdistinguishesoridentifiesaparticularenterpriseorproduct Ifthetrademarkortradenameispurchased thecostisthepurchaseprice TRADEMARKSANDTRADENAMES商标和名称 Ifitisdevelopedbyacompany thecostincludesattorney sfees registrationfees designcostsandsuccessfullegaldefensefees Theyareamortizedovertheshorterofusefullifeor40years TRADEMARKSANDTRADENAMES商标和名称 Afranchiseisacontractualarrangementunderwhichthefranchisorgrantsthefranchiseetherighttosellcertainproducts torenderspecificservices ortousecertaintrademarksortradenames usuallywithinadesignatedgeographicalarea Anothertypeoffranchise commonlyreferredtoasalicenseorpermit isenteredintobetweenagovernmentalbodyandabusinessenterpriseandpermi