大学英语四级作文讲解.doc

大学英语四级写作专题讲解I.大纲对四级作文的要求及评分标准大学英语考试大纲中明确规定：四级大学英语写作考试时间为30分钟。要求应试者写出一篇不少于120个词的短文；写作命题源于日常生活和有关科技、社会文化等方面的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。其命题方式有：给出题目、或规定情景、或给出段首句续写、或给出关键词写短文、或看图作文。要求内容切题，文理通顺，表达正确，语义连贯，无重大语言错误。评分原则与标准 满分15分 阅卷标准共分为五等：2分，5分，8分，11分，14分 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误 5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分基本切题。有些地方思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误 11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误14分切题。思想表达清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。时间要求：30分钟1） 审题（3分钟）：2） 写作（25分钟）：3） 检查（2分钟）：语法（时态、冠词、主谓一致）、拼写、标点字数要求：120150词具体要求：1） 语言第一位：表达通顺、无重大语言错误（1）基础一般：简单原则、安全第一（2）基础较好：句子结构词多变2） 结构第二位：（1）逻辑性：A. 并列：and/or/butB. 因果：because/in that, since/as, forC. 转折：but/however（2）关联词：3） 内容第三位：II 四级作文常见命题类型1、书信式： 注意格式2、命题式（提纲式）：给出2-3个汉语（或英语）提示作为写作框架 要根据文章标题和提示句展开思路，然后紧紧围绕所确定的中心思想将其扩展，即把标题和提纲联系起来思考，确定文章的中心思想；构思文章的层次结构，并依次写出各段的主题句，缀段成章，完成作文。 注意：文中所给的提示句只起提示作用，很难充当主题句，这时需要反复推敲文章提示的写作方向，重新确立主题句。写作步骤：（1）仔细审题，理解题目所给的提纲的意思；（2）拟出各段主题句； （3）扩展各段主题句，缀段成篇 （4）检查与修改3、图表式：图表作文需要把数字、图形等形式转换成说明性的文字，因此，属于说明文。图表作文最重要的是通过比较量与量之间关系，以及某一变量的发展趋势，概括或揭示每张图表所要表达的信息，即中心思想步骤：（1）弄懂图表的含义，对图或表所要表达的信息、数据、比较、描述等搞明白；（2）在此基础上进行必要的分析、简单的计算，指出增减倍数或百分比以及个人评述； （3）得出合乎逻辑的结论，也就是本图表所要阐述的主题思想一般可以分3段来写：第一段大体描述图表反映的总的情况，要用能够充分说明中心主题的典型数据来论述；第二段是对数据进行比较和分析，归纳出增减的速率，并找出变化的原因和结果；最后一段是写自己的结论和建议。 四六级作文写作参考资料（二）IV. 写作对策作文要得到阅卷老师的认可主要看内容、结构、语言三个方面。1、内容是否紧扣主题，涵盖提示要点 要审准题看清题目、提纲、图画、表格，扣紧题目写就不会出现大问题 不漏点内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人；2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。2、作文结构层次是否清晰 结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)。分段文章结构的关键 引言段扩展段结尾段 引言段要包含中心句；扩展段每段应有主题句；结尾段自然收尾 开头空出相同字符数空格；题目不必重抄；段与段之间不必空行3、语言表达是否流畅，有无重大语病、逻辑错误 语言最重要，往往使评分产生重大差异，语言要模仿和包装。a.避免语言错误 b. 遣词、造句、句型 用不同的词或词组表达同一意思 eg. think: hold, argue, maintain, take it for granted 句型：尽量加大并列句和复合句的比例，减少简单句 例子：Take as an example; A good case in point is that ; Just think of ,which /who 观点并不重要，解决办法也没有标准答案4、是否恰当的使用过渡性词语 有过渡性词语是一篇文章好坏的标志之一，可以使阅卷老师对作文的结构及闪光的语言点一目了然，引起注意，留下好的印象。5、字数达到要求 四级150字左右，六级180字左右。字数不够要扣分6、卷面是否整洁，书写是否漂亮 （电脑扫描阅卷） 整洁；不要用铅笔；标点7、修改原则：小改不大改 写完之后修改注意：（内容方面尽量不要修改）1、字母大小写 2、怪符号 3、单词拼写 VI. 四六级写作常用词汇1. 认为：think, argue, hold, maintain,believe, state，consider, insist, claim, agreetake for (误认为)， takefor granted(想当然地认为)，be reputed as/ to be (被公认为)，be of the opinion that想出：think out ,think of，figure out, come up with; cross ones mind; occur to somebody2. (1) 就而言As far as I am concerned; as far as I can see; as for/ as toIn/with respect to; in regards; reagrdingIn my opinion, in my mind; in my view; in terms of /in termsPersonally speaking/ personallyComparatively speaking(2) 支持、同意：uphold, support, back, advocate;agree with/to/on，approve of ,be in favor of , be for ;stand by ones side, stand up for, side withprefer/ tend to support(3) 反对：Be against; object to, have an objection tooppose, say no to , disagree with, strike a blow against3. (1) 现在：nowadays; these days; today; recently; at present; currently; presently;(2)越来越（多）的：a growing number/quantity of; an increasing number of;on the increase;more numerous;make increasing use of; (3) 表达，表示 Voice : an opinion； State / put Give voice to 吐露，发泄 eg, He gave voice to his opinions. Deliver oneself of sth. 发言，发表eg oneself of an opinion, a judgment Show: eg, Some economists showed their anxiety on the present level of unemployment. Show; indicate; demonstrate; reflect; reveal; it is manifest(明显的)4. (1) 考虑：takeinto consideration/account; consider; ponder; think over; reflect on/upon(2) 下结论断定 draw/come to /reach/arrive at the conclusion; conclude; decide; assert5. What mentioned above give reasons for why people would go abroad to study.解释了，说明，是的原因Account forGive reasons for /give evidence ofIllustrate /clarify/testify to (sth) /prove /turn outBe responsible for: Several reasons are responsible for the phenomenon.6. (1) 强调，突出 Emphasize/ stress /highlight; Lay /place /put emphasis on; Attach importance to(2) 把看作 Seeas / regardas / consideras/ look on as /view as(3) 与相关 Be connected with/ be linked to /be relevant to/ be related toHave something/much/a lot/little to do with7. This question needs our serious consideration需要：need，require; request; demand; call for; In urgent need of;8. Your ideas are very good.Good : constructive; helpful; valuable; useful; creative;9. We must try our best to solve this problem.Try ones best: spare no efforts; make every effort/ make great efforts; endeavor to do sth;strive for (为奋斗) ; Make ones best endeavors; make every endeavor/ effort to dooutdo oneself ( e.g. He outdid himself to break the record he had set)Solve：resolve; settle; deal with; cope with; manage; work on; work out10.事实上In fact; in reality; in effect; as a matter of fact; practically; actually; virtually13. 表示态度的一些表达 subjective主观的 objective客观的positive肯定的 negative否定的optimistic乐观的 pessimistic悲观的biased有偏见的 partial片面的、偏见的impartial公平的、无偏见的relevant适当的、中肯的puzzling困惑的 indignant愤怒的appreciable欣赏的 apprehensive担忧的 supportive支持的 be unconcerned about be indifferent to 漠不关心的 1.表示层进：First, second, thirdFirstly, secondly, thirdly, finally / additionallyOn the one hand, on the other handIn the first place, in the second placeFor one thing, for anotherFirst of all, secondly,First and foremost last but not the leastTo begin/start with, whats more/ and equally important/besides/in addition /furthermore /moreover/2. 表示列举For example/for instance, such asTake sth. as an example/for exampleTo illustrate/ as an illustrationA good case in point is thatJust think of, who/which 3.表示因果关系因为：because (of),for, since, due to, thanks to, owing to, For the reason that, by reason of On account of, result from, arise from, as a result/ consequence of所以/因此：so, thus, therefore, thereby, thereupon, therein, hence; Consequently, accordinglyAs a consequence, as a result of4.表示转折关系：but；even so；however；though；even though；Independent of; reckless of; regardless of;for all that; despite that；in spite of that; anyway / anyhow; whereas; nevertheless; notwithstanding （尽管）at the same time (尽管如此)，5. 对照(不同点)：different from this；but on the other hand. something is just the other way round；unlike； opposed to; as opposed to ；on the contrary； in contrast (to)/with; by contrast;Comparatively speaking; in comparison with; compared with;conversely；relatively6.归纳总结类：in other words; in sum; in summary ; in short；in brief；in conclusion；to sum up；to conclude；on the whole;The conclusion can be drawn that.;/From the above, we can draw the conclusion that四六级作文写作参考资料（五）一、用于文章开头的语句1. When asked about/When it come to / Faced with ., most/many people believe that ., but other peopleregard as / consider it differently.2. When it comes to ., peoples opinions differ. Some hold the opinion that ., while others claim that.3. There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the role/view/idea of. Some people claim that ., while others believe that.4. There is a general /heated discussion today about the issue/problem of. Those who criticize . argue that. They believe that . But people who advocate ., on the other hand, argue that.5. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to realize that.6. Now, it is generally acknowledged that ., but I doubt whether.7. Recently there have been many reports of 8. The past decade witnessed the process of 9. A national / heated debate has sprung up on -_.二、关于利弊、优缺点的句型：1. S+have (or has) a lot of advantages over(与相比有许多优点)Compared with B, A has (or have) many advantages.She has the advantage of good English.2. be of great benefit to sb./sth. (对有益)benefit sb./sth. (对有好处)e.g.：It benefits us in many ways/respectsBenefit from sth. (由于而受益)Doing sth. is beneficial to3. do (a lot of) good to sb. (对有许多好处)be good for sb./sth. (对有益)do damage/harm to sth. Be harmful to (对造成损坏)4. be as (not so) good as, What he does is not so good as what he says.not so muchas(与其说, 不如说.)5. Whilehas so many advantages, we should not ignore the problems it brings us.6. Just as a coin has two sides, everything has its advantages and disadvantages. is like a sword with double blades ( 就像是一把双刃剑)7. Apart from the benefits mentioned above, we should also face several unavoidable challenges.8. In my opinion, their harmfulness can be summarized in the following three respects.9. Generally speaking, the positive aspects can be listed as followings. however, as every coin has two sides, the negative aspects are also obvious. 三、说明原因的句型：1. There are two/ some/ many good reasons for / to2. We have two good reasons for/to do3. The reason foris that +4. Several factors are responsible for the phenomenon.5. Their opinion is based on the fact that6. Those who are in favor of the believe that7. These/ The following are my reasons for my choice.8. The phenomenon/change in . mainly arise from/ result from the fact that .9. One may regard the phenomenon as a sign of /response to10. There are many causes/reasons for this dramatic growth/decrease. First, Second, . Finally, .11. A number of factors can account for the change in .12. Another contributory factor of . is .四、表示不同看法的句型：1. Different people hold/ have different opinions/ views on this question/ problem/ matter.Some believe that Others argue that Still others maintain that2. They are quite different from each other in their opinions.3. They think quite differently on this question.4. Which opinion is right / more reasonable? Im inclined to accept the latter/ the second view.5. My opinion is that there is something in both of the views.6. With regard to the question, I think a correct attitude is (that)7. Although a lot of people believe that ., I doubt/ wonder whether the argument bears much analysis/ close examination.8. As opposed to widely held ideas, I believe /argue that.9. Although the popular belief/ idea is that ., (a) current study/survey indicates that.10. They may be right about ., but they seem to neglect/ fail to consider/ mention the fact that.11. Although it is widely accepted that ., it is unlikely to be true that.12. It is true that ., but that is not to say/ it doesnt mean that.13. There is/are absolutely no reasons/ enough reason(s) for us to believe /doubt/ reject that.14. What these people fail to understand/ mention/ consider is that.15. It is one thing to believe that ., but it is quite another to say that.16. Peoples opinions are still divided on this point.17. Most people are of the opinion that. But I personally believe that.五、表示比较的句型1. The advantages of A outweigh any benefit we gain from B.2. Good as A is, it has its own disadvantages. For one thing, it .; for another, it .3. Although A has enormous/ considerable/ substantial / a distinct advantage over B ., it can not compete with B in .4. As advantage sounds ridiculous / means nothing when Bs advantages are considered5. do more good than harm 利大于弊6. Up until now we can draw the conclusion that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.其他表达方法：be superior to/ inferior to 比如：The advantages are superior to the disadvantages六、表示措施、办法、怎样做打算：1. We should take effective/ drastic（严厉的） measures to stop/ prevent / protect2. Faced with such a situation, what shall we do?3. Perhaps the best choice is the combination of the two（两者合一）4. The government should make strict regulations/ laws to ban such practice/ to stop this phenomenon from spreading.5. Its urgent for us to do something about this.6. We should spare no effort / try every means / make every effort to七、用于结尾的句型得出结论:1. From what has been discussed above, / Taking into account all the factors /Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely draw the conclusion that.2. All the evidence supports an unshakable conclusion that.提出号召:3. It is (high) time that we placed great emphasis on.4. It is (high) time we put an end to the undesirable phenomenon of.进一步的措施:5. There is little doubt / no denying that further attention must be paid to the problem of.6. It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to prevent the situation.7. Weighing the pros and cons (赞成和反对的意见) of such a new trend, we can naturally arrive at the conclusion that it is beneficial and rewarding. 四六级作文写作参考资料（六）作文模版常考的模式主要分类1、书信类 2、图表类 3、观点类4、现象类 5、说明原因类6、应用类 7、记叙类分类讲解：一书信式作文写作格式：1）称呼： （1）写给机构：A.认识负责人：Dear Sir or Madam, Dear Sir/Madam, To whom it may concern,B.不认识负责人：Dear Mr./Ms. President/Professor/Manager/Editor (Michael) Wang, （2）写给个人：A. 关系不亲密：Dear Mr./Ms. President/Professor/Manager/Editor (Michael) Wang,B. 关系亲密：Dear Michael,2）正文：3）落款： （1）祝福语：Best wishes!/The best regards! （2）签名：Yours sincerely, Li Ming首段写法：开头段：1、告知对方你的身份（假如对方不认识你）Dear Sir/ Mr. Smith,I was a student at your college, enrolled in Philosophy Department./ I am a at your/ I am a at your college, enrolled in the course./ My name is, I am2、 问候收信人（假如他/她是你的朋友）Dear John, Hello / Hi. How are you? / I hope everything is fine. / How are things going with you? / How are you getting on in / getting along with.?3、 解释写信的原因（1）致谢：I deeply appreciate your courtesy and I hope to reciprocate your favor when the opportunity arises./ I am greatly indebted to you for (the double) you have gone to on my behalf./ Thank you for your letter about studying in Canada./ I am writing to tell you how grateful I am for/ I would like to thank you most sincerely for（2）抱怨：I am writing to complain about the poor service at your dining-room./ I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with / at/ I wish to make a complaint about/ I am writing to draw your attention to./ I am afraid I have got a complaint about.（3）致歉：I would be grateful if you would be so kind as to provide me with certain essential information regarding the following aspects./ I am writing to you because I am unable to./ I an terribly sorry that./ I would like to express my apologies for not being able to.（4）询问：I would like to obtain /request/seek/inquire about some information about/ I am writing to ask if you can do me a favor./ I would like some detailed information on/about.尾段写法：1）再次表示感谢或歉意：（1）My thanks to you for your generous help are beyond words.（2）Words fail me when I want to express my sincere gratitude to you.（3） I take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you rendered me.（4）Thank you for your kind assistance.（5）Please accept my heartfelt thanks and deepest gratitude, now and always.（6）I am sorry that I cannot, and trust that you will understand.（7）In addition, let me apologize for any inconvenience I may have caused.（8）I shall feel obliged by a reply at your earliest convenience.（9）Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.2）期待回信：（1）I am looking forward to your reply/hearing from you soon.（2）I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.（3）Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.3）、发出请求（1）Please give this matter your immediate attention.（2）I would very much appreciate it ifas soon as possible.（3）Please render me some valuable advice which is conductive to my final decision.4）、提供帮助（1）I hope thesewill be helpful, and please feel free to contact me for more information.（2）will be taking responsibility for you and if you should need any assistance, she/he will be pleased to help you总体格式：缩进式：Dear Sir or Madam:As I am planning to take College English Test Band 4 (CET-4 ), I have decided to place an order of some CET-4 books with due consideration of the good reputation of your bookstore and the high quality of your books.Firstly, please give me particular accounts as regards names, authors, publishing houses and prices of these books. Secondly, I also need to know the terms of payment and after-sell service. Thirdly, I wonder if it is convenient for you to deliver these books by EMS to the headquarters of Beijing New Oriental School by September 1, 2005. I have arranged to pay for the service.I would like to express my gratitude for your kind consideration of my requests. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 四六级作文写作参考资料（七）2008-10-19 17:10二、图表式作文Paragraph I:（1）概括描述图表：趋势描写； （2）具体描述图表：必要数据支持（细节性）。Paragraph II:（1）提出自己理由和观点（本段主题句）； （2）细节性分论点（主要是原因，用于支持自己的观点，至少两点）。Paragraph III:（1）预测未来和提出解决方法； （2）总结全文和表达作者自己观点图表题的适用句型：1. As we can see from the chart/ graph/ table/ diagram, .2. The chart/ graph shows/ displays that .3. As can be shown in the table .,4. The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ show/ reveal that .,5. It is clear/ apparent from the chart/ table that .例如：2002年6月 Student Use of Computers 1、 上图所示为1990、1995、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；2、请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；3、你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。It is obvious in the graph/table that the rate/number/amount of _Y_has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X varies). At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of _.What is the reason for this change? Mainly