2014全国职称英语考试教材理工类新增文章.doc

2014全国职称英语理工新增文章第二部分阅读判断第八篇What Is a Dream?For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions.Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a persons wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freuds. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldnt panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. Its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.词汇：第 13 页，共 13 页psychologist / sakldst / n心理学家psychiatrist /sai kaitrst/ n精神病学家(医生)Austrian / strn / adj奥地利的gender / dend / n性别注释：1Sigmund Freud西格蒙德弗洛伊德（18561939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有性学三论梦的释义图腾与禁忌日常生活的心理病理学精神分析引论精神分析引论新编等。2Carl Jung：卡尔荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。3For example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams.例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关；女人做梦与男人则不同。练习：1Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned2According to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned3Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned4In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned5According to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned6Men and women dream about different things.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned7Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned答案与题解1A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。2A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。3B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.（荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息）He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.（他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己）。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。4C文中没有提及。5A依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：婴儿不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。这就说明了婴儿不具备成人做梦的能力。6A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。7B最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。免费提供各专业1000多个科目考试软件，*第十篇The Biology of MusicHumans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role in love. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other is music. It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people). However, the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments. 1Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However, people can use music to communicate things especially their emotions. When music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication. But, biologically speaking, what is music?If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language. However, they dont automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer，had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or understand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On the other hand，sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.By studying the physical effects of music on the body，scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection. Music requires special talent, practice, and physical ability. Thats why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someones mate. For example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally, when a man sings to the woman he loves (or vice versa)， it may be a way of showing off.However, Millers theory still doesnt explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists，this is clearly an area that needs further research.词汇：automatically adv.自动地note / nt/n音符stroke /strk/n中风注释：1It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments：人研制出了乐器，而动物则不能。Develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer.科学家们正在研发新药用以治疗癌症。免费提供各专业1000多个科目考试软件，练习：1Humans, but not animals, can sing.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned2People can use music to communicate their emotions.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned3We use the same part of the brain for music and language.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned4Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned5Its hard for humans to compose music.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned6Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned7Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned答案与题解：1B第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people).可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。2A第三段的第三句：However, people can use music to communicate things especially their emotions.这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感。3B第四段说明：科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐。在第五段，作者用Vissarion Shebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，Shebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲。4A第六段的第四句：Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College，London，thinks that music and love have a strong connection.这句说明Miller对音乐和爱（情感）的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：音乐和爱有密切的关联。5C文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难。6B第六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合调子。7A最后一段讲的是：科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响我们的情感会如此之深。也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响。+第十一篇Bill Gates: Unleashing Your CreativityIve always been an optimist and I suppose it is rooted in1 my belief that the power of creativity and intelligence can make the world a better place.For as long as I can remember, Ive loved learning new things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today.2 But it changed my life.When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft 30 years ago，we had a vision of “a computer on every desk and in every home”, which probably sounded a little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size of refrigerators. But we believed that personal computers would change the world. And they have.And after 30 years, Im still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade.I believe that computers are the most incredible tool we can use to feed our curiosity and inventiveness to help us solve problems that even the smartest people couldnt solve on their own.Computers have transformed how we learn，giving kids everywhere a window into all of the worlds knowledge. Theyre helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us, no matter where they are.3Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day that I love to do. He calls it “tap-dancing to work”4. My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever, but what makes me “tap-dancing to work” is when we show people something new, like a computer that can recognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that can store a lifetimes worth of photos, and they say, “I didnt know you could do that with a PC5! ”But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC，there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world6. There are still far too many people in the world whose most basic needs go unmet7. Every year, for example, millions of people die from diseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developed world.I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a responsibility to give back to the world. My wife, Melinda, and I have committed to8 improving health and education in a way that can help as many people as possible.As a father, I believe that the death of a child in Africa is no less poignant or tragic than9 the death of a child anywhere else, and that it doesnt take much to make an immense difference in these childrens lives10.Im still very much an optimist, and I believe that progress on even the worlds toughest problems is possible and its happening every day. Were seeing new drugs for deadly diseases, new diagnostic tools，and new attention paid to the health problems in the developing world.Im excited by the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, for technology. And I believe that through our natural inventiveness, creativity and willingness to solve tough problems, were going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas in my lifetime.词汇：unleash / nli: / vt解开；放纵；使自由inspire / nspa(r) / vt鼓舞optimist /Dptmst/ n乐观主义者incredible / nkredbl/ adj难以置信的clunky (clonky) /klnk/ adj发出沉闷金属声的curiosity /kjurDst/ n好奇心inventiveness n.发明创造的能力teletype /teltap/ (teletype-writer) n.电传打字机poignant / pnjnt / adj令人悲痛的，可怜的tragic /traed3k/ adj悲剧的，悲惨的vision /v3n/ n想象；幻想；美景immense /Imens/ adj巨大的注释：免费提供各专业1000多个科目考试软件，1be rooted in：扎根于；深深地存在于2It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today.那是一台笨重的旧式电传打字机，跟我们今天的电脑相比几乎干不了什么事。本句中，barely意为almost not；compare to在美国英语中也可以等同于compare with（与相比）。3Theyre helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us, no matter where they are.电脑帮助我们就我们所关心的事情建立一个交流的场所，并且与那些我们认为对我们有重要意义的人密切相处，不管他们身在何处。care about指不管喜欢或不喜欢的事情都很关心、介意、在乎、计较。4“tap-dancing to work”：“跳着踢踏舞工作”。tap原意是“叩击、轻敲”；tap dance是“踢踏舞”。这里实际意思是“（手指）轻轻敲击键盘的工作”。5PC (personal computer)：个人计算机6But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world.除了我们能用计算机做的所有神奇的事情，还有很多其他方式发挥我们的创造力和智慧，从而使世界更加美好。7go unmet：得不到满足。在这里go是系动词，unmet是过去分词作表语。8commit to此处意为承诺，保证做某事。9no less. than：和一样，不亚于10. and that it doesnt take much to make an immense difference in these childrens lives.而且要改善这些孩子们的命运，其实不难。此处it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to make an immense difference in these childrens lives。练习：1A computer was as big as an icebox when Bill Gates was a high school student.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned2Bill Gates has been dreaming of the popularity of computers for his lifetime.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned3Bill Gates compares his hard work on a PC to “tap-dancing to work”.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned4To Bill Gates mind, there is a big difference between the death of the poors children and the death of the richs children.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned5So far Bill Gates has contributed several dozen billion dollars to the charities.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned6Bill Gates and his wife consider it their duty to help the poor better their health and education as much as possible.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned7Bill Gates will leave only a small portion of his wealth for his children.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned答案与题解：1A文章第三段中比尔盖茨说，当他念七年级时，电脑就是冰箱那么大小。2A文章第三段比尔盖茨说，他30年前与Paul Allen一起创办微软公司时就梦想一桌一机、一户一机，而且从其他各段也可以看到他对电脑有很多的期待。3B从第七段第二句可以看到作这样比较的是他的朋友Warren Buffett，而不是他自己。4B在倒数第三段，比尔盖茨已经明确说，所有这些儿童的死亡都一样令人伤心和悲痛，没有什么区别。5C文章没有提到他给慈善机构捐款的事。6A倒数第四段比尔盖茨认为他一生好运，就理应回报社会，所以他和他的妻子做出了承诺，要帮助尽可能多的人改善医疗和教育条件。7C文章没有提到。免费提供各专业1000多个科目考试软件，+第十四篇Stage Fright1Fall down as you come onstage. Thats an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,2 Mr. Feltsman said, “ All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?”Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.3Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out,4 to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Dont deny that youre jittery，they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance, “Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile, she says. “And not one of these please dont kill me smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them.” She doesnt want performers to think of the audience as a judge.Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright，says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.When Lynn Harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought, If I have to go through this to play music, I think Im going to look for another job.”5 Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.6It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitzs nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. “They had to push him on stage,” Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.Actually，success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career, when youre scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they dont have any expectations,” Soprano June Anderson said. “Theres less to lose. Later on, when youre known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose.”Anderson added，“I never stop being nervous until Ive sung my last note.”词汇：veteran / vetrn / adj经验丰富的jittery / dtri / adj紧张不安的mentor / ment: / n指导者soprano / sprpr:n / n女高音；女高音歌手cellist/ telst / n大提琴演奏家abdominal / bdmnl / adj腹部的fallible/ flbl / adj易犯错误的tenor /ten/ n男高音注释：1Stage Fright：舞台恐惧2The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performan