新编英语四级测试卷.docx

大家论坛英语四六级/forum-58-1.html四级考前模考试卷（一）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of long holidays You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below.1. 长假给学生带来的好处2. 长假给学生带来的坏处3. 怎样利用好长假Long holidays_Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Will Electronic Medical Records Improve Health Care? Electronic health records (EHRs) have received a lot of attention since the Obama administration committed $19 billion in stimulus funds earlier this year to encourage hospitals and health care facilities to digitize patient data and make better use of information technology. The healthcare industry as a whole, however, has been slow to adopt information technology and integrate computer systems, raising the question of whether the push to digitize will result in information that empowers doctors to make better-informed decisions or a morass of disconnected data. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) knows firsthand how difficult it is to achieve the former, and how easily an EHR plan can fall into the latter. UPMC has spent five years and more than $1 billion on information technology systems to get ahead of the EHR issue. While that is more than five times as much as recent estimates say it should cost a hospital system, UPMC is a mammoth network consisting of 20 hospitals as well as 400 doctors offices, outpatient sites and long-term care facilities employing about 50,000 people. UPMCs early attempts to create a universal EHR system, such as its ambulatory electronic medical records rolled out between 2000 and 2005, were met with resistance as doctors, staff and other users either avoided using the new technology altogether or clung to individual, disconnected software and systems that UPMCs IT department had implemented over the years. On the mend Although UPMC began digitizing some of its records in 1996, the turning point in its efforts came in 2004 with the rollout of its Record system across the entire health care network. E Record now contains more than 3.6 million electronic patient records, including images and CT scans, clinical laboratory information, radiology data, and a picture archival and communication system that digitizes images and makes them available on PCs. The EHR system has 29,000 users, including more than 5,000 physicians employed by or affiliated with UPMC. If UPMC makes EHR systems look easy, dont be fooled, cautions UPMC chief medical information officer Dan Martich, who says the health care networks IT systems require a huge, ongoing effort to ensure that those systems can communicate with one another. One of the main reasons is that UPMC, like many other health care organizations, uses a number of different vendors for its medical and IT systems, leaving the integration largely up to the IT staff. Since doctors typically do not want to change the way they work for the sake of a computer system, the success of an EHR program is dictated not only by the presence of the technology but also by how well the doctors are trained on, and use, the technology. Physicians need to see the benefits of using EHR systems both persistently and consistently, says Louis Baverso, chief information officer at UPMCs Magee-Womens Hospital. But these benefits might not be obvious at first, he says, adding, What doctors see in the beginning is that theyre losing their ability to work with paper documents, which has been so valuable to them up until now. Opportunities and costs Given the lack of EHR adoption throughout the health care world, there are a lot of opportunities to get this right (or wrong). Less than 10 percent of U.S. hospitals have adopted electronic medical records even in the most basic way, according to a study authored by Ashish Jha, associate professor of health policy and management at Harvard School of Public Health. Only 1.5 percent have adopted a comprehensive system of electronic records that includes physicians notes and orders and decision support systems that alert doctors of potential drug interactions or other problems that might result from their intended orders. Cost is the primary factor stalling EHR systems, followed by resistance from physicians unwilling to adopt new technologies and a lack of staff with adequate IT expertise, according to Jha. He indicated that a hospital could spend from $20 million to $200 million to implement an electronic record system over several years, depending on the size of the hospital. A typical doctors office would cost an estimated $50,000 to outfit with an EHR system. The upside of EHR systems is more difficult to quantify. Although some estimates say that hospitals and doctors offices could save as much as $100 million annually by moving to EHRs, the mere act of implementing the technology guarantees neither, cost savings nor improvements in care, Jha said during a Harvard School of Public Health community forum on September 17. Another Harvard study of hospital computerization likewise determined that cutting costs and improving care through health IT as it exists today is wishful thinking. This study was led by David Himmelstein, associate professor at Harvard Medical School. The cost of getting it wrong The difference between the projected cost savings and the reality of the situation stems from the fact that the EHR technologies implemented to date have not been designed to save money or improve patient care, says Leonard DAvolio, associate center director of Biomedical Informatics at the Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC). Instead, EHRs are used to document individual patients conditions, pass this information among clinicians treating those patients, justify financial reimbursement and serve as the legal records of events. This is because, if a health care facility has $1 million to spend, its managers are more likely to spend it on an expensive piece of lab equipment than oninformation technology, DAvolio says, adding that the investment on lab equipment can be made up by charging patients access to it as a billable service. This is not the case for IT. Also, computers and networks used throughout hospitals and health care facilities are disconnected and often manufactured by different vendors without a standardized way of communicating. Medical data is difficult to standardize because caring for patients is a complex process, he says. We need to find some way of reaching across not just departments but entire hospitals. If you cant measure something, you cant improve it, and without access to this data, you cant measure it. To qualify for a piece of the $19 billion being offered through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), healthcare facilities will have to justify the significance of their IT investments to ensure they are meaningful users of EHRs. The Department of Health and Human Services has yet to define what it considers meaningful use Aggregating info to create knowledge Ideally, in addition to providing doctors with basic information about their patients, databases of vital signs, images, laboratory values, medications, diseases, interventions, and patient demographic information could be mined for new knowledge, DAvolio says. With just a few of these databases networked together, the power to improve health care increases exponentially, DAvolio suggested. All that is missing is the collective realization that better health care requires access to better informationnot automation of the status quo. Down the road, the addition of genomic information, environmental factors and family history to these databases will enable clinicians to begin to realize the potential of personalized medicine, he added. 1. In America, it is slow to adopt information technology because A) the funds invested by the government is not enough in the past B) EHRs have received less attention of the public in the past C) whether it will be useful to doctors or not is doubtful D) UPMC knows how difficult it is to digitize the hospital 2. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) A) is the first medical center to adopt information technology B) satisfy the requirement of the government on information technology C) spent less money on information technology than it was estimated D) attempted to created a universal EHR system, but met some difficulties 3. The health care networks IT systems require a lot of effort to ensure it can communicate with one another mainly because A) the integration among different system is largely up to the IT staff B) UPMC is like many other health care organizations in the United States C) UPMC makes EHR systems look easy D) UMPC began digitizing some of its records in 1996 4. The success of the EHR program is decided by A) the fact whether the information technology is available or not B) the fact how well the doctors are trained to use the information technology C) not only the presence of the technology but the doctors training on technology D) the fact whether physicians can see the benefits of using EHR systems 5. The most important reason of most hospitals being reluctant to adopt EHR system is that A) the cost is too high for the hospital to afford B) physicians are unwilling to adopt it C) there is a lack of staff with adequate IT expertise D) doctor worry about its negative influence on patients 6. According to the study led by David Himmelstein through health IT A) it is possible to cut the costs of the hospital B) it is possible to improve the health care C) it ensure neither cost saving nor improvement in care D) it could save as much as $100 million annually 7. The hospitals managers prefer to A) spend money on an expensive piece of equipment than on information technology B) charge patients access to the information technology as a billable service C) purchase the information technology to improve the health care of the hospital D) invest more money on the training of the physicians to charge patients more money 8. Jha said the mere act of implementing the technology guarantees _. 9. DAvolio says the investment on lab equipment can be made up by_. 10. Databases of vital signs, images, laboratory values, medications, diseases, interventions, and patient demographic information could be _.Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.11. A) Quit their jobs at the same time. B) Establish a firm in collaboration.C) Enrich their poor knowledge in business.D) Take an adventurous trip with their savings.12. A) People should not idle away their life.B) People should have made greater achievement.C) People should avoid being killed unexpectedly.D) People should have taken things more seriously.13. A) Time passes very quickly.B) The woman is wrong about the pick-up time.C) He doesnt have anything to do.D) Before lunch is a great time to pick up the papers.14. A) She has to work to support herself. B) Her classes are not difficult.C) She goes to a full-time school.D) She takes evening courses.15. A) Jack survived the accident.B) Jack saved all the other passengers.C) Jack had little damage done to his car.D) Jack was the only victim of the accident.16. A) Her mild temper. B) Her broad knowledge.C) Her teaching style. D) Her detailed answers.17. A) It wont come out until June 26.B) It hasnt been returned by the borrower.C) It is not available unless it has been reserved.D) It was withdrawn from the shelf as a back issue.18. A) Their healthy lifestyle.B) Their work environment.C) Their outgoing personality. D) Their usual food and drink.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) The rock-climbing training involves a lot of preparation.B) Rock-climbing is safe if you are experienced enough.C) The woman is not excited about the first class in rock-climbing.D) The speakers will take a climbing trip in the early spring when the ice breaks.20. A) One is safe if he is very careful.B) Hi-tech safety equipment ensures ones safety.C) A lot of people do rock-climbing and they are OK.D) There are no dangerous places nearby to do rock-climbing.21. A) She can make a lot of friends.B) She can work more efficiently.C) She can learn mental discipline.D) She can get more familiar with the man.22. A) He might join the class.B) He will join the class if the woman does.C) He still thinks it unworthy to join the class.D) He will tell the woman once he has made a decision.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A) Its difficult to obtain happiness.B) Happiness is only a state of mind.C) Happiness is closely related to material life.D) People shouldnt always ask what happiness is.24. A) They have no dreams.B) They dont feel being loved.C) They get used to what they have.D) They only cherish the material things.25. A) Expensive ones.B) Cheap ones.C) Gifts made carefully.D) Gifts that wont last.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. A) Pets value in medical research.B) What pets bring to their owners.C) How pets help people calm down.D) Peoples opinions of keeping pets.27. A) If he has a pet companion.B) If he has less stress of work.C) If he often does mental calculation.D) If he is taken care of by his family.28. A) They have lower blood pressure.B) They become more patient.C) They are in higher spirits. D) They are less nervous.29. A) People with dogs did more exercise.B) Dogs lost the same weight as people did.C) Dogs liked exercise much more than people did.D) People without dogs found the program unhelpful.Passage TwoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.30. A) Olivetti earned more in the 1960s than in the 1950s.B) By 1930 Olivetti produced 13,000 typewriters a year.C) Some of Olivettis 700 staff regularly visited customers in Italy.D) Olivetti set up offices in other countries from the very beginning.31. A) Camillo Olivettis death. B) Its slow progress.C) A period of financial problem.D) Its agreements with other companies.32. A) It produces the best typewriter in the world.B) It exports more typewriters than other computers.C) It designs the worlds first mainframe computer.D) It has five independent companies with its head office in Ivrea.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.33. A) He never watched TV.B) He read what he had to.C) He found reading unbelievable.D) He considered reading part of his life.34. A) It helps him to realize his dream.B) It opens up a wider world for him.C) It makes his college life more interesting.D) It increases his interest in worldwide travel.35. A) Why do I read?B) How do I read?C) What do I read?D) When do I read?Section CDirections: In this se